trum. Henry, of course, understands the threshold and fores to be at the end of the nave of the temple of Apollo. Poscere fata, to demand the fates; to pray for responses, which are revelations of the fates.- -46. Deus! the priestess, while before the entrance, is already under the influence of the god.- 47. Fores; the same as limen, above. Non-unus, did not remain the same. 48. Non comtae. Ancient soothsayers wore the hair unbound. That of Deiphobe now becomes disordered.- 49. Rabie, join with tument. Maior videri, (she was) greater to the view; literally, greater to be seen. The infinitive is dependent on the adjective, as Hor. O. 1, 19, 7, lubricus aspici; O. 4, 2, 59, niveus videri.- -50. Mortale; acc.; a human sound. See on I, 328. Her whole frame expands, and her voice assumes an unnatural elevation and strength of tone. -51. Iam propiore, now nearer; already felt, though not even yet in his greatest power. Cessas in vota, do you delay to begin your prayers ?- -52. Neque ante; i. e., not before Aeneas shall have made supplication. -53. Attonitae. The cave of the Sibyl is personified as if itself awed by the presence of the god.-67. Qui direxti (direxisti). Apollo, as the patron of archery, gave Paris the skill to hit Achilles (Aeacidae) in the heel, the only point where he was vulnerable.-68. In. The preposition sub is placed in like manner after its noun in Ge. IV, 333.69. Duce te because it was the response of Apollo at Delos, III, 154, 8qq., which led him to undertake his voyage, first to Crete, and finally to Hesperia. Penitus, far remote. He did not actually visit the Massyli and the shores of the Syrtes, but Carthage, near by them.-60. Praetenta, bordering upon; followed by the dative, as in III, 692.- 61. Prendimus, we grasp the significance of the word is shown the more distinctly by fugientis. Italy is seeking, as it were, to elude our grasp. Comp. V, 629.- -62. Hao, etc., thus far let Trojan fortune have pursued us; and let that be enough of ill fortune to satisfy the hostile gods. For the perfect subj., see H. 483, 2; A. 266, c; B. 309, c; G. 253; M. 380.- -63. Iam fas est, it is now right; it can not be opposed now to the divine decrees, even that you (Juno, Minerva, etc.) should spare the Trojan race. Non indebita. Supply mihi.67. Fatis, by, or according to, my fates. See I, 205. Da considere. The priestess, or prophetess, can give, or grant, this, in so far as she can inform them how to secure it. See on III, 85.- -69, 70. An allusion to the temple of Apollo, erected by Augustus on the Palatine, in which a splendid statue of the god was placed between those of Latona and Diana.71. Te quoque. This vow, made to the Sibyl to consecrate sacred arcana in the future kingdom of Aeneas for the preservation of her oracles, was fulfilled in the history of the so-called Sibylline books, or fates. These were at first, in the reign of the Tarquins, deposited in the Capitol; but, after the destruction of the Capitol and its contents by fire in the time of Sulla, B. c. 82, no new collection of such books for state purposes was made, until the building of the above-mentioned temple of Apollo. In this were deposited what were supposed to be genuine Sibylline books, or oracles, collected by Augustus from different sources, and placed in two chests at the foot of the statue of the god. Penetralia, sacred shrines; i. e., archives for the preservation of the books of the Sibyl.- -74. Alma, kind prophetess. Viros. At first two, afterwards ten, and finally fifteen men (Quindecemviri Sacrorum) were appointed to the custody of the Sibylline books.-76. Ipsa canas. Comp. III, 457.-77. Phoebi-patiens, not yet yielding to Apollo. Divine inspiration is too much for human weakness at first to sustain, and her nature instinctively struggles against the influence. The prophetess thus resisting is compared to an unbroken horse, which resists the efforts of the rider to subdue his fierceness. Immanis, wild, join with bacchatur. -78. Si elliptical and interrogative, as in I, 181; whether she may.79. Excussisse. The perfect infinitive is not used here merely for the pres

ent, a usage which is occasionally met with in poetry, but it denotes the instant completion of the action; she desires to have done with the terrible influence.- -80. Fingit premendo, forms her to his will by curbing. The metaphor is continued.- -81, 82. The priestess and Aeneas are in the cavern, in antro (see 77), in the general sense of the term, and before the threshold (ante fores) of the inner grotto, or place of the oracle; but, after Aeneas has made his prayer, the doors spontaneously open, and the Sibyl rushes in, leaving him on the outside; her voice is then immediately heard from within. But, if the antrum, as Henry thinks, is entered from the temple of Apollo, we must understand that the Sibyl has already passed into it at verse 45. 84. Terrae. Supply pericula. Regna Lavini; the kingdom to be established by Aeneas, of which Lavinium is destined to be the chief city.

