598. Credit juvenem Se causam clamat, crimenque, caputque malorum: 600 Turnum extinctum esse Multaque per mæstum demens effata furorem, NOTES. 586. Pergunt: in the sense of parant. 587. Pumice. Pumex is properly the pumice stone: here put for any stone. 588. Vestigavit: hath found-discovered. 589. Castra: their hives. Trepidæ rerum: alarmed for their state-condition. Timentes suis rebus, says Ruæus. So fessi rerum, Æn. i. 178. 591. Tectis: this again means the hives. Odor: fume- vapor, or smoke. Caco: smothered-obscure. 593. Fortuna: in the sense of calamitas. Fessis: afflicted-distressed. 594. Concussit: in the sense of implevit. 595. Tectis. Tectum here is in the sense of urbs. Incessi: the inf. of the verb incessor: to be assaulted. Ut: when-as soon as. 599. Turbata: in the sense of commota. Mentem is put as a Grecism. 600. Crimen: the criminal author. 601. Demens: wanting reason. Of de, and mens. Affata in the sense of dicens vel loquens. Per: through-during. 603. Informis: unnatural-awful. Heyne says, turpis. The poet here expresses his disapprobation of suicide, by calling it informis leti. According to the pontifical books, such persons were deprived of the 605 610 600. Se esse causam 605. Lavinia prima furit, laniata quoad rites of burial. Nectit: she binds, or ties the rope. Nodum: in the sense of funem, says Heyne. 605. Accepêre: in the sense of audiverunt. Quam cladem: in the sense of cujus mortem. 606. Lavinia laniala. After the women had learned the tragic end of her mother, Lavinia was the first to express her grief. This she did by tearing her hair, and mangling her rosy cheeks. Servius reads floros, or floreos, instead of flavos, in imitation of Ennius. But there is no authority to support this reading; and there is no necessity for the alteration; for yellow, or golden hair, was the color most admired among the ancients. 609. Demittunt: their resolution failsthey despond. Rumus says, dejiciunt animos. Davidson renders it," their souls despond." 610. Fatis: in the sense of morte. 612. Multa: in the sense of multùm. This and the following line are introduced from En. xi. 471. In some copies they do not appear in this place. 613. Adsciverit: admitted, or received him as a son-in-law. Intereâ extremo bellator in æquore Turnus 615 618. Commixtum cæ- Commixtum clamorem, arrectasque impulit aures cis terroribus Confusæ sonus urbis, et illætabile murmur. 620 625. Occurrit huic in Talibus occurrit dictis: Hâc, Turne, sequamur talibus dictis: hâc parte, Trojugenas, quâ prima viam victoria pandit O Turne Sunt alii, qui tecta manu defendere possint. Ingruit Æneas Italis, et prælia miscet: Et nos sæva manu mittamus funera Teucris. 630. Numero casorum Nec numero inferior, pugnæ nec honore recedes. 631. Turnus respondet Turnus ad hæc : O soror, et dudum agnovi, cùm prima per artem Fœdera turbâsti, teque hæc in bella dedisti: 634. Fallis me. Sed Et nunc nequicquam fallis Dea. Sed quis Olympo quis Deorum voluit te Demissam tantos voluit te ferre labores? icmissam 625 630 635 An fratris miseri letum ut crudele videres? Nam quid ago? aut quæ jam spondet fortuna salutem? 638. Ego ipse vidi in- Vidi oculos ante ipse meos, me voce vocantem gentem Murranum op- Murranum, quo non superat mihi charior alter, petere ante meos oculos, vocantem me voce, atque Oppetere ingentem, atque ingenti vulnere victum. victum Occidit infelix, ne nostrum dedecus, Ufens, 643. Nostris miseris Aspiceret: Teucri potiuntur corpore et armis. rebus Exscindi-ne domos, id rebus defuit unum, NOTES. 614. Equore: in the sense of campo. 615. Segnior. Rumus says, tardior. 616. Successu equorum. Servius, and most interpreters after him, take the meaning to be: that Turnus was now less pleased with his horses, because they were out of breath, and fatigued. But it seems much better to understand it of his being less pleased with the easy victory he gained, now that Æneas was retired, and only a few straggling troops left in the field. This agrees with the expressions paucos palantes. Successu equorum: this last intimates, that the victory he gained was now so easy, that he had only to drive the enemy before his chariot, with out meeting with any resistance... Turnus might think the, victory not worthy of his valor, and was therefore less pleased with it, than if it had more richly rewarded him. This better accords with the sentiments of the soldier. This is the opinion of Davidson. He renders the words; "with the cheap victory of his horses." Heyne agrees with Servius. Rumus observes: he was less pleased with his horses, because they had carried him so far from the fight. 