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à tergo

Tyrrhenum Aulesten, avidus confundere fœdus,
Adverso proterret equo: ruit ille recedens,

292. In aris oppositis Et miser oppositis à tergo involvitur aris,
In caput, inque humeros. At fervidus advolat hastâ
Messapus, teloque orantem multa trabali

295. Altusque equo Desuper altus equo graviter ferit, atque ita fatur : desuper graviter ferit Hoc habet: hæc melior magnis data victima Divis. 296. Ille habet hoc Concurrunt Itali, spoliantque calentia membra.

eum orantem multa

vulnus

gam

304. Podalirius quens nudo ense

307. Ejus adversi

Obvius ambustum torrem Chorinæus ab arâ 299. Obvius Ebuso Corripit, et venienti Ebuso plagamque ferenti venienti, ferentique pla- Occupat os flammis. Olli ingens barba reluxit, Nidoremque ambusta dedit. Supèr ipse secutus Cæsariem lævâ turbati corripit hostis, Impressoque genu nitens terræ applicat ipsum. se- Sic rigido latus ense ferit. Podalirius Alsum Pastorem, primâque acie per tela ruentem, Ense sequens nudo superimminet: ille securi Adversi frontem mediam mentumque reductâ Disjicit, et sparso latè rigat arma cruore. Olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urget Somnus; in æternam clauduntur lumina noctem. At pius Æneas dextram tendebat inermem Nudato capite, atque suos clamore vocabat : Quò ruitis? quæve ista repens discordia surgit? 314. Fœdus ictum est O cohibete iras! ictum jam fœdus, et omnes 315. Jus concurrere Compositæ leges: mihi jus concurrere soli: est mihi soli; sinite me Me sinite, atque auferte metus. Ego fœdera faxo Firma manu: Turnum jam debent hæc mihi sacra. Has inter voces, media inter talia verba,

pugnare

316. Ego faxo ut fœdera sint.

manu,

NOTES.

high upon his steed to give the blow more effect, gives him a mortal wound; while he in the mean time is pleading for his life, without avail. Insigne: in the sense of or

namentum.

291. Proterret: affrights-alarms-confounds. Ruit: in the sense of cadit.

294. Trabali: in the sense of ingenti. 296. Melior victima: a better, or more effectual victim to appease the gods, than those that had been offered for the league on the altars, where he had fallen; to wit, a lamb or a pig. Habet hoc. This was an expression made by the spectators at the shows of the gladiators, when any one received a mortal wound.

297. Spoliant: strip his limbs yet warm. Rumus says, nudant.

298. Obvius: in the sense of adversus. Ruæus says, occurrens.

300. Occupat os: he strikes him on the face with the fire-brand. This prevented the blow that was intended by Ebusus to be given to him. Occupat os: Ruæus says, inTercepit vultum flammis. Heyne says, ferit occupando. This Chorineus was a Trojan priest. He had been engaged in offering

290

295

300

305

310

315

the sacrifices; which accounts for his being at the altars. Reluxit: his beard caught fire, and shone-blazed.

301. Super in the sense of insuper vel prætereà. Ipse: Chorinæus.

302. Turbati: affrighted-confused.

303. Impresso genu: exerting himself with his knee being thrust hard against him, he is enabled to pull Ebusus over, and bring him to the ground. Applicat: Ruæus says, sternit.

306. Superimminet: in the sense of premit vel urget. Securi reductâ: his axe being drawn back to give the blow—with his axe drawn back.

308. Disjicit: in the sense of scindit vel

secat.

309. Olli: for illi, and this again in the sense of illius.

311. Inermem: unarmed: of in, and arma. 313. Repens: in the sense of subita. 315. Leges: the terms or conditions of the treaty.

316. Ego faxo: the meaning is: I will make good my part of the treaty, and these sacred rites give me security, that Turnus will perform his part. Faxo: for facero.

Ecce, viro stridens alis allapsa sagitta est:
Incertum quâ pulsa manu, quo turbine adacta;
Quis tantam Rutulis laudem, casusne, Deusne,
Attulerit. Pressa est insignis gloria facti;
Nec sese Æneæ jactavit vulnere quisquam.

