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of the trials and triumphs through which that
distinguished lawyer rose to fame.

boldness." But Jeffrey, a short time later,
praised Hayward's summary of Lord Chester-
field's career as "very pleasant, sensible, and
THE death is announced in South Australia, on
intelligent," and his account of the character-December 23, of Harriet Miller Davidson, the
istics of "English lawyers" as "pleasant read- eldest daughter of Hugh Miller, and widow of
ing." The conclusion at which the hard Scotch the late Professor of Moral Philosophy in the
essayist at last arrived has been confirmed University of Adelaide. She had herself written
every quarter by thousands of readers. There several stories, of which Isobel Jardine's History,
was not one of Mr. Hayward's articles which
a temperance tale, is perhaps the best known.
did not merit the praise of "pleasant reading,"
She was only in her forty-fifth year.
and they were as readable in their reproduction
in his volumes of Essays as on their first
appearance in print.

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MAGAZINES AND REVIEWS.

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THEOLOGY.

RAWICZ, M. Der Traktat Megilla nebst Tosafat, vollständig ins Deutsche übertragen. Frankfurt-a-M.: Kauffmann. 2 M. 50 PL.

HISTORY.
BERGBOHM. C. Die bewaffnete Neutralität 1780-$3.
Eine Entwickelungsphase d. Völkerrechts im
Seekriege. Berlin: Puttkammer. 6 M.
CODEX diplomaticus Salemitanus. Hrsg. v. F. v. Weech.
5. Lfg. 1267-74. Karlsruhe: Braun. 3 M.
CONRAT, M. Die epitome exactis regibus.
Mit An-
hängen u. e. Einleitg.: Studien zur Geschichte d.
röm. Rechts in Mittelalter. Berlin: Weidmann.
14 M.

MATZAT, H. Römische Chronologie. 2. Bd. Berlin:
Weidmann. 8 M.

PUYMAIGRE, A. de. Souvenirs sur l'Emigration, l'Em-
pire et la Restauration. París: Plon. 7 fr. 50 c.

Herren v. Schack. I.

200 Schack-Estorff'sche Urkunden aus der Zeit von 1162 bis 1303. Berlin: Baensch. 10 M.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY.
ABHANDLUNGEN zur geologischen Specialkarte_v.
Preussen u. den Thüringischen Staaten. 5. Bi.
1. Hft. Berlin: Schropp. 4 M. 50 Pf.
HOERNES, R., u. M. AUINGER. Die Gasteropoden der

Meeres-Ablagerungen der ersten u. zweiten mio-
cänen Mediterran-Stufe in der österreichisch-
ungarischen Monarchie. 4. Lfg. Wien: Holder.
16 M.
JAEGGI, J. Die Wassernuss, Trapa natans L., u. der
Die Ausgrabungen zu Szeged
Öthalom in Ungarn. Budapest: Kilian. 28 M.

Paris: Alcan. 6 fr.

ZOPF, W. Zur Kenntniss der anatomischen Anpassung der Pilzfrüchte an die Function der Sporenentleerung. I. Mechanik der Sporenentleerung bei Sordarieen. Halle: Tausch. 7 M.

Though Mr. Hayward could sneer at the conduct of a politician or the attempt of a lady IN the Antiquary for February Mr. Cornelius Spire et la R Beiträge zur Geschichte der Grafen u. to get into a position in society to which she Walford continues giving the world the benefit had no claim, his conduct towards his strug- of his investigations relative to fairs. gling brethren in literature was full of kind- time it is Westminster Fair that engages his Mr. Karl Blind has a learned paper ness. Fifty-two years ago Carlyle, not yet on the Hawick gathering cry, rich and not yet famous, found to his surprise Odin." He believes that it has been transmitted Teribus ye teri that Mr. Hayward, whom he happily characterised as "a small but active and vivacious to us from the days of our heathen forefathers, man of the time," took to him by a strange chief god of the Teutonic mythology. This and that the last word is really the name of the impetus, and introduced him to the rising has been called in question, but we think that young men of the day. A week or two later Mr. Blind is almost certainly in the right. If Hayward induced Dr. Lardner to promise that it be indeed so, it is one of the most curious LENHOSSEK, J. von. Tribulus der Alten. Zürich: Schmidt. 1 M. 60 Pt. Carlyle's History of German Literature-the work over which there had been so much dis- survivals with which we are acquainted. The PERRIER, E. La Philosophie zoologique avant Darwin. appointment-should be published in the Cabinet Encyclopaedia; and, although the promise came to nothing, Carlyle wrote that for Hayward's kindness, then and always, he was heartily grateful." When Thackeray was slowly progressing in the walks of literature, Hayward gave him a helping push by a kindly article in the Edinburgh (January 1848) on the Irish Sketch-Book, the Journey from Cornhill to Cairo, and the earlier numbers of Vanity Fair, and prophesied that Thackeray would soon become one of the acknowledged heads of novel-writing in England. To have aided Carlyle while he was in poverty, and to have befriended Thackeray while he was comparatively unknown, are merits in Mr. Hayward's literary career which may far outweigh a few faults. The possessor of unrivalled knowledge in his own sphere, and the master of a graceful literary style, he leaves no one behind him to fill his place. He was born October 31, 1802, and died February 2, 1884.

W. P. COURTNEY.

JOHN HENRY PARKER died at his house in
Turl Street, Oxford, last Thursday, in his
seventy-eighth year. For more than half a
century he had won the regard of successive
generations of university men as bookseller and
as antiquary. He took an active part in the

revival of Gothic architecture in the third and
fourth decades of this century, and the cause of
excavation at Rome owes more to his enthusiasm
than to that of any other single man. In 1867
the university conferred upon him the honorary
degree of M.A., and three years later he was
appointed the first Keeper of the Ashmolean
Museum under the new arrangement.
was nominated C.B. by Mr. Gladstone in 1871.

He

SIR JOHN BARNARD BYLES died at Harefield House, near Uxbridge, on February 3, aged eighty-three. His reputation as a judge lies outside our province; but we may note that two of his works in literature, a volume on bills of exchange and a pamphlet on the sophisms of free-trade, enjoyed a great reputation.

