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the land is employed in tillage, producing wheat, barley, oats, clover, turnips, &c. The county is in general well wooded, both in timber and copice wood, the value of which is much increased by the cultivation of hops. Herefordshire eyder has been long a liquor highly esteemed; of course orchards and the culture of apple-trees are a matter of consider able consequence. The sheep of this country were formerly in much estimation, and the wool valuable on account of its staple and fineness; but the superior quality of the wool not being thought adequate to atone for the smallness of the carcass, the farmers are in general desirous of obtaining a breed larger and more profitable.

HEREGELD, in old writers, a tribute or tax for the maintenance of an army.

HEREIN. ad. (here and in.) In this. HEREINTO. ad. In this (Hooker). HEREOF. ad. From this; of this (Shak.). HEREON. ad. Upon this (Brown). HEREOUT. ad. Out of this place (Spen.). HEREMITICAL. a. (eremitical, from eremite; heremitique, Fr.) Solitary; suitable to a hermit (Pope).

HERESIARCH. 3. (heresiarque, French.) A leader in heresy (Stilling fleet).

HERESY. s. (heresie, Fr.; hæresis, Lat.) An opinion of private men different from that of the catholic and orthodox church (Bacon). HERESY, in law, an offence against Christianity, consisting in a denial of some of its essential doctrines, publicly and obstinately avowed ; being defined, “sententia rerum divinarum humano sensu excogitata, palam docla et pertinaciter defensa." And here it must be acknowledged that particular modes of belief or unbelief, not tending to overturn Christianity itself, or to sap the foundations of morality, are by no means the object of coercion by the civil magistrate. What doctrines shall therefore be adjudged heresy, was left by our old constitution to the determination of the ecclesiastical judge; who had herein a most arbitrary latitude allowed him. For the general definition of an heretic given by Lyndewode extends to the smallest deviations from the doctrines of the holy church: "hæreticus est qui dubitat de fide catholica, et qui negligit servare ea, que Romana ecclesia statuit, seu servare decreverat." Or, as the statute 2 Hen, IV. c. 15. expresses it in English, "teachers of erroneous opinions, contrary to the faith and blessed determinations of the holy church." Very contrary this to the usage of the first general councils, which defined all heretical doctrines with the utmost precision and exact

ness.

And what ought to have alleviated the punishment, the uncertainty of the crime, seems to have enhanced it in those days of blind zeal and pious cruelty. It is true that the sanctimonious hypocrisy of the canonists went at first no farther than enjoining penance, excommunication, and ecclesiastical depriva. tion, for heresy; though afterwards they proceeded boldly to imprisonment by the ordinary, and confiscation of goods in pios usus. But in

the mean time they had prevailed upon the weakness of bigoted princes to make the civil power subservient to their purposes, by making heresy not only a temporal, but even a capital offence: the Romish ecclesiastics deterinining, without appeal, whatever they pleased to be heresy, and shifting off to the secular arm the odium and drudgery of executions; with which they themselves were too tender and delicate to intermeddle. Nay, they pretended to intercede and pray, on behalf of the convicted heretic, ut citra mortis periculum sententiæ circa eum moderetur: well knowing that at the same time they were delivering the unhappy victim to certain death. Hence the capital punishments inflicted on the ancient Donatists and Manichæans by the emperors Theodosius and Justinian: hence also the constitution of the emperor Frederic mentioned by Lyndewode, adjudging all persons without distinction to be burnt with fire who were convicted of heresy by the ecclesiastical judge. The same emperor, in another constitution, ordained, that if any temporal lord, when admonished by the church, should neglect to clear his territories of hereties within a year, it should be lawful for good catholics to seize and occupy the lands, and utterly to extermi nate the heretical possessors. And upon this foundation was built that arbitrary power, so long claimed and so fatally exerted by the pope, of disposing even of the kingdoms of refractory princes to more dutiful sons of the church. The immediate event of this constitution was something singular, and may serve to illustrate at once the gratitude of the holy see, and the just punishment of the royal bigot; for, upon the authority of this very constitution, the pop afterwards expelled this very emperor Frederic from his kingdom of Sicily, and gave it to Charles of Anjou.