320

325

320. Est incertum, quâ

manu pulsa sit

330

331. Qualis sangui

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neus Mavors, cùm

Turnus, ut Æneam cedentem ex agmine vidit,
Turbatosque duces, subitâ spe fervidus ardet :
Poscit equos, atque arma simul, saltuque superbus
Emicat in currum, et manibus molitur habenas.
Multa virum volitans dat fortia corpora leto:
Semineces volvit multos, aut agmina curru
Proterit, aut raptas fugientibus ingerit hastas.
Qualis apud gelidi cùm flumina concitus Hebri
Sanguineus Mavors clypeo increpat, atque furentes
Bella movens immittit equos: illi æquore aperto
Ante Notos Zephyrumque volant: gemit ultima pulsu
Thraca pedum: circùmque atræ Formidinis ora,
Iræque, Insidiæque, Dei comitatus, aguntur.
Talis equos alacer media inter prælia Turnus
Fumantes sudore quatit, miserabilè cæsis
Hostibus insultans: spargit rapida ungula rores
Sanguineos, mixtâque cruor calcatur arenâ.
Jamque neci Sthenelumque dedit, Thamyrimque,
lumque,

335

336. Circumaguntur

eum

339. Ungula ejus equo

340 rum

Pho- 342. Congressus est

hunc et hunc cominùs; illum, nempe, Sthenelum

Hunc congressus et hunc; illum eminùs: eminùs ambos eminùs; congressus est Imbrasidas, Glaucum atque Ladem; quos Imbrasus ipse eminùs ambos

NOTES.

It

319. Viro: to the hero, i. e. Æneas. Alis: here denotes the swiftness of the arrow. moved on wings.

320. Quo turbine: by what whirling force: simply, by what force. Quo impetu, says

Ruæus. Pulsa: in the sense of missa.

322. Pressa est: is concealed. No one has the glory of so illustrious a deed.

325. Fervidus ardet: the absence of Æneas raises the courage of Turnus, and inflames him for battle. He is once more victorious, as he had been before on the banks of the Tiber, when Eneas was absent in Etruria. This indirect method of praising his hero, Virgil had learned from Homer, who makes his victory to lean on the side of the Trojans during the absence of Achilles; so, here, the absence of Æneas makes the scales turn in favor of the Latins. The absence of Eneas was sudden and unexpected by Turnus; and as soon as he saw him withdraw from the field, he was fired with the hope of retrieving the lost fortunes of his country.

326. Superbus: in the sense of animosus. 327. Molitur: in the sense of tractat. 330. Proterit: he crushed. Ruæus says, sternit. Agmina: the troops-the enemy.

As Turnus drove furiously through the "anks of the enemy, the wheels of his chariot crushed some to death, and others wounded

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332. Increpat: in the sense of sonat. 333. Immittit: lets loose-gives full reins to his furious steeds.

335. Ora atræ formidinis: the form or countenance of grim terror-grim terror itself.

336. Comitatus Dei: the retinue of the god, i. e. Mars. The word comitatus agrees in apposition with the preceding nomina.tives Ora, Iræ, Insidiæ.

338. Quatit: in the sense of impellit. Miserabilè cæsis: miserably slain.

339. Sanguineos rores : simply, blood. 342. Hunc, et hunc: the two last he engaged in close fight; the former at a distance. Hic sometimes signifies the latter, or last mentioned; ille, the former, or first mentioned, as in the present case.

Nutrîerat Lyciâ, paribusque ornaverat armis,
Vel conferre manum, vel equo prævertere ventos.
Parte aliâ, media Eumedes in prælia fertur,

347. Qui erat proles Antiqui proles bello præclara Dolonis, antiqui

Nomine avum referens, animo manibusque parentem : Qui quondam, castra ut Danaûm speculator adiret, 350. Ausus est pos- Ausus Pelidæ pretium sibi poscere currus.

cere

Illum Tydides alio pro talibus ausis
Affecit pretio ; nec equis aspirat Achillis.

353. Hunc Eumeden Hunc procul ut campo Turnus conspexit aperto;
Antè levi jaculo longum per inane secutus,
Sistit equos bijuges, et curru desilit, atque
Semianimi lapsoque supervenit: et, pede collo
Impresso, dextræ mucronem extorquet, et alto
Fulgentem tingit jugulo, atque hæc insuper addit:

359. En, Trojane, ja- En, agros, et, quam bello, Trojane, petîsti, cens, metire agros

reaque

Hesperiam metire, jacens: hæc præmia, qui me
Ferro ausi tentare, ferunt: sic monia condunt.
Huic comitem Buten, conjectâ cuspide, mittit:

345

350

355

360

365

363. Interficit Chlo- Chloreaque, Sybarimque, Daretaque, Thersilochumque,
Et sternacis equi lapsum cervice Thymoeten.
Ac velut Edoni Boreæ cùm spiritus alto
Insonat Ægæo, sequiturque ad litora fluctus ;
Quâ venti incubuêre, fugam dant nubila cœlo:
Sic Turno, quâcunque viam secat, agmina cedunt,
Conversæque ruunt acies: fert impetus ipsum ;

NOTES.

344. Ornaverat: and had furnished them with equal arms-with equal skill, or valor in arms. Conferre manum: to engage in close fight.

347. Proles præclara bello. This is to be understood ironically, as appears from what follows: and particularly, from the character of Dolon in Homer, Iliad, lib. 10, where he appears to have undertaken the adventure here alluded to, not from true courage, but from mere covetousness. He demanded the chariot of Achilles, as a reward for this service.