THE biographer of another eminent judge died, at 16 Montagu Street, on January 26. This was Miss Emma Leathley, of The Hall, Datchet, the only daughter of Mr. William Leathley, who married, in December 1810, Emma Maria Maule, a sister of Sir William Henry Maule. Miss Leathley published in 1872 a Memoir of the Early Life of the Right Hon, Sir W, H, Maule-a bright little record

PHILOLOGY.

Rev. John Brownbill contributes a scholarly
paper on the early life of Thomas Cromwell,
such terrible results for the mediaeval church
Earl of Essex. Until he came into power, with
had little to tell about him. Mr. Brownbill's EPHEMERIS epigraphica. Corporis inscriptionum latin-
organisation, historians and biographers have
paper is only a first part; we believe when it is
finished we shall have a clearer idea of the
than it was possible
House of Lords is a first part only, dealing with
to have before. Mr. Gomme's paper on the
the question of its origin.

"malleus monachorum

THE Archivio Storico italiano begins its issue for the present year by publishing some interesting documents. Sig. del Lungo has discovered a spirited poem dealing with an episode of condottiere warfare-the Lament of Count Lando after the defeat of the Gran Compagnia in Val di Lamone in the year 1358. It is written in the form of a ballată, and is a contribution to the popular poetry of that age. Sig. Guasti has discovered some archives of Stephano del Buono, Papal secretary from 1406 to 1415, who, as Bishop of Volterra, accomstance. The first instalment gives some details panied John XXIII. to the Council of Conof Innocent VII. and Gregory XII. Belgrano supplies an account of the career of Sig. Egidio Boccanegra, a Genoese who served as an admiral of Castile in the fourteenth century, and was put to death by Peter the Cruel in

1367.

SELECTED FOREIGN BOOKS.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
BELOT, Ad. La Tête du Ponte. Paris: Dentu. 3 fr.

BISMARCK: Zwölf Jahre deutscher Politik (1871-83).
Leipzig: Renger. 6 M.
CORDIEB, A. Pour lire en Wagon. Paris: Ollendorff.
3 fr. 50 c.
D'ARBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE, H. Le Cycle mythologique
irlandais et la Mythologie celtique. Paris: Thorin.
8 fr.

DESCHANEL, E. Le Romantisme des Classiques.
DZIEDUSZYCKI, J. Der Patriotismus in Polen in seiner

Racine. Paris: Calmann Lévy. 7 fr.

geschichtlichen Entwickelung. Wien: Gerold. 5 M. JARGER, E. Die Agrarfrage der Gegenwart. Socialpolitische Studien. 2. Abth. Berlin: Puttkammer. 5 M.

LIAS, B. de Saint-Pol. Chez les Atchés: Lohong.

Paris: Plon. 4 fr.

7 fr. 50 c.

NEUBAUR, L. Die Sage vom ewigen Juden. Leipzig:
Hinrichs. 3 M. 60 Pf.
RAMBERT, E. Alexandre Calame: sa Vie et son Euvre,
d'après les Sources originales. Paris: Fischbacher.
RODBERTUS-JAGETZOW, C., Aus dem literarischen
Nachlass. II. Das Kapital. 4. Berlin: Putt-
THOMAS, A.
kammer. 8 M.
Francesco da Barberino et la Littérature
provençale en Italie au Moyen-âge. Paris: Thorin.
TOPFFER, R. Caricatures et Paysages inédits, Paris:
5 fr.

Fischbacher, 50 fr.

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CORRESPONDENCE.

THE LATE LORD LYTTON.

17 Hill Street, W.: Feb. 2, 1884. I venture to solicit your good offices in relation to the following circumstances:--About six weeks or two months ago, I was favoured by a communication from a gentleman, whose letter I have unfortunately mislaid, and whose to place at my disposal certain published refername I cannot recall, but who kindly offered for a biography of the late Lord Lytton, which ences to my father, collected by him as materials he had abandoned on hearing that I was myself engaged upon the same task. correspondent's letter has deprived me of the The loss of my means of privately communicating to him my thanks for his obliging offer, and my desire to hear from him again on the subject of it. If, therefore, you will be so good as to accord to this expression of my wishes a place in the ACADEMY, the service will be gratefully appre

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The duty of the English-speaking public all over the world towards this great national work is (1) to buy it, in order to enable the Clarendon Press Delegates to bear the heavy cost of its production, which is far greater than was at first estimated-unless ten thousand copies of each part can be sold, it is doubtful whether the work can be carried on on the scale on which it has been started; (2) to complete it (a) by a certain number of folk helping, as subeditors, to arrange each some part of the enormous mass of slips sent in for the work, and to fill up the gaps which occur in the material-the slips sent in are capricious: for

"the army "not one extract was sent in, and I and other searchers have had to hunt up the slips required for it; (b) by noting fresh words and meanings not in the Dictionary, and earlier instances of those which are there.

...

For the last few weeks I have kept back the "a-ant" slips I have by chance collected. These give only five words not in part i. of the Dictionary :-"abusant," adj. ("in tearmes abusant," circ. 1630, A Scottish Pusquil, p. 6); "accoucheurship," n. ("The resident appointments consist of Five House Physiciancies one Accoucheurship," 1883, Daily News, September 18, p. 1, col. 7); "amorce," n., toy percussion-cap ("purchased a dozen boxes of amores... These toy pistol caps. were made of a very dangerous explosive," 1883, Birminghan Weekly Post, December 15, p. 7, col. 5); "Anglo-Saxonising," adj. ("that great AngloSaxonising amalgamating mill, the United States," 1883, Lord Lorne, in Pall Mall Gazette, November 14, p. 6, col. 2); “ amalgamationist, ... an advocate of marriages of negroes with whites (You are an amalgamationist!' cried she. I told her that the party term was new to me," 1838, Harriet Martineau, Western Travel, i. 299.

Of earlier instances, I have "accidious," slothful, from the Pore Caitiff, before 1400, against the Dictionary's "1731, Bailey's Dictionary; admitting," n., 1557, against the Dictionary's 1598; "adverse," n., an adversary, opponent, in 1593, against the Dictionary's 1550; "addressor," the signer of an address, in 162, against Dictionary's 1690; "aghastness,' 1870, against Dictionary's 1881.

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Of slightly differing senses I have, perhaps, one or two instances; 1883, an aldine dolphin spouts water into a basin; "the alphabetical gunboats sent out to China," &c.; but nothing important.