Christianity being thus deformed by the damon of persecution upon the continent, we cannot expect that our own island should be entirely free from the same scourge. And therefore we find among our ancient precedents a writ de heretico comburendo, which is thought by some to be as ancient as the common law itself. However, it appears from thence that the conviction of heresy by the common law was not in any petty ecclesiasti cal court, but before the archbishop himself in a provincial synod; and that the delinquent was delivered over to the king to do as he should please with him: so that the crown had a controul over the spiritual power, and might pardon the convict by issuing no process against him; the writ de haretico comburendo being not a writ of course, but issuing only by the special direction of the king in council.

But in the reign of Henry IV. when the eyes of the christian world began to open, and the seeds of the protestant religion (though under the opprobrious name of lollardy) took root in this kingdom; the clergy, taking advantage from the king's dubious title to demand an increase of their own power, obtained an act of parlia

ment, which sharpened the edge of persecution to its utmost keenness. For, by that natute, the diocesan alone, without the intervention of a synod, might convict of heretical tenets; and unless the convict abjured his opinions, or if after abjuration he relapsed, the sheriff was bound ex officio, if required by the bishop, to commit the unhappy victim to the flames, without waiting for the consent of the crown. By the statute 2 Hen. V. c. 7. lollardy was also male a temporal offence, and indictable in the king's courts; which did not thereby gain an exclusive, but only a concurrent, jurisdiction with the bishop's consistory.

Afterwards, when the final reformation of religion began to advance, the power of the ecclesiastics was somewhat moderated; for though what heresy is was not then precisely defined, yet we are told in some points what it is not the statute 25 Hen. VIII. c. 14. declaring that offences against the see of Rome are not heresy, and the ordinary being thereby restrained from proceeding in any case upon mere suspicion; that is, unless the party be accused by two credible witnesses, or an indictment of heresy be first previously found in the king's courts of common law. And yet the spirit of persecution was not yet abated, but only diverted into a lay channel. For in six years afterwards, by statute 31 Hen. VIII. c. 14. the bloody law of the six articles was made, which established the six most contested points of popery, transubstantiation, communion in one kind, the celibacy of the clergy, monastic vows, the sacrifice of the mass, and auricular confession; which points were "determined and resolved by the most godly study, pain, and travail of his imajesty : for which his most humble and obedient subjects, the lords spiritual and temporal, and the commons, in parliament assembled, did not only render and give unto his highness their most high and hearty thanks;" but did also enact and declare all oppugners of the first to be heretics, and to be burnt with fire; and of the five last to be felons, and to suffer death. The same statute established a new and mixed jurisdiction of clergy and laity for the trial and conviction of heretics; the reigning prince being then equally intent on destroying the supremacy of the bishops of Rome, and establishing all other their corruptions of the christian religion.

Without perplexing this detail with the various repeals and revivals of these sanguinary laws in the two succeeding reigns, let us proceed to the reign of queen Elizabeth; when the reformation was finally established with temper and decency, unsullied with party-rancour, or personal caprice and resentment. By statute 1 Eliz. c. 1. all former statutes relating to heresy are repealed, which leaves the juris diction of heresy as it stood at common law; viz. as to the infliction of common censures, in the ecclesiastical courts; and in case of burning the heretic, in the provincial synod only. Sir Matthew Hale is indeed of a different opinion, and holds that such power resided in the dis

ocesan also; though he agrees, that in enther case the writ de heretico comburendo was not demandable of common right, but grantable or otherwise merely at the king's discretion. But the principal point now gained was, that by this statute a boundary is for the first time set to what shall be accounted heresy; nothing for the future being to be so determined, but only such tenets, which have been heretofore so declared, 1. by the words of the canonical scriptures ; 2. by the first four general councils, or such others as have only used the words of the holy Scriptures; or, 3. which shall hereaf ter be so declared by the parliament, with the assent of the clergy in convocation. Thus was heresy reduced to a greater certainty than before; though it might not have been the worse to have defined it in terms still more precise and particular: as a man continued still liabl to be burnt, for what perhaps he did not understand to be heresy, till the ecclesiastical judge so interpreted the words of the canonical scriptures.