348. Referens: representing-bearing the name of. He bore the name of his grandfather, but was like his father in courage and valor.

349. Qui: this refers to the father, mentioned immediately before.

350. Pelida: gen. of Pelides, a name of Achilles; from his father Peleus: a patronymic. Pretium: as a reward for his deed. 352. Affecit alio pretio. It is here intimated that Dolon was slain by Diomede. 354. Antè secutus: having thrown a swift dart at him before-having pursued him with a swift javelin, &c. Inane: in the sense of aërem. Longum: distant-at a distance. 357. Mucronem dextræ. Though fallen by the spear of Turnus, and dying of his

wounds, Eumedes held a dagger in his hand. This the conqueror wrenched from him, and buried deep in his throat.

358. Tingit: stains. Ruæus says, im mersit. He buries his glittering sword in his throat. Immittit in jugulum ut sanguine tingatur, says Heyne.

359. En agros: after a victory, the conquerors divided the conquered lands and territory; and in the first place took the dimensions of them, in order to distribute them equally among their troops. To this custom Turnus, in this bitter sarcasm, seems to allude.

362. Cuspide: in the sense of jaculo.

364. Sternacis equi: either stumbling and apt to fall himself; or rearing and pitching, in order to throw his rider. Cervice: shoulders-back. Ruæus says, collo.

Thracian Boreas. Boreas, the north wind, 365. Spiritus Edoni Borea: the blast of is here called Thracian, because it blew from that country. The Edoni were a people of Thrace: hence the adj. Edonus. Alto: in the sense of mari. Spiritus: in the sense of flatus vel ventus.

367. Dant fugam: in the sense of fugiunt. Incubuêre: blow-rush or press forward. 369. Ruunt: in the sense of fugiunt.

Et cristam adverso curru quatit aura volantem.
Non tulit instantem Phegeus, animisque frementem :
Objecit sese ad currum, et spumantia frænis
Ora citatorum dextrâ detorsit equorum.
Dum trahitur, pendetque jugis, hunc lata retectum
Lancea consequitur, rumpitque infixa bilicem
Loricam, et summum degustat vulnere corpus.
Ille tamen, clypeo objecto, conversus in hostem
Ibat, et auxilium ducto mucrone petebat:
Cùm rota præcipitem, et procursu concitus axis
Impulit, effuditque solo: Turnusque secutus,
Imam inter galeam summi thoracis et oras,
Abstulit ense caput, truncumque reliquit arenâ.
Atque ea dum campis victor dat funera Turnus ;
Intereà Æneam Mnestheus, et fidus Achates,
Ascaniusque comes, castris statuêre cruentum,
Alternos longâ nitentem cuspide gressus.
Sævit, et infractâ luctatur arundine telum
Eripere; auxilioque viam, quæ proxima, poscit :
Ense secent lato vulnus, telique latebram
Rescindant penitùs, seseque in bella remittant.

Jamque aderat Phœbo ante alios dilectus Iapys
Iasides; acri quondam cui captus amore
Ipse suas artes, sua munera, lætus Apollo
Augurium, citharamque dabat, celeresque sagittas.

NOTES.

370. Adverso curru: in his chariot facing the wind. Aura: in the sense of ventus. Volantem: waving. But curru may be for currui, in the dat. The wind blowing against his chariot facing it, (adverso,) causes his plumes to wave. Dum currus adversùs ventum fertur, says Heyne.

573. Detorsit ora: with his right hand he turned around the heads, &c. This he did to stop them, that on more equal terms he might engage Turnus. These were the horses of Turnus. Spumantia: foaming at the bit. Citatorum: in the sense of animosorum, vel celerum.

375. Rumpit: in the sense of penetrat. 378. Petebat: he sought aid with his drawn sword. He hoped to succeed against Turnus by attacking him sword in hand. Ruæus says, vocabat auxilium. Davidson renders it," he sought assistance from his unsheathed sword." Mucrone: in the sense of gladio.

379. Axis: the extremities of the axletree extended beyond the hub of the wheel. It was most probably this part that struck Phegeus, and threw him headlong on the ground. Concitus: quickened and accelerated by its rapid career. The impetus it had acquired in its course served to increase its velocity. Turnus seeing him in that situation sprang from his chariot, and took off his head between the upper part of his

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breast-plate, and the lower part of his helmet. Cùm: this is the reading of Heyne and Davidson. Rumus reads quem. It appears that Phegeus had let go of the horses, and was preparing to attack Turnus, when they sprang forward, and the wheel in its rapid motion struck him.