My slips are mere chance ones, as I have said; but if folk will only collect deliberately, and send their slips to the editor, Dr. Murray, Mill Hill, N.W., I have no doubt that they will enable a very valuable Appendix to the Dictionary to be made. Such a work can never be entirely complete. I can only express my surprise how near completeness part i. is-nineten out of my thirty-three slips were anticipad in the Dictionary-and I heartily congratulate Dr. Murray and the Philological Society on the result. Our twenty-five years' work has not been in vain. The Dictionary is -I say it deliberately-far and away better than any other of any living language.

F. J. FURNIVALL.

BURKE'S "DAGGER SPEECH."

King's College, Cambridge: Feb. 3, 1884. I discovered lately among the Auckland papers a contemporary account of Burke's tanous dagger speech, which differs considerly from that published in his collected It is in the handwriting of the first

meeches.

ird Auckland.
Mr. Burke, in his speech of the 29th December [it
really December 28, 1792] used the following
'Daggers are ordered at Birmingham: how many
for exportation, how many for home consumption,
I know not. But I have reason to believe that they
are meant to introduce French fraternity into the
arts of Englishmen, for there! there! [throwing
⚫agger upon the floor of the House] there is the
mity of Frenchmen; there is the fraternity
kh they wish to bring to the bosom of our king,
of every honest, every virtuous Englishman
loyal to his sovereign, and who worships his
1 Beware then, O my countrymen, of the
serial kiss of France; beware of the smiles of
Framen: their kiss is treason, and their smile
Avoid them, O my countrymen, as a
petence, as a banditti of assassins, as a nation of
trators; as monsters practising every evil; as

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monsters whose religion is atheism, and whose
political principles render them the enemies of the
universe."
OSCAR BROWNING.

THE STORY OF THE PELICAN FEEDING ITS
YOUNG WITH ITS BLOOD.

The pictures in old emblem-books and the
figures on ecclesiastical structures would doubt-
less have been familiar to Shakspere, so that
one would suppose that he must have shared in
the common belief that the pelican was, some-
times, at least, an eagle, and not always the
water-bird-a bird probably but little known
in England in mediaeval times, except to
voyagers such as Hakluyt (1598), who noted
"the pellicaine, of the sea fowle above all other
bird that is, which rather than her young should
not common in England, famed to be the lovingst
want will spare her heart-bloud out of her belly"
(Toyages, iii., p. 520).

I should be obliged for any information on the subject of this letter. W. HOUGHTON.

THE MOON AND THE HARE.

66

London: Feb. 4, 1884.

After

Preston Rectory, Wellington, Salop: Jan. 15, 1881. I think there is some evidence to show that our English word pelican was not always restricted in its use to denote the water-bird of that name. The old story about the pelican feeding its young with its own blood is not a classical one, as generally believed; Greek and Latin classical writers make no mention of the myth, neither is the pelican (water-bird) the original bird of the story-which seems to have originated in Egypt-but the vulture. Horapollo (i., cap. 11) says that a vulture symbolises a compassionate person, because during the 120 days of its nurture of its offspring, if food cannot be had, it opens its own thigh and permits the young ones to partake of the blood, so that they may not perish from want. That the vulture was considered a very affectionate bird is an idea shared by the Hebrews, who called it râchâm, "the affectionate bird;" among classical authors the love of the vulture for its young was proverbial. The ecclesiastical fathers, in their annotations on the Scriptures, transferred the story from the vulture to the pelican, unless under the word Teλerav, pellicanus, they meant the vulture. But oddly enough, and concurrently with the idea of the pelican being the bird of the myth, appears the actual representation of a bird feeding its young ones with its blood in architectural church ornaments, on tombstones, and in old books of emblems; and the bird is always, I believe, not a pelican, but a vulture or eagle. In an old book of emblems, entitled A Choice of Emblems and other Devices, by Geffery Whitney, 1586, there is a woodcut of a vulture or eagle piercing her breast with her hooked beak, in a nest surrounded by her young ones, whose mouths are open to receive the flowing blood. Underneath are the following lines:"The pellican, for to revive her young, Doth pierce her breast, and give them of her tarch calls "the face in the Moon" and we blood.

Then searche your breste," &c.
This figure of

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'the life-rendering pellican'
feeding her young with her blood may be seen
in Knight's Shakspere (vol. vi., p. 154). The
picture representing an eagle or vulture, and
the word a pelican, was a puzzle to Sir Thomas
Browne. "In every place," he says, "we
meet with the picture of the pelican opening
her breast with her bill and feeding her young
ones with the blood distilled from her." His
description, as condensed by me, continues:—
"These pictures contain many improprieties,,
disagreeing almost in all things from the true and
proper description; the pelican exceeds the mag-
nitude of a swan; the bird of the pictures is
described as of the bigness of a hen, as having
divided claws; those of the pelican are fin-footed;
lastly, there is one part omitted more remarkable
than any other, that is the chowle or crop ad-
hering under the lower side of the bill and so
descending to the throat-a bag or sachel very
observable, and of a capacity almost beyond
credit" (Vulg. Errors, ii., p. 1., Bohn's edition).
It may be doubted whether the pelican was
generally known to the early ecclesiastical
writers, and they may have considered the
Greek word to denote some eagle or vulture;
it is difficult, otherwise, to account for the
many improprieties" referred to by Sir T.
Browne. As in church architecture, so in
heraldry. The bird, though conventionally
drawn, is always, I believe, an eagle or vulture,
but it is still called a pelican; sometimes the
nest and young are depicted on an oak-branch.