For the writ de hæretico comburendo remained still in force; and we have instances of its being put in execution upon two baptists in the seventeenth of Elizabeth, and two Arians in the ninth of James I. But it was totally abolished, and heresy again subjected only to ecclesiastical correction, pro salute animæ, by virtue of the statute 29 Car. II. c. 9: for, in one and the same reign, our lands were delivered from the slavery of military tenures; our bodies from arbitrary imprisonment by the habeas corpus act; and our minds from the tyranny of superstitious bigotry, by demolishing this last badge of persecution in the English law.

Every thing is now less exceptionable, with respect to the spiritual cognizance and spiritual punishment of heresy: but still much is wanting to the amelioration of the laws in this respect, even in the opinion of the most pious and excellent clergymen of the established church. Certainly what constitutes heresy ought to be more strictly defined, and no prosecution per◄ mitted, even in the ecclesiastical courts, till the tenets in question are by proper authority previously declared to be heretical. Under these restrictions, some think it necessary for the support of the national religion that the officers of the church should have power to censure heretics; yet not to harass them with temporal penalties, much less to exterminate or destroy them. The legislature hath indeed thought it proper that the civil magistrate should again interpose, with regard to one species of heresy, very prevalent in modern times; for by statute 9 and 10 W. III. c. 32. if any person educated in the Christian religion, or professing the same, shall by writing, printing, teaching, or advised speaking, deny any one of the persons in the holy Trinity to be God, or maintain that there are more gods than one, he shall undergo the same penalties and incapacities which were just now mentioned to be inflicted on apostacy by the same statute,

HERETIC, in a general sense, is one that sets up to be the head, or chooses to join himself to a particular religious sect.

Heretic, in a bad sense, according to the opinion of Whitby, Foster, and many others, is one who knowingly espouses a false doctrine, is insincere in his profession, and asserts and defends what he is convinced is contrary to Christianity, and consequently supports the interest of a faction, in order to serve some bad designs. According to this opinion, a heretic not only entertains wrong sentiments of christianity, but doth this wilfully, and with an ill intention so that no mere error of the judgment can be heresy, and no honest man, who is not condemned of himself, can possibly be a heretic.

The heretics, whom, in the New Testament, we are directed to avoid, were not the humble, modest, and peaceable, though erroneous christians, who adhered to the authority of Christ, and desired to know and do his will; but the proud, pragmatical, turbulent party-men, who disturbed and divided the church by their impositions and innovations, on the terms of brotherly affection and christian communion, and by assuming an authority over their fellowchristians. Heresy, in the sense of scripture, doth not consist in simple error; nor were those heretics who were anathematized and persecuted; but only those who anathematized and persecuted others, refusing to acknowledge them for true christians, on account of their supposed or real mistakes: agreeably to this sense of the appellation, it is justly observed by Mr. Hallet, that the pope is the greatest heretic in the world. See Hallet's Notes, &c. vol. iii. disc. ix. p. 390. and Furneaux's Letters to Judge Blackstone, p. 30.

A real heretic is properly he who maintains a false opinion, out of a spirit of obstinacy, faction, or hypocrisy. A heretic makes profession of christianity, by which he is distinguished from an infidel, Jew, and idolater.

A man does not become an heretic by doing a thing condemned or forbidden by the gospel, and of consequence repugnant to the christian faith; but by a stiff, disingenuous, wilful, turbulent adherence to an opinion opposite to some article of the christian faith, whether it regard speculation or practice.

HERETICAL. a. (from heretic.) Containing heresy (Decay of Piety).

HERETICALLY. ad. With heresy. HERETO'. ad. (here and to.) To this; add to this.

HERETOCHS, among our Saxon ancestors, signified the same with dukes or duces, denoting the commanders or leaders of their armies.

HERETOFO'RE. ad. (hereto and fore.) Formerly; anciently (South).

HEREUNTO'. ad. (here and unto.) To this (Locke).