-89. Defuerint. H. 473, 1; A. 281, R.; M. 340. Alius Achilles. This other Achilles is the Rutulian Turnus, who is already being raised up by the fates in Latium to resist the Trojans. -90. Natus dea. Turnus was the son of the nymph or goddess Venilia. See X, 76. For the force of et ipse, see H. 452, 6; B. 285, R.; G. 297, R. 2.- -90, 91. Neo-aberit, nor shall Juno, (always) haunting the Trojans, anywhere be absent. Teucris addita i. e.. adhering (in hatred) to the Trojans.- -91. Cum, at which time, or, and then. The fulfillment of the prophecy is found in VIII, 126, sqq.- 93. Coniunx; i. e., Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, who had promised her in marriage to Turnus, but on the arrival of Aeneas violated that promise in order to espouse her to him, and thus brought about the war. Iterum; join with erit understood. Hospite Teucris, a stranger (alien, or of a land foreign) to the Trojans; just as had been the case with Helen, who had been in like manner the cause of the war against Troy.- -96. Quam; for quantum; so much as.-97. Graia urbe. Aeneas will find his first ally in Evander, a Grecian prince who had formed a little settlement, called Pallanteum, on what was afterwards named the Palatine hill, at Rome. See VIII, 79, sqq.-99. Hor rendas ambages, the dread mysteries; the ambiguous utterances of oracles.

-100. Ea frena, such reins; i. e., such influences as to make her prophesy thus. The metaphor in 77-80 is resumed.- -103. Rabida ora, frenzied lips. Comp. 80.-105. Praecepi, etc. He has been led to anticipate all hardships and encounter them in thought, by the revelations of Helenus and Anchises, III, 441; V, 730.—107. Palus Acheronte refuso, the lake of (or rising from) overflowing Acheron; an ablat. of description. The lake alluded to is probably that called in ancient times Acherusia palus, and at present Lake Fusaro, situated between Cumae and Misenum. Its waters were supposed to rise up from the river Acheron in the lower world. It is seen in the woodcut on the first page of this book, in the distance on the left.109. Contingat, let it be my lot. 114. Invalidus, (though), feeble. Ultra sortem; for the proper lot of old age is quiet and ease.- -116. Mandata dabat. See V, 781, sqq.117. Potes omnia, you have all power, that is, so far as the object of my present petition is concerned; for you control the Avernian entrance to Hades. Omnia is a limiting accusative, denoting in respect to; as quid, III, 56. 118. Hecate. See on 18.119. Si potuit. This, and the following conditional clause, are connected by our punctuation, as the protasis, to miserere, etc., have pity (and suffer me also to descend) if Orpheus-if Pollux could. But Thiel and others make et mi genus, etc., the apodosis; thus: If they had such power, because they were divine, I also am of divine parentage, and am therefore entitled to the same privilege.-121. Of the twin sons of Leda, Pollux was the son of Jupiter, and Castor son of Tyndarus; so that one was mortal, the other immortal. But when Castor died, the love of Pollux led him to share his immortality with his brother by descending every other day to the lower world, and allowing Castor to dwell during the same day with the gods in Olympus.- -122. Viam. See on IV, 468.

Thesea. Theseus descended with his friend Pirithous into Hades to take away Proserpine.-123. Alciden. Hercules brought Cerberus from the lower world, and afterwards Alcestis.-124. Arasque tenebat. See on IV, 219. We must suppose an altar placed in front of the limen.—126. Descensus Averno, the descent into Hades; dative for in Avernum. See on Latio, I, 6, and pelago, I, 181.-128. Superas ad auras, to the upper air; to this "Those who dwell in the world of ours, above the regions of the dead. lower world describe the world above with the same expressions which the dwellers upon the earth employ in speaking of the regions of light and of -129. Pauci, etc., a few heaven." Ladewig. Comp. 486, 481, 568, 719.(only) sons of the gods, whom propitious Jupiter has loved. The descent to Hades is easy and open to all; in the natural order of things mortals are continually thronging to the lower world; but only a gifted few, men of divine birth and character, are permitted both to descend and return again.

-131. Tenent omnia, etc., woods occupy the whole region between; i. e., between the upper and lower world. Cocytus, Styx, and Acheron are used indifferently to denote the waters which are supposed to flow around Hades. More strictly, they are branches of one great stream. See on 295.-133. Menti (est), your mind has. For the infinitive after amor, cupido, see on II, 10.-134. Bis; i. e., once now, and again after death. This is said on the supposition that Aeneas will die like other men.-137. Foliis, vimine; join with aureus; golden in respect to its leaves and stem. H. 424; A. 253; B. 261; G. 398; M. 272.-138. Iunoni infernae. Comp. IV, 638. Dictus sacer, consecrated.-141. Qui; as an indefinite, any one. In prose, cuiquom would have been used in the foregoing clause, and the pronoun omitted -142. Hoc suum munus, here. Fetus, the growth; the golden-leafed branch. -144. Simili-metallo, a twig this as her peculiar gift; most dear to her.of the same metal puts forth leaves; or join metallo with frondescit as an abl. of manner.- -145. Alte; i. e., with your eyes directed high. Rite, properly; not by cutting, but by pulling off with the hand; join with carpe.

