An Account of Some Modern Methods of Astrophysical Research By GEORGE ELLERY HALE The introduction of photographic methods, the improvement of telescopes, and the rapidly increasing appreciation of the value to astronomy of physical instruments and processes, have revolutionized the observatory. From a simple observing station it has been transformed into a great physical laboratory, where images of the sun and stars are studied with many powerful instruments, and celestial phenomena are experimentally imitated with the aid of electric furnaces and other sources of intense heat. The result has been a great gain in our knowledge of the origin, development, and decay of stars. This books explains in a popular way how the life histories of the sun and stars are investigated. One hundred and four half-tone plates, made from the best astronomical negatives, place before the reader the most recent results of celestial photography in most of its phases. 250 pages, 104 plates, 8vo, cloth; net $4.00, postpaid $4.27 Address Dept. 38 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO NEW YORK Published in Europe by William Wesley and Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, Price, 16s. 6d. ESSAYS PHILOSOPHICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL. IN HONOR OF WILI IAM JAMES, PROFESSOR IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY This volume is intended to mark in some degree its authors' sense of Professor James's memorable services in philosophy and psychology, the vitality he has added to those studies, and the encouragement that has flowed from him to colleagues without number. From Prefatory Note. The New Realism..... Does Reality possess Practical Character? A Factor in the Genesis of Idealism..... Consciousness a Form of Energy.. Perception and Epistemology.. World-Pictures.. Naïve Realism: What Is It?.... Kant and the English Platonists. A Critique of Kant's Ethics The Abuse of Abstraction in Ethics PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS. Purposive Consistency, the Outline of a Classification of Values.. The Problem of Method in Mathematics and Philosophy. Pragmatism in Esthetics The Consciousness of Relation PSYCHOLOGICAL ESSAYS. On the Variability of Individual Judgment. The Validity of Judgments of Character... Reactions and Perceptions... A Pragmatic Substitute for Free Will. LONGMANS, GREEN & COMPANY. GEORGE STUART FULLERTON WALTER BOUGHTON PITKIN HERBERT GARDINER LORD ...G. A. TAWNEY .HAROLD CHAPMAN BROWN KATE GORDON R. S. WOODWORTH FREDERIC LYMAN WELLS NAOMI NORSWORTHY JAMES MCKEEN CATTELL .EDWARD L. THORNDIKE 91 Fifth Avenue, New York City A Monthly Journal, established in 1867, Devoted to the Advancement of the Biological Sciences with Special Reference to the Factors of Organic Evolution and Heredity CONTENTS OF MARCH NUMBER Invitation Papers at the Baltimore Meeting of the Botan- Darwin's Influence upon Plant Geography and Ecol- An Examination of Darwin's "Origin of Species" in the The Distinction between Development and Heredity in Inbreeding. Dr. EDWARD M. EAST. Breeding Experiments with Rats. Professor T. H. Shorter Articles and Discussion: The Chub and th Texas CONTENTS OF THE APRIL NUMBER Heredity of Hair Color in Man. GERTRUDE C. DAVEN PORT and CHARLES C. DAVENPORT. A Mechanism for Organic Correlation. Professor G. H. The Progress of Plant Anatomy During the Last Shorter Articles and Correspondence: A Note on the Notes and Literature: Heredity-The Nature of " Unit" Characters, DR. W. J. SPILLMAN. EnvironmentDR. FRANK E. LUTZ. Experimental Zoology-Hy. bridology and Gynandromorphism, Professor T. H. MORGAN. Echinodermata-Red Sea Crinoids, DR. AUSTIN HOBART CLARK. CONTENTS OF THE MAY NUMBER The Categories of Variation. Professor S. J. HOLMES. The General Entomological Ecology of the Indian Corn Plant. S. A. FORBES. Notes and Literature: Biometrics-Some Recent Studies on Growth. DR. RAYMOND PEARL. Experimental Zoology-Cuénot on the Honey Bee, Professor T. H. MORGAN. The Upholding