HEREWITH. ad. With this (Hayward). HERFORD, or HERVORDEN, a free imperial town of Westphalia, capital of the coun

ty of Rayensburg, with a famous nunnery, be longing to the protestants of the confession of Augsburg, whose abbess is a princess of the empire. Lat. 52. 9 N. Lon. 8. 47 E.

HERGRUNDT, a town of Upper Hungary, noted for its mines of vitriol, which are very rich. Lat. 48. 30 N. Lon. 18. 15 E.

HERI, an island in the Indian Ocean, two miles N.N.W. of Ternate. It is not more than two miles in circumference, but very fertile and well inhabited.

HERIOT, in law, signifies a tribute given to the lord for his better preparation towards war. And by the laws of Canute, it appears, that at the death of the great men of this nation, so many horses and arms were to be paid for as they were in their respective life-times obliged to keep for the king's service. A heriot was first paid in arms and horses; it is now by some custom sometimes the best live beast which the tenant dies possessed of, sometimes the best inanimate goods, under which a jewel or piece of plate may be included. Some are due by custom, some by tenure, and by reservation on deeds executed within time of memory: those due by custom are the most frequent.

For an heriot service, or for an heriot reserv ed by way of tenure, the lord may either seize or distrain.

HERISSON, in fortification, a beam armed with a great number of iron spikes, with their points outwards, and supported by a pivot, on which it turns.

HEʼRITABLE. a. (hæres, Lat.) Capable to inherit whatever may be inherited (Hale).

HERITAGE. s. (heritage, French.) 1. Inheritance; estate devolved by succession'; estate in general (Rogers). 2. (In divinity.) The people of God.

HERITIERA. Looking-glass plant. In botany, a genus of the class mencccia, order monodelphia. Calyx five-toothed; corolless. Male: authers ten, without filaments. Fem. germs five; drupes dry with one subglobular seed. One species: an East Indian tree.

HERMÆA, ancient Greek festivals in honour of Hermes or Mercury. At the Cretan Hermæa the servants sat down at the table while their masters waited.

HERMANN (James), a learned mathematician of the academy of Berlin, and member of the academy of sciences at Paris, was born at Basil in 1678. He was a great traveller; and for 6 years was professor of mathematics at Pallua. He afterwards went to Russia, being invited thither by the Czar in 1724, as well as his compatriot Daniel Bernoulli. On his return to his native country, he was appointed professor of morality and natural law at Basil; where he died in 1733, at 55 years of age. He wrote several mathematical and philosophical pieces, in the memoirs of different academies, and elsewhere: but his principal work is the Phoronomia, or two Books on the Forces and Motions of both Solid and Fluid Bodies; 4to, 1716: a very learned work on the new mathe matical physics.

HERMANNIA. In botany, a genus of the elass monadelphia, order pentandria. Calyx simple, five-cleft; petals five, spirally hooded; filaments lanceolate; styles five; capsule fivecelled, many seeded. Thirty species; all shrubs and natives of the Cape of Good Hope. They are propagated by cuttings, planted during any of the sunimer months, in a bed of fresh earth, observing to water and shade them till they have taken root in about six weeks after planting they should be taken up, with a ball of earth at their roots, and planted in pots, filled with light fresh earth, placing them in a shady situation till they have taken new root; after which they may be exposed to the open air till sometime in October, when they must be removed to the green-house, and have as much free air as possible: they must be frequently watered, and will require to be new potted twice a year, in May and September. The plants are also raised from seeds, which must be sown upon a moderate hot-bed: when the plants come up, they should be transplanted into small pots, and plunged into another moderate hot-bed, in order to promote their rooting; after that they must be hardened by degrees to bear the open air, and may then be treated as the old plants; but they seldom produce good seeds in this country.

HERMANSTADT, a large and strong city, the capital of Transylvania, with a bishop's It is seated on the Seben, and is fortified with a double wall, and a deep moat. Lat. 46. 25 N. Lou. 24. 40 E.

see.