66

Mr. Brown's letter on Moon and Hare myths is interesting, as it shows just the places where the untutored anthropologist is compelled to part company from the true scholar. observing that the connexion between the Moon and the Hare is familiar to mythologists," Mr. Brown says, "we may safely conclude with Gubernatis that the mythical Hare is undoubtedly the Moon." Distinguo, says the anthropologist. Persons who are connected are not necessarily identical-Lewis is not Allenby. In the myths referred to by Mr. Brown, the story commonly ends in the Moon striking the Hare and inflicting on him his hare-lip, or in the Hare being transported to the Moon, or in someone marking the Moon's face with the figure of a hare. Now surely we may distinguish thus:-When the Moon marks the Hare it is in "origin of death" myths. The Moon, having to tell men that they, like her, are reborn after apparent death, sends a swift beast as a messenger. But the swift beast loiters, or forgets: le lièvre perd la mémoire en courant. The Moon hits him on the face, and hence the hare-lip. But how do we learn that the Moon is the Hare? In the other myths, Aztec, Indian, and what not, the object is to account for what Plu"the Man in the Moon." Apparently, many races have recognised a Hare where we see a Man; the spots in the Moon are just as like one as the other. We have a Sabbatical story to explain how the Man got into the Moon, and Aztecs and Indians have a story to explain how the Hare got into the Moon. But what one objects to is the inference that "the mythical Hare is the Moon." Another point. Mythologists of Mr. Brown's school are apt to differ in their interpretations. Mr. Brown recognises in Aeetes, Lunus (Myth. of Kirké, p. 52), a male Moon. Sir George Cox goes in for something connected with the "motion of the air" (Mythol. Ar. ii. 150). Mr. Brown's Medea is the Moon, like his Hare. Sir George's Medea, at least in one passage, appears to be the Dawn. Now, the Great Hare of all mythic Hares is Michaboz, the Algonquin Hare hero, whose mantle, I suspect, has fallen on Ole Brer Rabbit. Well, this Great Hare ought to be the Moon, I presume; but Dr. Brinton, both in his Myths of the New World and his American Hero Myths, says that the Great Hare is the Dawn, or the Light. Moreover, he gives philological reasons for this opinion. At home we know Hares best (mythologically) as the animals into which witches prefer to turn themselves.

This is a long letter, but perhaps I have made it clear that persons" connected" are not necessarily identical; while it must be admitted that wholly different explanations of the same myths-explanations equally facile and plausible-are often put forward by mythologists

of the prevailing school. But while one scholar
sees the Dawn where another sees the Moon,
and a third, perhaps, the Cloud, or the Wind,
they are all united against the dull person who
thinks that, when mythopoeic man spoke of a
Hare, he probably meant a Hare sans phrase.
A. LANG.

PS.-I have not replied to Mr. Taylor's in-
vitation to "name some half-dozen Greek myths
which the orthodox or historic method (that of
Bréal and Kuhn) has failed to explain." If
Kuhn is orthodox, so am I. Mr. Taylor's
quarrel with me is that I illustrated a Greek
myth by a Maori parallel. Has Mr. Taylor
forgotten that Kuhn does precisely the same
thing? In Kuhn's case the myth is the Vedic
one of Urvasi and Paruravas. Mr. Max Müller
saw in this myth the Dawn and the Sun; Kuhn
sees in the tale a myth of Fire. These two
scholars (as usual) give different interpretations
of the names of the hero and heroine.
Kuhn buttresses his opinion by adducing Maori
parallels. That in the scholar is "historic "
and "orthodox" which in me is "the Hotten-
totic heresy.' Now, if it is historic and
orthodox in Kuhn to adduce a Maori variant
of the Vedic myth, why is it heretical in me to
adduce a Maori variant of a Hesiodic myth?
Perhaps I need scarcely add that the anthrop-
ologist sees neither a Dawn-myth nor a Fire-
myth in the central incidents of the story of
Paruravas, though the story was hitched into
the fire-ritual of India.

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But

A NEW DEPARTURE IN CRITICISM. London: Feb. 5, 1884. Your contemporary the Spectator is a journal which I have always looked upon with the greatest respect. Its high moral fervour is well known, as well as its freedom from

religious bias; but I think the world knows

little of its wonderful catholicity in matters of literary criticism, of which I have just furnished the Standard with a remarkable illustration.

In case your readers have not seen my letter, I should explain that the facts are as follow:On December 15 last, a novel from my penThrough the Stage Door-was reviewed in the Spectator, not merely adversely, but in terms of strong abuse; described as "trashy," altogether "repulsive," and such a book as was a discredit to the sex of its author. Last Saturday, February 2, the same novel was again reviewed in the Spectator, in terms of cordial praise; described as a lively and pleasant story, and warmly recommended to the reader as, above all, "sound and wholesome."

Now, when all is said and done, nothing can be more kindly meant than this method of reviewing, which enables an editor to box your ears with the one hand and pat your cheek with the other. "Miss Jay," he cries, "is a loose and degraded scribbler; but "-here I fancy I can see his oracular smile as he adds, "audi alteram partem"! The method, however, is so new that it is at first a little bewildering To make it quite perfect, the two opinions ought to be printed, not with an interval of several weeks, during which the author is kept in agony, but in the same number.

HARRIETT JAY.

APPOINTMENTS FOR NEXT WEEK.
MONDAY, Feb. 11, 5 p.m. London Institution: "The
Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century" (repeated),
Society of Arts: Cantor Lecture,

by Prof. Ruskin.
8 p.m.
"Recent Improvements in Photo-Mechanical Print-
ing Methods," III., by Mr. Thomas Bolas.

8.30 p.m. Geographical: "My Recent Visit to
the Congo," by Sir F. J. Goldsmid; "Notes on the
Lower Congo," by Mr. E. Delmar Morgan.
TUESDAY, Feb. 12, 3 p.m. Royal Institution: "
of the British Isles," III., by Dr. A. Geikie.

Scenery

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8 p.m. Geological.

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Music

8 p.m. Microscopical: Annual Meeting.
THURSDAY, Feb. 14. 3 p.m. Royal Institution:
for the Pianoforte," V.. by Prof. Pauer.
7 p.m. London Institution: "Modern English
Sports, their Use and Abuse," by Mr. F. Gale.

8 p.m. Royal Academy: Ancient Egyptian

Architecture," II., by Mr. R. S. Poole.
8 p.m.
Telegraph Engineers: "Some New
Instruments for indicating Current and Electro-
motive Force," by Messrs. R. E. Crompton and
Gizbert Kapp.

8 p.m. Society for the Encouragement of the
Fine Arts: "Science and Singing," elucidated by
vocal and other illustrations, by Mr. Lennox

Browne.

8 p.m. Mathematical: "The Relations of the Intersections of a Circle with a Triangle," by Mr.