146. Sequetur, will yield.- -149. Praeterea. She has now given the necessary directions for his descent to the lower world, and now moreover adds of her own accord the information following in regard to the sudden -150. Incestat, defiles; in a death of Misenus. Tibi; the dativus ethicus.religious sense.- -151. Consulta, responses. The term was used technically -152. Sedibus suis, to his own of the legal advice given by Roman lawyers.resting-place; the tomb.-153. Duo, lead (to the altar). Nigras pecudes. See on V, 736. Prima, first; here, preliminary, initiatory; prior to the descent into Hades.-154. Sic, thus; i. e., by first making such a sacrifice.

156-235. Aeneas returns to the shore, and discovers that the dead body spoken of by the Sibyl is that of Misenus. While preparing the funeral pile, he enters the forest and is led by the doves of Venus to the tree on which the golden bough is hid. He plucks the branch and conveys it to the cave of the Sibyl, and then completes the funeral rites of Misenus.

The question depends on 158. Cui. See on II, 704.-162. Diceret. serebant. They were uncertain what person the Sibyl spoke of; for they could not think that her words (149, 150) had reference to Palinurus, who had been lost on the first night of the voyage from Sicily to Cumae, and, according to the words of the shade of Palinurus, 356, at least three days before their arrival at Cumae.-163. Indigna, unworthy; not such a death 164. Aeoliden, the son of Aeolus; Aeolus, a XII, 542, as slain in battle with the Latins.Ciere, accendere. H. 533, II, 3; A. 273, d; M. 419. Servius says that Vergil had left this verse unlast three words were inserted ex tempore when he

as was meet for a hero. Trojan, mentioned in Aere. Comp. III, 240. Cantu, with the sound. finished, and that the

-165.

was reading the Sixth Book to Augustus.-170. Non inferiora, fortunes not inferior; for Aeneas was a hero of the same rank as Hector, with whom he is placed side by side in XI, 289.171. Personat. For the tense, see on I, 494. Concha. He used the shell on this occasion, such as Triton himself employed, thus showing still more daring in competing with him.-173. Exceptum. See on I, 69. Si credere dignum. This indicates a doubt as to the truthfulness of the report about the manner of his death.-176. Inssa Sibyllae. See on 152. -177. Aram sepulcri, the altar of a sepulchre; the funeral pile, termed below, 215, pyra. -178. Caelo; dat. for ad caelum.-179. Stabula. Comp. tecta, 8.182. Montibus, from the mountains. The ad in advolvunt has reference to the pyre.-183. Primus, foremost. Comp. I, 24.-184. Accingitur, etc.; literally, "is girded with the same weapons"; we may translate: Handles the same implements; referring especially to the axe.- -185. Ipse, he himself, while employed in common with the rest, is also turning over in his mind these thoughts; those, namely, which follow.-187. Si, if only, O that. Arbore, on the tree. -188. Quando, since. As she has proved true in regard to Misenus, she must be trusted also as to the golden bough.191. Ipsa sub ora, under his very eyes; so that they could not fail to attract his attention. Caelo, for de caelo. -193. Maternas, sacred to his mother. Doves as well as swans were sacred to Venus.- 195. Pinguem, fertile; since it produces such a bough.- -196. Rebus; dat.-197. Vestigia pressit, he checked his steps; stopped in order to watch the first signs given by the birds.-198. Quae signa ferant, what tokens they bring; what signs, by which he may be led to the wished-for tree.- 199. Tantum prodire, advanced, or kept advancing only so much. The infinitive is historical.200. Possent. See on I, 20. Acie; the abl. of instrument.-201. Graveolentis; pronounced here in four syllables, gravyolentis.- -203. Sedibus, etc., they alight in the wished-for place on the twofold tree. Gemina indicates the twofold nature of the tree; one part ordinary wood and foliage, the other, the branch of gold. Some MSS. have geminae. Optatis refers to the wish of Aeneas to discover the tree.- -204. Discolor, variegated; the gleaming of the gold contrasting with the green of the other foliage. Aura; for splendor, radiance.205. Viscum; a parasite growing on oaks and other trees, and penetrating with its roots into the inner bark of the foreign tree (non sua arbor). -206. Seminat, produces.207. Croceo refers to the yellowish-green bark of the mistletoe twigs.-209. Tlice; abl. of situation.

