Casuslehre, p. 255). In Greek, eπoμaι with the dative is probably a relic of the instrumental usage. In Latin we have:

comitor Cic. pro Caelio, 34, (mulier) alienis viris comitata; Cat. 63. 32, comitata tympano; Ovid, Met. ii. 441, suo comitata choro; ibid. ii. 845, virginibus Tyriis comitata; ibid. iii. 215, natis comitata duobus; ibid. ix. 687, pompa comitata suorum; ibid. x. 9, turba comitata; id. Am. i. 6. 33, militibus venio comitatus et armis ; Tib. iii. 2. 13, comitata dolore; Pliny, N.H. xxi. 65, gladiolus comitatus hyacintho; Tac. Agr. 40. 19, uno aut altero amicorum comitatus ; id. Ann. xiv. 8. 17, trierarcho et centurione comitatus; Curtius, vi. 5. 26, trecentis feminarum comitata; Sen. Phaedra, 19, comitatae gregibus parvis; Stat. Achill. ii. 309, lacrimis comitata suorum.

stipo: Cic. ad Att. i. 18. 1, stipati gregibus; Prop. iii. 8. 13, custodum grege circa se stipat euntem; Vell. Pat. ii. 58. 2, stipati gladiatorum manu; Lucan, iv. 208, turba stipatus.

7. VERBS OF PILING.

accumulo: Lucr. iii. 71, caedem caede accumulantes. I think the meaning is 'piling up murder with murder.'

cumulo: Lucr. vi. 1237, cumulabat funere funus; Cic. de Off. i. 116, Africanus eloquentia cumulavit bellicam gloriam; id. in Cat. i. 14, nonne alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? id. Sex. Rosc. 30, haec aliis cumulant; Tac. Agr. 40. 1, triumphalia ornamenta multo verborum honore cumulata; id. Ger. 27, 2, struem rogi nec vestibus nec odoribus cumulant.

:

stipo Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 11, stipare Platona Menandro, 'pack Plato with Menander.'

8. VERBS OF PLAYING.

These occur construed with the instrumental in Vedic (Delbrück, Altindische Syntax, p. 131), and in Slavic (Miklosich, Grammatik der slavischen Sprachen, IV. p. 701). In Latin we have:

ludo: Plaut. Mil. Glo. 324, ludis me :: quidum? :: quia ludo luto ; Ter. Adelphoe, 739, quasi quom ludas tesseris; Cat. 61. 128, satis diu lusisti nucibus; Cic. Phil. ii. 56, alea ludere; id. de Fato, 34, pila luderem; Hor. Odes, iii. 24. 56, trocho ludere; Vitruv. de Arch. vii. 5. 6, pila ludentes; Suet. Aug. 71, 83, talis ludere.

9. VERBS OF CHANGING AND INTERCHANGING.

commuto: Cic. de Rep. i. 69, genera generibus commutantur novis ; id. de Lege Agr. i. 14, possessionis invidiam pecunia commutent; Lucr. v. 1105, victum vitamque priorem commutare novis rebus; Caes. B. G. vi. 22. 3, ne studium belli gerendi agricultura commutent; Auct. ad Herenn. iv. 38, commutat (verbum) alio verbo; ibid. ii. 29, leve compendium fraude maxima commutarunt ; Ov. Pont. iv. 14, 11, Styx commutabitur Istro; Col., de Re Rust., xii. 26,

mustum aere commutato.

The ablative with cum also occurs, e.g. Cic. Epp. iv. 5. 3, mortem cum vita commutare; id. pro Sest. 37, cum patriae caritate constantiae gloriam commutaret.

muto Plaut. Capt. 28, si quem reperire posset qui mutet suom; so also 101; Lucilius, xxvi. 17 (M.), uno hoc non muto omnia; ibid. 15, publicis mutem meos; Sal. Iug. 38. 10, mortis metu mutabantur ; id. Cat. 58. 15, pace bellum mutavit; id. Hist. Frag. i. 77. 7 (Maur.), diurna mercede vitam mutaverit; ibid. i. 87, paludamentum toga mutavit; Virg. Ecl. iv. 44, mutabit vellera luto; id. Georg. i. 8, glandem mutavit arista; ibid. ii. 511, exsilio domos mutant; Hor. Odes, i. 16. 25, mitibus mutare tristia; ibid. i. 29. 14, Socraticam domum mutare loricis Hiberis; ibid. i. 34. 12, ima summis mutare; id. Epodes, i. 27, Calabris Lucana mutet pascuis; ibid. 9. 27, punico lugubre mutavit sagum; id. Sat. ii. 7. 109, uvam furtiva mutat strigili; id. Epp. i. 1. 100, mutat quadrata rotundis; Ovid., Met. iv. 397, mutantur palmite; ibid. xi. 741, ambo mutantur alite; id. Fast. iii. 461, periuro mutarat coniuge Bacchum; ibid. iv. 402, mutavit glandes utiliore cibo; ibid. vi. 665, exsilio mutant urbem; id. Pont. iii. 3. 97, mutatur nigra pice lacteus umor; Livy, v. 30. 3, victrice patria victam mutari; id. ix. 12. 2, victoriae possessionem incerta pace mutasse ; Col. de Re Rust. viii. 5. 4, aere mutentur; ibid. ix. 1. 7, aere mutandi sunt; Val. Max. iv. 8. 2, mutare paupertatem inopia; id. vii. 4. 1, mutavit metum fiducia; id. v. 4. I, mutavit bellum pace; id. iv. 2. ad init. mutatum bellum pace; Vell. Pat. i. 4. 2, mutat Cumanos Osca vicinia; Petron. 98, palliolo suo laceratam mutavit vestem; Lucan, x. 202, mutat diem nocte; Sen. Thy. 298, mutare miserias regno; Sil. Ital. iii. 227, mutare iugum terris; id. vii. 562, mutare solum sceptris; id. xiv. 214, mutare gemitus mugitibus; ibid. 464, mutare casas marmore; Pliny, Epp. v. 17. 2, excelsa depressis, exilia plenis, severis iucunda mutabat; Tac. Ann. ii. 75. 12, luctum laeto

cultu mutavit; ibid. ii. 6. 19, id vocabulum mutat Mosa flumine; ibid. iii. 44. 10, pacem bello mutari; ibid. iv. 23. 7, libertos regios et servilia imperia bello mutaverant; ibid. xvi. 12. 6, menses Maius Claudi Julius Germanici vocabulis mutantur; Justin, v. 5. 4, Alcibiadem ducem Conone mutaret.