Number of (4n + 1) Divisors and the Number of

H. M. Taylor; "The Difference between the
(4n+3) Divisors of a Number," by Mr. J. W. L.
Glaisher; A General Theory including the
Theories of Systems of Complexes and Spheres," by

Mr. A. Buchheim.

FRIDAY, Feb. 15. 8 p.m. Society of Arts: "State
Monopoly of Railways in India," by Mr. J. M.
Maclean.

8 p.m. Philological: "Extracts from my Dialect
Glossaries," by Mr. F. T. Elworthy.

8 p.m. Civil Engineers: "Light-Draught

Launch," by Messrs. Cowan and Fawcus.

9 p.m. Royal Institution: "The Chemical Work
of Wöhler," by Prof. Thorpe.
SATURDAY, Feb. 16, 3 p.m. Royal Institution: "Life
and Literature under Charles I.," V., by Prof.
Henry Morley.

SCIENCE.

are really Greek words, written in Roman characters, and explained by Latin glosses. Many of the Latin words are of a rustic or Low-Latin type, and the spellings are such that not even Ducange's Dictionary will always help. Again, the scribe not unfrequently misspells words, or adopts a method of his And, when all the elements of uncertainty are taken into account, the student he can get in order to decipher the sense, for soon discovers that he will need all the help

own.

the gloss is sometimes as obscure as the word which it is supposed to explain. There are cases in which the Latin word explains the English one; and there are also cases in which it is the English word which explains the Latin one, as the scribe intended that it should. On the very first page we find amsanti glossed by undique scanti, which is not very helpful at a first glance; and, again, before we can understand what is meant by axungia, glossed rysil, it is necessary to be aware that rysil is the Old-English word for fat or grease, unless, indeed, one happens to know the sense of axungia (used by Pliny) without looking it out in Lewis and Short. It is, moreover, extremely easy to be misled.

Thus, on p. 2, we find aquilae: segnas. It might be thought, at first, that aquilae means eagles; but the gloss shows that it means not the birds, but the famous Roman ensigns that so often led the soldiers to victory. On p. 22 we find rumex: edroc, whence it might be thought that edroc means a dock (plant); but, as Mr. Sweet proves at p. xi. of his Introduction, rumex is miswritten for rumen by confusion with the preceding plainer by the following gloss in Wright's word remex; and the English edroc is made Vocabularies (i. 54)-viz., "Ruminatio, ciwung

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The Epinal Glossary, Latin and Old English,
of the Eighth Century. Photo-lithographed
from the Original MS. by W. Griggs, and
Edited, with a Transliteration, Introduc-[a chewing], vel edroc, vel aceocung."
Mr. Sweet thoroughly discusses all the
tion, and Notes, by H. Sweet. (Trübner.)
glosses of the class to which the Epinal MS.
(First Notice.)
belongs. They are all of high importance,
and are known respectively as the Epinal
Glossary, the Erfurt Glossary, the Corpus
Glossary, and the Leiden Glossary. These
four MSS. really furnish us with six Glos-
saries, which Mr. Sweet distinguishes as-
(1) Leiden; (2) Epinal-Erfurt, a glossary con-
tained in the Erfurt Glossary and agreeing
with the Epinal Glossary; (3) the Second
Erfurt Glossary; (4) the Third Erfurt Glossary
(5) the First Corpus Glossary; (6) the Second
Corpus Glossary. It thus appears that the
Erfurt MS. really contains three, and the
Corpus MS. contains two, distinct glossaries;
and they must be considered accordingly.

THE student of philology will hail with the
greatest satisfaction this excellent reproduc-
tion of a most remarkable MS. Some delay
has been caused by the editor's laudable
endeavour to obtain a photo-lithographic repro-
duction of the MS. free from all touching-up
by hand. The result is that the less distinct
portions are not always clear; but a great
deal of it can be most exactly made out, and
some pages of it (e.g., pp. 6 and 11) are
beautifully distinct in every letter. It is
most fortunate that the difficult task of editing
the MS. has fallen to Mr. Sweet, whose care
and accuracy are thoroughly proved by the
minuteness with which he enters into details
in his valuable Introduction. It is also most
fortunate that Mr. Sweet has not confined his
attention solely to the Epinal Glossary, but
has studied, word by word, and letter by
letter, the other important Glossaries of a
similar type.
This is the true key to the
whole matter. He would be a rash man who
should attempt, except in tolerably easy cases,
to explain the words, whether Latin or
English, which this most important MS. con-
tains. This can only be done with certainty
by collating all the older Glossaries with one
another; and even the later Glossaries, such
as those printed in Wright's volumes of
Vocabularies, will be found to give some
assistance in many cases. We are met by
difficulties of many kinds. Some of the words

We have no space here to show how the editor, in his patient and masterly treatment of the whole subject, explains the way in which the alphabetical glossaries were compiled, how certain glosses came to be repeated, what books were the sources of them, and how certain class-glossaries must have been already in existence before they were compiled. By class-glossaries we are to understand glossaries in which "names of beasts, birds, fishes, minerals, and other natural objects, were collected in separate groups." Such a glossary is the well-known Elfrie's Glossary, printed by Somner and reprinted by Wright. Mr. Sweet next considers in detail "the structure and relation of the various texts," and minutely discusses the various readings and occasional errors. His sum

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"Various independent glossaries were compiled from these sources, at first non-alphabetical. Two or more of them were afterwards fused together in various later digests, a-order

being often made into ab-order.

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The Leiden MS. is a German copy of an English non-alphabetical collection of literary and class glosses.

from the same sources.