640 617. Aura: in the sense of ventus. Cacu: unknown-uncertain. Ruæus says, incertis 619. Illatabile: mournful-unjoyous. Of in, neg. and lætabilis. 621. Diversâ: in the sense of ab diversa parte urbis. Ruæus says, dissita. 625. Occurrit: in the sense of respondet. 627. Teçta: in the sense of urbem. 629. Millamus: in the sense of demus. Funera sœva: in the sense of crudelem mortem, says Rumus. "Let us spread cruel death among the Trojans." Valpy. 630. Numero: in the number of the slain. Turnus should equal Æneas in the number of his slain, and in the glory of the fight. 632. Agnovi: the pron. te is understood. 633. Turbâsti; in the sense of rupisti. 634. Fallis: Heyne says, vis latere. 638. Murranum. He was one of the Italian princes, and slain by Æneas, verse 529, supra. Ingentem: mighty-powerful. 641. Ufens. He cominanded the Agricola. See Æn. vii. 745. 643. Unum: in the sense of solum. The only thing wanting to our complete wretchedness and misery. 644 Perpetiar? dextrâ nec Drancis dicta refellam? Sustentant aciem. Circum hos utrinque phalanges 655 660 665 Ut primùm discussæ umbræ, et lux reddita menti, 670 NOTES.. 669. Sunt discusso 644. Dicta Drancis. See Æn. xi. 336, the state of Latinus' mind. et sequens. 646. Est-ne usque adeò: is it indeed so grievous a thing to die? 647. Superis: in the sense of Superorum. Boni: propitious-kind. Turnus now plainly sees, that the gods above are against him, and that he must fall beneath the sword of Æneas. He addresses himself to the gods below, (Manes,) not so much with a view to obtain their assistance against the purposes of Jove, as they might give his shade, his sancla anima, a welcome reception; since it would descend to them covered with glory, free from any imputation of cowardice or fault, and no way degenerate from his illustrious ancestors. 648. Inscia istius culpæ: free from the fault or crime of deserting his friends in their distress, and difficulty. This he will not do, though he knows that it must terminate in his death. Sancta: pure-unpolluted. He 652. Ora: in the sense of vultum. was wounded full in the face-right in front. Implorans: in the sense of vocans. 655. Dejecturum: would rase. On the one hand, he was inclined to match his daughter with Eneas, and fulfil his engagements: on the other, he was overawed by Turnus, and durst not openly declare his sentiments; but faintly hinted them, like one who mutters what he is afraid to speak out. Ruæus says, dubitat. Heyne says, tacitè deliberat. Referunt: turn-cast. The verb is to be repeated before each objective case. 659. Tui: in the sense of tibi. 662. Aciem: in the sense of pugnam. Phalanges: the troops in general. 664. Deserto gramine: in the sense of extremo campo. See 614, supra. 665. Rerum: of distress-affliction. Imagine: form-image. 667. Ingens pudor: this, and the following line are repeated from Æn. x. 870. 668. Insania: distraction. Ruæus says, amentia. Furiis, Heyne conjectures reference is had to the nuptials of Lavinia, of which he now began to despair. 670. Acies oculorum: the sight of his eyes; simply, his eyes. Heyre reads, orbes. 671. Rotis: in the sense of curru. 672. Vortex flammis: a whirling volume 657. Mussat. This word strongly marks of flame rolled, &c. The prep. è is under. 675 Ad cœlum undabat vortex, turrimque tenebat; Turrim, compactis trabibus quam eduxerat ipse, Subdideratque rotas, pontesque instraverat altos. Jam jam fata, soror, superant; absiste morari: Quò Deus, et quò dura vocat fortuna, sequamur. 678. Stat mihi pati Stat conferre manum Æneæ: stat, quicquid acerbi est quicquid acerbi est in Morte pati; nec me indecorem, germana! videbis morte 680. Ante mortem 684. Velut cùm saxum ruit præceps de vertice 686. Solvit illud è loco Ampliùs. Hunc, oro, sine me furere antè furorem. pugna est mea: est veriùs fœdus 681 685 690 695 est Eryx, aut quantus est Præcipitatque moras omnes: opera omnia rumpit, pater Apenninus ipse, Lætitiâ exsultans, horrendùmque intonat armis : 700 Quantus Athos, aut quantus Eryx, aut ipse coruscis cùm fremit NOTES. stood to govern flammis. Tabulata: the stages or stories of the tower. 674. Turrim, quam ipse: the tower which he himself had raised, &c. Eduxerat: in the sense of struxerat. 