permuto Hor. Odes, ii. 12. 22, Mygdonias opes permutare velis crine Licymniae; ibid. iii. 1. 47, cur valle permutem Sabina divitias operosiores; Val. Max. ii. 6. 8, permuto reliquias spiritus mei fine; id. ix. 1. 7, permutare religionem stupro; Sen. Thy. 598, permutat hora ima summis; Martial, ix. 22. 12, quem permutatum nec Ganymede velis; id. vi. 93. 7, virus ut hoc alio fallax permutet odore; Sil. Ital. i. 660, permutare culmina muris; Val. Flacc. v. 424, permutant carbasa bracis.

verto Hor. Odes, i. 35. 4, vertere funeribus triumphos; id. A.P. 226, vertere seria ludo; Ov. Met. x. 157, nulla tamen alite verti dignatur.

With muto and its compounds the ablative by many scholars is regarded as one of Means or Price. But in view of the wide extent of the sociative function of the ablative in Latin it seems much more natural to treat the above cases as a sociative development.

10. VERBS OF MATING, Wedding, etc.

In Slavic verbs of marrying, and betrothing, are construed with the instrumental (Miklosich, IV. p. 701), while in Gothic verbs of the same meaning take the dative, which may well represent the instrumental of the parent speech. In Latin we have:

marito Hor. Epodes, 2. 9, adulta vitium propagine altas maritat populos; Col. de Re Rust. xi. 79, ulmi vitibus maritantur; ibid. viii. 2. 12, quae (feminae) ternae singulis maribus maritantur; Apuleius, Met. viii. 8, quovis alio felicius maritare (imv.); cf. Claudian, Rap. Pros. ii. 89, (Zephyrus) glaebas fecundo rore maritat.

maritus: Hor. Odes, iii. 5. 5, milesne Crassi coniuge barbara turpis maritus, 'basely wedded to barbarian mate'; Ovid, Her. 4. 134, et fas omne facit fratre marita soror.

geminor: I should regard as very probably sociative the following from Horace, A.P. 13, serpentes avibus geminentur, tigribus agni, though Landgraf, Beiträge, p. 19, takes the case as dative.

adulteror: Hor. Epodes, 16. 32, adulteretur columba miluo. For this I see no satisfactory interpretation except to take the ablative as sociative.

pecco Hor. Odes, i. 33. 9, peccet adultero. This seems to me entirely analogous to the preceding example. In Gothic, gahorinon, 'commit adultery,' takes the dative, which, as already pointed out, may represent uses of the Indo-European instrumental.

II. VERBS OF WRESTLING.

In Vedic we find verbs of contending construed with the sociative instrumental (Delbrück, Altindische Syntax, p. 131). In Slavic verbs of wrestling take the same construction (Miklosich, Grammatik der slavischen Sprachen, IV. 701). In Greek verbs of contending take the dative, which, as is well known, in many of its functions represents the Indo-European instrumental. Traces of this construction seem to be preserved in Latin, in Lucan, iii. 503, ignis viridi luctetur robore. In Cic. de Rep. iv. 4, we have cum with the ablative, cum tuo Platone luctari. The two following passages in Horace may also contain ablatives: Odes, i. I. 15, luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum; Epp. ii. 1. 74, luctantur funera plaustris.

12. VERBS OF AGREEING WITH.

These appear in Avestan construed with the instrumental (Hübschmann, Casuslehre, p. 255). The only Latin example I have noted is Apuleius, Met. xi. 15, vultum laetiorem candido isto habitu congruentem. Yet in xi. 27, we find the dative, nocturnae imagini congruentem. Cicero also uses the dative. Hence ambiguous examples, such as Gellius, N.A. iii. 3. 3, sermonis Plauto congruentis, are best taken as datives.

13. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS OF EQUALITY.

par: Sall. Hist. Frag. iv. 14, scalas pares moenium altitudine; Ovid, Fasti, vi. 804, in qua par facies nobilitate sua. Merkel changes par to pars; while Peter, who retains the reading of the Mss., has the comment, 'par (sc. Anco) nobilitate.' The sense, I think, is 'features

on a par with her rank'; cf. the repeated occurrence of par cum, e.g. Sall. Iug. 14. 9, quem tu parem cum liberis tuis fecisti; Cic. de. Rep.

i. 7.

aeque aeque cum occurs in Plautus, Asin. 332, ut aeque mecum haec scias, and repeatedly elsewhere. It is therefore possible that the following examples, which are usually classed as Ablatives of Comparison Kaтà σÚVEσIV are really sociatives: Plautus, Amph. 293, nullus est hoc meticulosus aeque; Curc. 141, qui me in terra aeque fortunatus erit?

It is perhaps unnecessary to add by way of conclusion that the very wide range of the construction we have been considering has remained hitherto unrecognized. Most of our important manuals of Latin grammar omit all reference to the idiom, while the few in which it is recognized at all give no indication of its actual scope.