of Darwin-Poulton and Plate on Evolution, V. L. K. CONTENTS OF THE JUNE NUMBER Heredity and Variation in the Simplest Organisms. Professor H. S. JENNINGS. The Color Sense of the Honey Bee Is Conspicuousness an Advantage to Flowers? JOHN H. LOVELL Variation in the Number of Seeds per Pod in the Broom, Cytisus scoparius. Doctor J. ARTHUR HARRIS. Present Problems in Plant Ecology: The Trend of Ecological Philosophy. Professor The Present Problems of Physiological Plant Notes and Literature: Notes on Evolution, V. L. K. The NATURALIST will be sent to new subscribers for four months for One Dollar THE SCIENCE PRESS Garrison, N. Y. Sub-Station 84: NEW YORK Lancaster, Pa. MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended for review should be One hundred reprints of contributions are supplied to authors free of charge. Subscriptions and advertisements should be sent to the publishers. The Lancaster, Pa. THE SCIENCE PRESS NEW YORK: Sub-Station 84 Garrison, N. Y. Entered as second-class matter, April 2, 1908, at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of Important New Scientific Books PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Botany The Origin of a Land Flora. A Theory based upon the facts of Alternation. Cloth, gilt top, xi+727 pp., illus., index, 8vo, $5.50 net. NOTE.-A profound study in the morphology of the lowest forms of plants, with special reference to the development of their reproductive systems. The author endeavors to show that the present land flora has originated from an aquatic ancestor, and traces the methods of specialization to the land habit, and the establishment of the forms of the higher plants. A book of the highest importance not only to botanists but to biologists in general. NEW AND STANDARD HAND-BOOKS ON AGRICULTURE, ETC. Cloth, xvi+329 pp., illus., appendix, glossary, index, 12mo, $.75 net. NOTE. This is a thoroughly modern treatise on farming as practiced in the Gulf States, from the point of view of the scientific agriculturist. It is adapted to school use, but is of practical service to any farmer in that part of the country. The author is vice-director of the Texas Experiment Station. The Principles of Fruit Growing. By L. H. BAILEY. Tenth Edition, $1.50 net, by mail $1.66. Irrigation and Drainage. By F. H. KING. Fifth Edition, $1.50 net, by mail $1.68. Principles of Vegetable Gardening. By L. H. BAILEY. Bush Fruits. By FRED W. Fertilizers. By EDWARD B. Sixth Edition, $1.50 net, by mail $1.68. Fourth Edition, $1.50 net, by mail $1.66. Tenth Edition, $1.25 net, by mail $1.58 Farm Poultry. By GEO. C. WATSON. Sixth Edition, $1.25 net, by mail $1.42 Published The Macmillan Company By 64-66 5th Ave., New York It has been long known that the non-muscular articulations in the crinoid arm, synarthries or bifascial articulations, and syzygies, have an entirely different effect upon the arm structure than do articulations possessing muscle bundles, straight or oblique muscular articulations. The muscular articulations are composed of three elements (Figs. 1 and 7); (1) the dorsal ligament, bounded ventrally by a strong transverse ridge running across the middle of the joint face, (2) the interarticular ligaments, just ventral to the transverse ridge, occupying triangular areas one on each side of the central canal, and (3) the muscle bundles, occupying two large distally rounded areas, separated by a narrow median ridge or furrow; in straight muscular articulations (Fig. 1) the transverse ridge separating the dorsal ligament fossa from the interarticular ligament fossæ runs at right angles to the dorsoventral axis of the joint face, and the two interarticular ligament fossæ and two muscular fossæ are of equal size, while in oblique muscular articulations (Fig. 7) the transverse ridge is strongly diagonal in position, and the two interarticular ligaments and two muscular fossæ are, on one side crowded, on the other drawn out, and therefore unequal. The non-muscular articulations (Figs. 5 and 11) are |