675. Subdiderat : had placed under it wheels. Towers were built of wood, and commonly several stories (tabulata) high. They were for the purpose of defence, or assault; and were so constructed that they could be moved by means of wheels or rollers, placed under them, to the place where they were required. Sometimes several of them were connected by means of bridges (pontes) at the tops, made of planks and timber. By these bridges the men could pass from one to another, whenever it became necessary. 678. Stat: the imp. of sto. I am resolved -it is fixed. Rumus says, deliberatum est. 680. Furere hunc: in the sense of indulgere huic furori. The construction is according to a Greek idiom. Permit me, O, sister! to rage in this manner-to indulge this passion. Ante: this refers to his death, or his engagement with Æneas, in which he was persuaded he should be slain: ante mortem, vel antiquam moriar. 681. Arvis: in the sense of terra. 685. Turbidus imber: a violent heavy rain. 686. Proluit: washed away-undermined it. Vetustas: in the sense of tempus. Sublapsa: having passed away. Ruæus says, labente. Solvit: torn it away-broken it loose. 687. Mons fertur improbus: the massy rock is carried violent, &c. Mons here evidently means the same as saxum, just before mentioned. In abruptum: down the sides of the mountain. Improbus implies that the rock rushed down with an irresistible force. Actu: in the sense of impetu. 689. Involvens: in the sense of rapiens. Disjecta: scattered-fleeing before him. 690. Plurima: in the sense of plurimùm. This implies that Turnus rushed into the hottest of the battle-where the earth was wet the most with blood. 692. Ore: in the sense of voce. 693. Parcite: cease, or spare your arms. 694. Verius: in the sense of agurts. Pro vobis: in your room, and stead. 698. Deserit: in the sense of relinquit. Cùm fremit ilicibus quantus, gaudetque nivali 705 708. Duos ingentes viros genitos in 710 710. Ut primùm 715 Jam verò et Rutuli certatim, et Troës, et omnes NOTES. projecting into the Egean sea. It is said to be sixty miles in length, and so high that it overshadows the island of Lemnos. Hodie, Monte Santo. It is so called from the number of monasteries upon it. Eryx: a mountain in Sicily, next in height to Ætna, so called from a king of that name who was slain by Hercules. It is situated near the western side of the island. Hodie, Monte Giuliano. 703. Pater Apenninus: mount Apennine is here called pater, either as being the parent of so many noble rivers and woods; or by way of dignity, as being the greatest mountain in Italy. The Apennines are properly a range of mountains running the whole length of Italy, and dividing it nearly in the middle. 704. Certatim: eagerly. 708. Ingentes viros: that two mighty heroes born in, &c. 709. Cousse: in the sense of congredi. Cernere: in the sense of pugnare, vel decer nerc. 710. Campi: the ground-the space cleared for the combatants. 712. Invadunt Martem: in the sense of incipiunt pugnam. 714. Congeminant: they repeat-redouble. In unum into one-together. 715. Sila: a vast forest, or tract of hills, covered with wood, that formed part of the 719. Quis taurus 720 721. Cornua inter se invicem 725 Apennine mountains in Calabria. Taburno: this was a mountain in the confines of Campania, which blocks up the famous straits of Caudi or Caudium. Here the Roman army was obliged to surrender to the Samnites, and to pass under the yoke. 717. Magistri: in the sense of pastores. Cessêre: in the sense of fugerunt. 718. Mussant: Heyne says, tacitè expertant. Ruæus says, timidè, et quasi tacitè mugiunt. 721. Largo: in the sense of multo. 722. Lavant: Ruæus says, lingunt. 723. Daunius heros: Turnus. He was the son of Daunus and Venilia. 725. Equato examine: equal poise or balance. Examen is the tongue, or needle of the balance, which, being exactly in equilibrio, shows the scales to be equal. 727. Quem labor damnet: whom the combat should devote or doom to death. The fates, or destiny, were not at the disposal of Jove. He could only examine into futurity. He puts (imponit) the fates of the combatants into the scales of the balance, to see which end of the beam would rise. Servius, and some others, take the words in the sense of quem felix labor damnet votis: whom the combat shall ('oom to pay his vows-who shall be the successful combatant. But it is easier to consider the expression as referring to one and the same person: whom the |