"All the others are in the later_alphabetical order, but are not based on the Leiden copy, though they all (except, perhaps, the first part of the Corpus glossary) have drawn partly "The Epinal and First Erfurt copies are independent copies of probably the same MS., the latter by a German scribe. This MS. was compiled partly from non-alphabetical glossaries, partly from ab-order ones, the former being thrown into ab-order, the two groups being kept apart under each letter.

mary" is so important to a clear un lerstand-may at once help the student to remember
ing of the whole subject that we must do that the letters n and r, however different in
him the justice to quote it in full, premising form at other periods, were at this period
that by "a-order" is meant an order in almost indistinguishable. On p. 25 (col. 6)
which words are arranged alphabetically we find gundaesuelgiae, in which an r has
according to their initial letter only, while by been dropped, precisely as if we were, at the
"ab-order" is meant an order of words col-present date, to write goundsel for groundsel.
lected according to the first two letters. On the same page (col. a) we have scrirpea
"All the glossaries are based on interlinear for scirpea. The scribe was not always sound
glosses, Latin and English, in Latin books, and as to his initial h; perhaps haues for aues,
on Latin-English class-glossaries, probably at "birds" (in 5 d), is not surprising; but it is
"birds" (in 5 d), is not surprising; but it is
Canterbury, other English glosses being after-shocking that an Englishman should call a
wards added in the process of copying and com- hazel": a azel," as he practically does when he
pilation.
gives us auellanus: asil (2 b 31). Colera (8 a 2)
is repeated as calera in the same column (1. 29).
Calear (8 c 34) is glossed by spora, "spur," and
is therefore miswritten for calcar. Litura: a
limendo should clearly be a liniendo (13 f 26).
Oria: misteria bachi (17 c 39) is probably
meant for orgia; the spelling oria could hardly
have been intentional. We find uaser: uersutus
(28 e 7); and, only two lines below, we have
uauer: callidus. The forms uaser and uauer
are both founded on uafer; the latter shows
that u already had the sound of v. The
former is due to confusion of "long 8" with
f, yet it is a little surprising to find that the
scribe writes uaser with the "twisted 8;"
this is just one of those points where
the facsimile so greatly helps us. All these,
and many more such, are errors of the scribe,
so that the interpretation demands much care
The second part of the Corpus glossary is and patience. We have not observed any mis-
a copy of a MS. which was compiled partly
from the original of the Epinal and Erfurt prints in the transliteration, except that the
cal, literary, and class-glossaries, including the
MSS., partly from a group of other alphabeti-in bridils (5 f 37) and the r in receptator
originals of the Second Erfurt and probably of
the Third Erfurt glossary. That this Corpus
glossary was not compiled directly from the
original of Epinal and Erfurt, is proved by its
often having the correct_reading_against both
the Epinal and the First Erfurt glossary."
The last sections of the Introduction con-
cem the palaeography, the orthography, and
language. From a consideration of these
Mr. Sweet concludes that "their combined
fidence points most decidedly to at least the
inning of the eighth century." In this
salt we thoroughly agree with him, not-
withstanding some opinions to the contrary.
The archaic spellings of the MS. are above
spicion, and could never have been imitated
for no conceivable reason) by a ninth-century
be; on the contrary, the forms which
ccur in it mark it as older than the famous
Corpus Glossary, which is usually considered
a undoubtedly belonging to the eighth

entury.

procession of the equinoxes discovered. These
twenty-eight constellations are arranged from
west to east, and Spica Virginis has always been
My own idea is that this
regarded as the first.
was simply because it lies underneath Benet-
nasch, the seventh star in Ursa Major, and may
therefore be considered as the gate of the
heavens. Several of the stars in this zodiac are
mentioned in the Yau tien, which is found in
Legge's Shoo King, "Sacred Books of the
East, ,"vol. iii., and professedly belongs to 2350
B.C. If a line be drawn from Benetnasch to
the present pole star and bisected, we get
approximately the pole of that period. Taking
one of the stars in that region to represent the
pole star, we find that Benetnasch, the leading
star of the Bear, instead of being forty degrees
from the pole, is only twenty or thereabouts.
But Spica lies below this star, and would be
drawn up with it into a correspondingly higher
altitude. In that age, whenever the Bear passed
round on the south of the pole, Spica would be
seen a few degrees north of the equinoctial line
near the meridian. Speaking roughly, the
Bear would then subtend an angle of ninety
degrees, say, from Spica to Castor and Pollux,
instead of, as at present, about forty-five degrees.
My hypothesis is that here lay the reason for
Spica being made the first star, and that it was
called "heavens' gate" because it lay in a line
with Benetnasch and the pole.

M. Terrien de La Couperie explains the selection of Spica as the first star in the zodiac by a shifting in the geographical horizon recorded in a Babylonian tablet recently deciphered by Mr. T. G. Pinches (ACADEMY, September 1, 1883). Prof. Schlegel, of Leyden, supposes that Spica was, when selected to lead the (22 e 27) have dropped out at press, leaving a that the Chinese astronomy is about 16,000 shining train of the twenty-eight constellations, actually near the vernal equinox, and he believes blank space-things which editorial care is years old. My hypothesis is, I venture to powerless to prevent. Mr. Sweet has greatly think, simpler than either. An argument in increased the value of the MS. to the English its favour is found in that peculiarity of the student by marking the English words with Chinese zodiac which respects its fourfold an asterisk; in this matter, we think, there allocations among the cardinal points and the are just three accidental oversights. Inter- seasons. Virgo, Libra, and Scorpio are called positi (11 f 26) is marked as English, but we the blue dragon of the east; Sagittarius, the dark should call it Latin; while loca (9 f'28) and Capricornus, and Aquarius are warriors of the north; Pisces, Aries, and gabutan (18 f 25), which are not so marked, Taurus are the white tiger of the west; Gemini, are given in Anglo-Saxon dictionaries. There Cancer, and Leo are the red bird of the south. is yet one more gloss (21 a 11) which is The order is spring, winter, autumn, and worth considering in relation to this question-summer. How is this to be explained? We viz., panibus: sol. It is not easy to see how have to do with the annual movement from panibus can be explained by sol if sol means west to east when we group the zodiac in the sun. If phonetic laws will admit of it, twenty-eight divisions. But when we have we would suggest that sol may be English; from east to west, and part the zodiacal stars our thoughts directed to the diurnal revolution and, if so, a variant of Anglo-Saxon sufl, into four groups, we take them in the contrary Icelandic suft, Danish suul, which actually direction. means a kind of food. The Northern-English word is still sool, and is duly discussed in the notes to "Piers Plowman" (Early-English Text Society), p. 374. The Glossary abounds with forms of much interest and of great importance for the etymology, not of English only, but of the Romance languages also. We hope to give some examples of this in a future notice.

WALTER W. SKEAT.