-211. Cunctantem, lingering; not actually resisting, for this would be inconsistent with the words of the Sibyl in 146; but slow to yield as compared with the eagerness of Aeneas, described by avidus. -214. Taedis; join with pinguem; robore with ingentem. See on IV, 505.-216. Intexunt. It was customary to cover the sides of the pyre with dark green boughs. Cupressos. The fumes of the cypress were said to counteract the odor of the burning body. 217. Armis. The arms and clothing of the dead were burned with the corpse.-218. Undantia refers to the water boiling up in the caldron. -220. Toro, on the (funeral) couch or bier, on which the body was placed or laid in state, after being washed and anointed. Then in the usual order of funeral ceremonies the lamentation was raised (fit gemitus), but the order is not here observed. 221. Velamina nota, well-known habiliments; familiar to the eyes of them all.- -222. Subiere feretro, took up the bier; took the bier upon their shoulders. The accusative is the usual construction with this sense of subire. See III, 113.- -223. Ministerium; in apposition with the predicate subiere feretro. Comp. IX, 53; X, 311. More parentum, etc., after the custom of their ancestors, with averted faces they held the torch to the foot (subiectam tenuere facem) of the pile; i. e., after they had deposited the corpse thereon.- -224. Congesta, contributed; brought together. The

participle is understood with dapes and crateres. -225. Dapes, the victims; such also being burned on the funeral pile. Olivo; abl. of description.229. He also thrice passed around the assembly with pure water. He sprinkled them thrice with a branch of olive dipped in water. This was the lustratio, a ceremonial cleansing, necessary to remove all religious impurity supposed to be contracted from the presence of a dead body. The act of lustrating or purifying was expressed in the old Latin by circumferre, which thus acquired a transitive signification analogous to that of circumdare, and thus was followed by the accusative and ablative.-230. Felicis fruitful. The wild olive, wild pine, and non-fruitbearing trees are called infelices. The laurel was generally used instead of the olive for the lustratio. -231. Novissima verba. It is uncertain whether the reference here is to the last salutation addressed to the dead, or to the last word, ilicet, addressed to the assembly, as a signal for retiring; but most commentators adopt the former interpretation. See on I, 219.233. Sua arma; namely, the oar and trumpet.234. Misenus. The name of the lofty promontory, Misenum, now Capo Miseno, which forms the northwestern point of the bay of Naples, suggested the story of the death and burial of Misenus there.

236-268. Aeneas at midnight makes the proper sacrifices preparatory to entering upon his journey to the lower world. At sunrise Hecate approaches; the cavern of Avernus opens, and the Sibyl rushes in, followed by Aeneas.

236. Praecepta. See 153.237. Spelunca; not the grotto of the oracle under the Acropolis, but a cave on the shore of Lake Avernus, a short distance from Cumae.- -238. Tuta, guarded.239. Volantes, flying creatures. -242. This line is generally regarded as an interpolation.- -243. Nigrantis terga, with black bodies; for the accusative, terga, see I, 228. The sacrifices are made as directed in 153.- -245. Carpens saetas. She plucks some of the hairs from the forehead to throw into the fire as the first offering (libamina prima) to the infernal gods. See on IV, 693.-247. Voce; emphatic; with a loud voice. Comp. IV, 681. Caeloque Ereboque. See on IV, 510.- 250. Matri Eumenidum; Nox. Sorori; Terra.252. Stygio regi Pluto. Nocturnas-aras. It was customary to make offerings to the infernal deities by night. Incohare, as a ceremonial term, Servius says, is used for facere, make or consecrate. In infernal rites the ground hollowed out was substituted for an altar.-253. Solida viscera, the whole of the flesh; all parts of the victim excepting the skin. See on I, 211. The gods below required a holocaust.- -254. Super is separated from infundens by tmesis, and, also, has the last syllable lengthened by the ictus.255. Primi ortus, towards the light and rising of the earliest sun; at the first flush of day.

-256, 257. Inga silvarum, the wood-covered summits. Canes. "Stygian hounds were supposed to accompany Hecate and the Furies.-258. Adventante dea. The approach of the goddess, Hecate, to open the way, is announced by the howling of her dogs. Procul este profani. This is the sacred formula employed on solemn occasions to warn away the uninitiated. The words are addressed to those of the Trojans who have been present to aid in slaying and burning the victims. See 248.260. Vagina eripe ferrum. The drawn sword, though useless in itself, will give him greater boldness at the first sight of the shadowy monsters which he is about to encounter.

264-294. After invoking the favor of the deities, whose realms he is about to describe, the poet enters upon this new and difficult part of his work. Aeneas first passes through the vestibule, where he is startled by many hideous forms.

265. Chaos, as a person, is sometimes represented as the father of Night and of Erebus, and sometimes as a deity of Hades. - -266. Sit numine vestro. Supply fas mihi from the foregoing clause; let it be right for me with