HERMAPHRODITE. (hermaphrodilus, apkapicdlos, from Eung, Mercury, and, Appodle, Venus, i. e. partaking of both sexes). The true hermaphrodite of the ancients was, the man with male organs of generation, and the female stature of body, that is, narrow chest and large pelvis; or the woman with female organs of generation, and the male stature of body, that is, broad chest and narrow pelvis. The term is now often used to express any lusus naturæ wherein the parts of generation appear to be a mixture of both sexes. But it is of still farther use in natural history, and accurately applied to a variety of the lower classes of animals, as insects and worms, as well as to most classes of vegetables. Thus snails are hermaphrodites: they possess the organs of both sexes, but cannot propagate without copulating, the male organs of the one being applied to the female organs of the other, and vice versa. The female aphis is an extraordinary hermaphrodite she generally propagates from union with the male, but if refused or precluded from possessing it, she is said to propagate from her own powers alone. Upon this subject however there is some doubt: for it is probable that both the aphis and the hen will at times propagate successively, or at least more than once, from a single coition.

HERMAPHRODITE FLOWER. In botany, having both anther and stigma. An herma phrodite plant is that which has only hermaphrodite flowers.

HERMAPHRODITICAL. a. (from her

maphrodite.) Partaking of both sexes (Brown). HERMAPHRODITUS, in fabulous history, a son of Venus and Mercury educated by the Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his curiosity. When he came to Caria he bathed himself in a fountain, and Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, became enamoured of him, and attempted to se duce him. He continued deaf to all entreaties, and Salmacis, endeavouring to obtain by force what was denied to prayers, closely embraced him, and entreated the gods to make them two but one body. Her prayers were heard, and Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still preserved the characteristics of both their sexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all who bathed in that fountain might become effeninate.

HERMAS. In botany, a genus of the class polygamia, order monaecia. Herm.: umbel terminal; involucres general and partial; umbellets with truncate rays, the central ones floriferous; petals five: stamens five, barren ; seeds in pairs, nearly orbicular. Male umbels lateral; involucres general and partial; umbellets many-flowered; petals five, stamens five, fertile. Five species: all herbs of the Cape.

HERMATHENA, a statue representing Mercury and Minerva in the same body, was generally placed in schools where eloquence and philosophy were taught, because these deities presided over the arts and sciences.

HERMES TRISMEGISTUS, an Egyptian priest and philosopher; who taught his counirymen the cultivation of the vine, the measurement of lands, and the knowledge of hie roglyphics. He lived as it is believed more than 1900 years before the christian ara. Clenens Alexandrinus has recorded a list of more than 40 of this philosopher's works, none of which remain among all that list. Not one treatise is professedly written on chemistry, although we find some on every other science, except that one which has received from him the name of Hermetic philosophy.

HERMES Or HERMA, among antiquaries, a sort of square or cubical figure of the god Mercury, usually made of marble, though sometimes of brass or other materials, without arms or legs, and planted by the Greeks and Romans in their crossways. Servius gives us the origin thereof in his comment on the eighth book of the Eneid. Some shepherds, says he, having one day caught Mercury, called by the Greeks Hermes, asleep on a mountain, cut off his hands; from which he, as well as the mountain where the action was done, became denominated Cyllenius, from aos maimed: and thence, adds Servius, it is that certain statues without arms are denominated Hermeses or Hermæ. But this etymology of the epithet of Cyllenius contradicts most of the other ancient authors; who derive it hence, that Mercury was born at Cyllene, a city of Elis, or even on the mountain Cyllene i 'self. which had been thus called before him..

HERMERACLES, in antiquity, a sta

compounded of the figures of Mercury and Hercules.

HERMETIC, or HERMETICAL ART, a name given to chemistry, on a supposition that Hermes Trismegistus was the inventor of the art, or that he excelied therein. See THOTH. HERMETICAL PHILOSOPHY, is that which undertakes to solve and explain all the phenomena of nature, from the three chemical principles, salt, sulphur, and mercury.

HERMETICAL PHYSIC, OF MEDICINE, is that system or hypothesis in the art of healing which explains the causes of diseases, and the operations of medicine, on the principles of the hermetical philosophy, and particularly on the system of alkali and acid. It has been long exploded.