The transliteration faithfully adheres to the
ay method of any value, in that it exactly
produces all the errors of the scribe. To
ave touched up the spellings would have
n a worse error than even a touching-up
of the photo-lithograph, of which we were, in
the first instance, in some danger. Few
things are more instructive than a knowledge THE CHINESE CYCLES OF TEN,
of the nature and range of scribal errors, yet TWELVE, Aand twenTY-EIGHT.
any editors endeavour to withhold such
wledge from us with a persistency which
ht be better employed. But here there has
no such tampering with the original, and
facsimile is, fortunately, at hand to prove
Certainly some of the mistakes are curious
gh. On p. 1 (col. c) we find abilina:
The word meant is hnutu, "nut," as
years from other glosses; and this example

Peking.

THESE cycles are all more or less remotely
connected with the West, and they belong to
the earliest period when it begins to be safe to
trust the Chinese records. The cycle of twenty-
eight is the most ancient of the Chinese zodiacs.
The stars of this zodiac were all observed with
a bronze astrolabe about A.D. 100, and their posi-
tions in degrees recorded. Two or three centu-
ries afterwards they were again taken, and the

The Chinese

Let us suppose ourselves to be looking at the stars on March 23 after sunset. We see Aries, Taurus, and Gemini stretching from west to south, and then Cancer, Leo, and Virgo. Spica is in the east. early observers considered where it would be best to begin their zodiac. They decided on the east, because of the position of the Bear, which southern groups were seemed to require this. Then the western and before them in the heavens. The eastern group was coming up as the western went down, and would be followed by the northern after another six hours. A line drawn from the old pole through Beta of Ursa Major would, speaking roughly, pass near Cor Hydrae, the meridian star, the "bird' of the time of Yau. It is unfortunate that this group of seven is much too wide. With the pole where it is at present, the south group covers nearly 120 degrees, instead of 90, as it should do; and this compels us to a certain indefiniteness in any hypothesis on the subject. But, looking at the position of the stars in a rough way, the Bear nearly covered the "bird of the south palace," then seen in the south;

and Yau's astronomers marked out "bird" (Cor
Hydrae) as on the meridian on that evening,
and naturally enough looked on the group to
which it belonged as the constellation of the
south and of summer. They would not begin
the zodiac with the first point of Aries, because
it was hidden in the sun's rays, and, being in
the west at the time, it seemed unsuitable.
The cycles of ten and of twelve have in old
Chinese foreign-looking names. But I fear
that they are not yet found in the Accadian
language. As Mr. Pinches gives the Accadian
numerals, the sounds do not agree. The Chinese
symbols of the cycle of ten should, I think, be
read kap, (t)it, pam, tam, gu, ki(t), kam, tin, nim,
ku(k). These sounds are required by the laws I
have attempted to prove in my Introduction to
the Study of the Chinese Characters.

PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.-(Friday, Feb. 1.) DR. J. A. H. MURRAY, President, in the Chair.Mr. H. Sweet read a paper on some of the hard words in the Epinal MS. Some, like " cearruca, senon," he could not yet explain; others, by com.

some mounds on Newmarket Heath in 1883.-Mr.
Bowes read an interesting communication upon
"Cambridge Printers from the Earliest, John
Siberch, 1521-22, down to the End of the Last
Century." - Mr. Bradshaw remarked upon the
importance of carrying through two wholly
distinct processes of research-(1) examining the
books, and (2) searching through all registers
which relate to their printers. Either, if carried
worker. He suggested that all the parish regis-
on alone, often gave an erroneous idea to the
ters and such books might be searched, and copies
The pronunciation of the constituent mem- made of everything that concerns the Cambridge
bers of the cycle of twelve I should expect to printers, as had been done at Bruges by Mr.
find, if they had been written alphabetically, Weale; and that a systematic collection of Cam-
tik, tok, in, mo, din, zi, go, mi, shin, (d)uk, tit, bridge printed books should be made, as was being
gak. The periods when we may suppose Baby-done to some extent at the Free Library, and as
lonian influence to have reached China are
had been done for Oxford so thoroughly by Mr. F.
2350 B.C., the age of Yau; 1100 B.C., the com-Madan, of the Bodleian Library. Mr. Mullinger
mencement of the Chow dynasty; 1000 B.C., brought under the attention of the meeting a
the age of the Emperor Mu wang, who is said John's College (Gg. 6. 41), without date or either
volume (small quarto) from the library of St.
to have travelled in the West; 550 B.C., the age printer's or author's name, which he submitted
of Cyrus when Bactria was conquered by the
was probably a production of the Cambridge Press
Persians, and the time when Li lau tan is said during Thomas's time, but anterior to any of the
to have gone to the West; 140 B.C., the age of 1584 volumes bearing his imprint. The title of
Chang 'Mien, who visited the Dahae and the the book was, "An Abstract of certaine Acts of
Greek kingdom of Bactria. All through the parliament: of certaine her Maiesties Iniunctions;
time of the Persian empire, from 550 B.C.
of certaine Canons, Constitutions, and Synodalles
downwards, the silk trade, which then existed, prouinciall; established and in force, for the
would render the communication of Babylonian peaceable gouernment of the Church, within her
knowledge possible in China, as the Greek attributed by Baker, in a MS. note, to Robert
Maiesties Dominions and Countries."
settlements in Bactria afterwards rendered it Beale, a diplomatist and author of the Eliza-
possible for the Chinese to become acquainted bethan period, who, in the opinion of Cooper
with the astronomical period of Callippus, as (Athenae, ii. 311), was probably educated at Cam-
we know from their early historical works, which bridge. The supposition that the volume was a
contain this cycle.
JOSEPH EDKINS. production of the Cambridge Press was founded
on the apparent identity (which had been pointed
out by Mr. Sinker, the librarian of Trinity) of

been found with five flint flakes and some frag-
ments of charcoal and of the bones of some rumi-
nant, in the summer of 1882, a little to the west of
Upper Hare Park. With the vase were exhibited a
middle brass of Maximianus rev. GENIO POPVLI
first brass of Hadrian rev. ABUNDANTIA, and a
ment of a handle, all found during the levelling of Wright's Vocabularies, &c., had yielded up a mean.
ROMANI exergue TR(everis), and a terra-cotta frag-parison with the Corpus and other Glossaries,
ing; "aedilra (of the noble ones), gregariorum"
Glossary to have lost its "un-," making it mean
(of the common herd), was shown by another
"ignoble ;' "unamaelti sperwi" (an unmelted
sparrow) was in another Glossary rightly "smerwi,"
tallow; "cocunung, quadripertitum," was shown,
by comparison with " aceocung, ruminatio," to be
cocung," choking-up, chewing the cud, by a
ruminant' which has four stomachs. In anbin
liciendo, tyctaend, inlex," "anbinliciendi" was
quentia," was a miswriting for "wood; " "An-
(inlex) "ab inliciendo;" "boot, facundia uel el-
stigan uel faestin [a fastness] termofilas" was
Thermopylae, a one-path place, in which men could
march only one by one, a defile; "dros, auriculum,”
was ear-wax. The "lud" of "ludgaet, seudo-
terum (pseudo- false), must mean twiggen or
wicker (and not King Lud's), from the root of
"leod" people, meaning to grow. Other ex-
amples were cited from the Erfurt and Corps
Glossaries of corruptions of Greek, Latin, and
Anglo-Saxon words.

