THE MAURY GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES NEW COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY BY M. F. MAURY, LL. D. Author of "Physical Geography of the Sea," and late Superintendent of the National Observatory, Washington, D. C. 213332 MAURY'S GEOGRAPHIES. NEW PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY: Designed for Primary and Intermediate classes. The style is simple and interesting. The text presents the best methods of instruction. The Maps are new, and the Illustrations are all reproductions of new photographs. NEW COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY: A Treatise on Astronomical, Mathematical, Physical, Political, and Commercial Geography. The subject is presented in a bright and attractive manner. The Illustrations are all from photographs, and teach, objectively, important facts of Physical, Industrial, and Commercial Geography. The maps are new. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY-REVISED: In which the Natural Features of the Earth, its Oceanic and Atmospheric Phenomena, and its Animal and Vegetable Life, are fully treated. The fresh, attractive style of the work and the interest of its detail charm the pupil and the general reader. Illustrated with numerous beautiful Maps and Engravings. UNIVERSITY SERIES OF MAP-STUDIES: Set I. Gives outline of country, together with squares, for: 1. North America, 2. South America, 3. Europe, 4. Asia, 5. Africa, 6. Oceania, 7. United States. Set II. Blanks giving squares only, for same maps as set I. Set III. Blanks with only points in margin: 1. For either North America, South America, or Africa; 2. For Europe, Asia, Oceania; 3. For United States. Commercial Set. This set consists of ten maps, as follows: Six continents showing political divisions. 1. North America, 2. South America, 3. Europe, 4. Asia, 5. Africa, 6. Oceania. Also, on a larger scale: 7. British Isles, 8. Central Europe, 9. United States showing State boundaries. 10. Mercator's Projection of the World. These blanks are intended to be used in locating canals, navigable rivers, railroads and commercial cities; for making trade and production maps of the various continents and countries; and indicate by shading or coloring the sections devoted to the production of any given article, animal, mineral, vegetable, or manufacture. 2925 Copyright, 1880, 1893, 1895, 1898, 1899, 1906, by the University Publishing Company, New York. PREFACE. Other Illustrations. In addition to physical, industrial, and commercial illustrations, many others will be found, especially in the treatment of foreign countries, which give characteristic scenes in the life of the people; such as are found in Mexico, page 95, in Chile, page 107, Switzerland, page 133, in India, pages 144–5, etc. Production Maps.-We decided not to insert production maps, because many of the best teachers now regard them as undesirable. The method now preferred is to require the pupil to make his own production maps, using blanks, which he may draw, trace or buy, for that purpose. For instance, to show the corn production of the United States, the pupil may write on a blank map the name "corn" where it is produced, or may indicate it by color, shading, or other methods. Maps which he makes in this way are invaluable, and fix the facts permanently in his mind. To teachers using this method, production maps in the book are a disadvantage, because they furnish the pupil a key, and prevent that thought and investigation which is necessary to construct the map, thereby fixing the facts permanently in his memory. IN preparing this book we have carefully considered and have incor- | gasta, page 107, of Liverpool, page 118, of Port Elizabeth, page 159, and porated into it every feature which a consensus of opinion among educa- many others of the same character which most strikingly illustrate this tors has come to recognize as of real educational value. The whole point. geographical field was open to us, and we were free to choose whatever was regarded by the majority as best. We therefore offer this book as an embodiment of what conservative teachers regard as a safe mean between the widely divergent theories on which recent geographies have been based. Physiography. We have presented in an introductory chapter, and in the general chapter on physical geography, the leading facts with reference to land formation and land sculpture. We have presented these facts in detail in the discussion of the physical features of each continent, where they properly belong and can best be studied; we have again presented them in detail in the political sub-divisions of the continents, where their effects upon climate, industries, and people are pointed out. But we have not thought it wise to present an extended treatise on physiography, covering the first half of the book, to be studied long before the countries necessarily referred to have been given a definite location in the student's mind. We think it better to take up these features in detail under the continents and countries where they first become prominent. We have decided to teach these features objectively on a plan that has been highly commended. For instance, instead of devoting two or three pages of text to the origin of mountains, a subject in which the average child takes no interest, we give in the general presentation of the physical geography of the earth four pictures of mountains, and under each picture give a brief description of the origin and character of the formation. The same course has been followed with reference to other physical features. The pupil will read these descriptions because of his interest in the picture, and will remember them for life because of their association with it. Commercial and Industrial Geography.-A leading feature of this book is the treatment of industrial and commercial geography. In actual life, it is a knowledge of the countries of the earth, and of the people who inhabit them, of their resources and industries, their cities and commercial relations, that one needs for practical business purposes, or even for an intelligent appreciation of the contents of the daily newspapers. Industrial Illustrations.-In carrying out this plan we have been engaged for three years past in collecting from all parts of the world industrial pictures-photographs showing machinery in actual operation, and under these we have placed captions which give in a few words a clear idea of the process of manufacture. We have distributed these throughout the book in such a way as to identify each industry with some state or country where it is especially prominent. We believe that this plan will awaken present interest and prove of permanent value. Commercial Illustrations. We also present a number of pictures made from photographs which relate to the commerce of the world, and under each have placed captions which fully explain them and which will enable the pupil to make valuable comparisons and to learn how the products of the world are handled. Turn to the picture of New York, page 46, of New Orleans, page 58, of San Francisco, page 78, of Antofa In the treatment of the United States each group of States is treated as a whole, and those features, physical and industrial, that are common to all, are presented in a general way. But each state, however small, has its own characteristics, its own group of cities, and certain industries that are peculiarly its own. These, we hold, should be known to all the people of the United States. Therefore, after the general description of each section, we have given a detailed description of each state. think this much better than to select some one city or state as a type and devote pages to it while dismissing others with a line-a method which gives pupils a distorted idea of the states' and cities' relative importance. We Maps.-The maps are recent, and the double-page map, pages 86–87, showing the principal routes of transportation and travel will, we believe, prove of especial value. Map Questions.-The map questions are comprehensive and complete. The questions upon the physical maps bring out the physical features; those upon the political maps fix in the pupil's mind the essential political features. A few years ago there was a certain prejudice against map questions; but this has passed away. To-day they are regarded by a majority of teachers as invaluable they compel the pupil to refer again and again to the map, and this constant reference fixes its features on the memory. In after life the man may forget the map questions and the answers, but he still retains a clear mental picture of the map itself. Accuracy.-In order to secure absolute accuracy in our description of the states, we sent last year to the Governor, or, in three instances, to another state officer, our description of his state, asking whether or not it was accurate and up to date. We received replies in many instances from the Governor himself, and in other instances from an officer in whose hands he had placed the matter. These replies either approved the |