386. Nitentem alternos: supporting his alternate steps, &c. Cuspide: in the sense of hasla, by synec.

387. Arundine: the shaft of the arrow. It is placed absolutely with infracta. Telum: the barb or point of the arrow.

388. Auxilio: for relief. He orders them to make a gash or incision (vulnus) down to the very blade of the dart or javelin, (latebram teli,) and extract it without delay, that he may again enter the fight, and check the career of Turnus. Proxima: the speediest-quickest.

390. Rescindant: in the sense of aperiant. 392. Cui: in the sense of cujus: with an ardent love of whom, Apollo, &c.

393. Suas artes dabat: he gave to him the choice of his arts. This appears to be the meaning from verse 396, infra, maluit scire, &c. The arts of Apollo were, 1. Prophecy. 2. Music: whence, he is often represented with a lyre, and considered the god of poets. 3. Skill in archery: hence, he is represented with a quiver. 4. Medicine. This last was the choice of Iapys.

399. Immobilis magno concursu juvenum 400. Ille senior Iapys

succinctus amictu retorto in Pæonium

395

400

Ille, ut depositi proferret fata parentis,
Scire potestates herbarum, usumque medendi
Maluit, et mutas agitare inglorius artes.
Stabat acerbà fremens, ingentem nixus in hastam
Eneas, magno juvenum, et morentis lüli
Concursu, lachrymisque immobilis. Ille retorto
Pæonium in morem senior succinctus amictu,
Multa manu medicâ Phœbique potentibus herbis
Nequicquam trepidat; nequicquam spicula dextrâ
Sollicitat, prensatque tenaci forcipe ferrum.
Nulla viam fortuna regit; nihil auctor Apollo
Subvenit: et sævus campis magis ac magis horror
Crebrescit; propiùsque malum est. Jam pulvere cœlum
Stare vident; subeunt equites, et spicula castris
Densa cadunt mediis. It tristis ad æthera clamor
Bellantûm juvenum, et duro sub Marte cadentûm.
Hic Venus, indigno nati concussa dolore,
Dictamnum genitrix Cretæâ carpit ab Idâ,
Puberibus caulem foliis, et flore comantem

414. Illa gramina sunt Purpureo. Non illa feris incognita capris

non incognita

Gramina, cùm tergo volucres hæsêre sagittæ.

416. Venus circum- Hoc Venus, obscuro faciem circumdata nimbo, data quoad faciem Detulit: hôc fusum labris spendentibus amnem Inficit, occultè medicans; spargitque salubres Ambrosiæ succos, et odoriferam panaceam.

NOTES.

395. Depositi: sick-dangerously ill. Fata: in the sense of mortem. Proferret: put off-defer.

396. Medendi: the gerund in di, of medeor in the sense of medicina. Potestates: properties-qualities.

397. Mutas artes: silent arts-arts more

useful than showy. The other arts of Apollo were more ostentatious and showy. Agitare: practice or exercise.

398. Acerbà: an adj. neu. plu., used adverbially in the sense of acerbè.

399. Mærentis: of grieving--afflicted. Iülus: Heyne connects lachrymis with lüli mærentis. In this construction, Iülus alone is represented as shedding tears. The others assemble to see the wounded hero.

401. Pæonium: an adj. from Pæon the physician of the gods; here put for any physician. Retorto: turned back after the manner of Pæon, that he might perform the operation more conveniently.

403. Trepidat multa. in the sense of festinat multa: he tries many expedients to extract the arrow, to no purpose. Multa tentat, says Heyne.

404. Sollicitat: he moves, or pulls. Ferrum: the blade, or barbed part of the spear. Fortuna: success-advantage.

406. Subvenit: in the sense of adjuvat. Auctor: the author of medicine. Horror: in the sense of terror, says Heyne. It may mean a din or clashing of arms; which will

405

410

415

make the sense of malum easy. See En. ii. 301.

407. Jam vident: they see the air or sky stand thick with dust-to be overspread or filled with dust.

411. Indigno: unmerited-undeserved.

412. Dictamnum: the herb dittany. It is said to have grown only in Crete, whence it had its name from Dicte, a mountain in that island. Its stalk bears soft downy leaves; and its blossoms are not single, but grow upon almost every leaf: whence, it is said to be comantem flore purpureo: this last denotes the color of the flower. Caulem: the stem or stalk: it is here put in apposition with dictamnum.

415. Gramina: in the sense of herba. 416. Hoc this herb dittany. : the following line is in the abl. with this she The hoc in tinged. Rumus says, imbuit. Amnem: in the sense of aquam.

417. Labris: the vessel in which the herbs of Iapys were infused.

419. Succos ambrosia. Homer makes ambrosia to be the food of the gods. It properly signifies immortality. Panacea: a salutary herb, of which Pliny mentions three kinds. According to the etymology of the word, it should be a remedy for all diseases. Spargit: she diffuses in it the healing juices of ambrosia. Rueus says, miscet.

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