SCIENCE NOTES.

THE Nation reports "on good authority" that Sir William Thomson has accepted an invitation to deliver a course of some twenty lectures at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, beginning on October 1. This would fit in with the visit of the British Association to Baltimore this year.

PROF. C. H. F. PETERS, the astronomer in charge of the well-known observatory at Hamilton College, New York, who is on a visit to Europe with the aim of preparing an accurate edition of the star catalogue of Ptolemy, has been fortunate enough to find, both at Venice and Florence, several MSS. (Greek, Arabic, and Latin) of the Almagest which have never been properly collated. He is at present working in the Vatican Library.

A GEOLOGICAL survey of Russia was organised in 1882, and the first budget of its Reports has recently arrived in this country. Field-work is being actively prosecuted, and a detailed geological map of the empire will eventually be prepared. Meanwhile, a number of descriptive Reports and memoirs will be published periodically under the direction of the committee entrusted with the development of the work. The Reports recently received are printed in Russian, but French or German abstracts of the more important papers will be duly issued.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY.-(Monday,
Jan. 28.)

J. W. CLARK, Esq., President, in the Chair.-Mr.
A. G. Wright, of Newmarket, exhibited a rough

gray British terra-cotta vase, six inches high, and
five inches and a-half wide at the top, which had

It was

several of the embellishments with those of
volumes bearing Thomas's imprint-e.g., the
ornament at the head of the title-page with that
in Rouspeau's Two Treatises on the Lord's Supper
(second leaf), printed by Thomas in 1584; that of
the ornament on p. 3 with that on the first page of
signature A of James Pilkington's Exposition of
Nehemiah, printed by Thomas in 1585, and also of
an initial T with another in the same volume; and,
again, the very characteristic tail ornament at end
of Preface with one in Whitaker's book against
Stapylton (Thomas, 1585). There was also an
apparent identity in the type used with some of
the type in Thomas's volumes.

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FINE ART.

ALBERT MOORE'S PICTURE,

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COMPANIONS." A Photo-engring
In progress. Same size as original-164 by 83.
"An exquisite picture."-Times.
"Mr. Moore exhibits one picture-than which he never painted
better."-Morning Post.

"A new and exquisite picture."-Standard.
"Remarkable for its refinement of line and delicate harmony of col

Gab

"Mr. Moore's graceful Companions' forms an excellent bonne benche to an attractive exhibition."-Daily News.

"The gem of this varied and delightful exhibition.”—Academy. Particulars on application to the Publishers, Messrs. DOWDESWELL & DOWDESWELLS, 133, New Bond-street.

GREAT SALE of PICTURES, at reduced prices (Engravings, Chrome, and Oleographs), handsomely framed. Everyone about to purchase pictures should pay a visit. Very suitable for wedding and Christmas presents.— GEO. REES, 115, Strand, near Waterloo-bridge.

I

66

Claude Lorrain, sa Vie et ses Œuvres, d'après
des Documents inédits. Par Mdme. Mark
Pattison. (Paris: Librairie de "L'Art.")
CONFESS I rather resent upon a title-page
'd'après des documents inédits." Justified,
no doubt, in the present case by the student-
like attitude and the substantial discoveries of
Mrs. Pattison,
implies either the undue parade of that virtue
the phrase yet generally
of research the possession of which should
worse. the
be taken for granted, or, what is
actual belief that some successful burrowing
among forgotten archives is an achievement so
invaluable that it makes literature unneces

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES.-(Thursday, Jan. 31.) J. EVANS, Esq., V.-P., in the Chair.-Mr. Maskell sary and original thought of nothing worth exhibited a sixteenth-century picture of "Job and The difference between the true writer an his Family," with an inscription containing two the mere scholarly burrower is often shown by verses of the Book of Job in English, differing from the store that is set upon a document inedit any known version. As a work of art the picture has not much to recommend it.-Mr. Perceval and The true writer finds it, uses it, says very Mr. Franks gave an account of some matrices of little about it; it is wrought into the body of seals exhibited by the Duke of Buccleuch. These his work, whose general execution owes no were principally Italian of the fifteenth century, nothing a the most remarkable objects being two brass seal much, and whose conception owes boxes, one of which bears the arms of Sforza and all, to the fortunate discovery of an indus trious afternoon. The mere Visconti quartered.-Admiral Sprat gave an acscholarly bur count of his exploration in 1860 of the peninsula rower, on the other hand, has got in his the peninsula he found a gulf running into the his fame. He sets forth his discovery, not on which Cnidus stood. On the southern side of document inédit that wherewith to establish mainland, which was not laid down in the and at the narrowest part of the peninsula he with style-for style would be only fine discovered traces of the attempt of the Cnidians to writing" to the person who did not understand cut through the isthmus and make their territory it but crabbedly, with involvement, with an island, till they were warned by an oracle to deep self-satisfaction. desist. The rock is a hard dark-green serpentine.

maps;

In the days wher

At the head of the Dorian Gulf, at a place known literature counted for more than it does
as Bazzarlik, the Admiral discovered the remains of to-day, and science counted for less, he
wall, and grown over with dense brushwood. A coterie-even a reading public possessed of
the temple of Latona, surrounded by a cyclopean could do it only in the privacy of
marble statue of the goddess lay on the ground, learning without taste would have thought
little of the performance-but now the dis-

headless. The columns were also of marble.
Below, on the side of the hill, was a theatre.

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