HERMETICAL SEAL, in chemistry, a manner of stopping or closing glass vessels so very accurately that nothing can escape. It is performed by heating the neck of the vessel in the flame of a lamp or otherwise, till it be ready to melt, and then with a pair of pincers twisting or bending it till the orifice is closed: it is then said to be hermetically sealed. HERMETICALLY. ad. According to the hermetical or chymic art (Bentley).

HERMHARPOCRATES, in antiquity, a figure of a deity composed of Mercury and Harpocrates.

HERMIONE, a daughter of Mars and Venus, who married Cadmus. The gods, except Juno, honoured her nuptials with their presence, and she received, as a present, a rich veil and a splendid necklace which had been made by Vulcan. She was changed into a serpent with her husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian fields. 2. A daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was privately promised in marriage to Orestes the son of Agamemnon; but her father, ignorant of this preengagement, gave her hand to Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, carried home Hermione and married her. Her mione, tenderly attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. According to others, however, Hermione received the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure. Her jealousy for Andromache, according to some, induced her to unite herself to Orestes, and to destroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes after this murder, and received the kingdom of Sparta as a dowry.

HERM

RMIONE, in ancient geography, a considerable city of Argolis. It was in ruins, except a few temples, in the time of Pausanias; who says that the new city was at the distance of four stadia from the promontory on which the temple of Neptune stood. It gave name to the Sinus Hermionicus, a part of the Sinus Argolicus.

HERMIT. s. (hermite, French.) 1. A solitary; an anchoret; one who retires from society to contemplation and devotion. 2. A beadsman; one bound to pray for another: improper (Shakspeare).

HERMITAGE. s. (hermitage, French.) The cell or habitation of a hermit (Addison).

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TYLUS.

HERMODACTYLUS. (hermodactylus, pudexing.) Etymologists have always derived this word from Eppens, Mercury, and daxíunes, a finger. It is probably named from Hermus, a river in Asia, upon whose banks it grows, and daxlunos, a date, which it is like). The root of a species of colchicum, not yet ascertained, but supposed to be the colchicum illyricum of Linneus, of the shape of a heart, flattened on one side, with a furrow on the other, of a white colour, compact and solid, yet easy to cut or powder. This root, which has a viscous, sweetish, farinaceous taste, and no remarkable smell, is imported from Turkey. Their use is totally laid aside in the practice of the present day. Formerly they were esteemed as cathartics, which power is wanting in those that reach this country.

HERMODORUS, a philosopher of Ephesus, who is said to have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs in the composition of the ten tables of laws, which had been collected in Greece (Cicero).-2. A poet who wrote a book called Noma.

HERMON, or AERMON, in ancient geography, a mountain of the Amorites, called Sanior by the Phœnicians, and Sanir or Senir by the Amorites, on the cast of Jordan. It is also called Sion (Moses); but must not be confounded with the Sion of Jerusalem. By the Sidonians it was called Scirion; in the Vulgate, it is called Sirion. Joshua in formis us, that it was the dominion of Og king of Bashan; which must be understood of its south side. It is ne ver particularly mentioned by profane writers; being comprised under the appellation Libanus, or Antilibanus, with which mountain it is joined to the east. It is also called Hermonim plurally, Psalm xliii. 6. because it was extensive, and contained several mountains.

HERMOTIMUS, a famous prophet of Clazomena. It is said that his soul separated from his body, and wandered in every part of the earth to explain futurity, after which it returned again and animated his frame. His wife, who was acquainted with the frequent absence of his soul, took advantage of it and burnt his body, as if totally dead, and deprived the soul of its natural receptacle. Hermotimus received divine honours in a temple at Clazomene, into which it was unlawful for women to enter.

HERMUS, in ancient geography, a river of Ionia, which rose near Dorylæum, a town of Phrygia, and passed through the plains of Smyrna, down to the sea.

HERN. s. . s. (Contracted from heron). HERMANDIA. Jack in a box. Myrobo lan. In botany, a genus of the class monocia, order triandria. Male: calyx three-parted; corol three-petalled. Fem. calyx very entire,

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