Austria-Hungary: Szerem. Koch, A. 1904.4, 1906.1.

Belgium: Dewalque, G. 1864.1,1871.1; -Antwerp, (Crag d'Anvers). Beneden, P. J. 1870.2, 1876.1,.2, 1881.1; Leriche, M. 1908.8; Storms, R. 1889.1, 1901.1.

British Is.: England. Crag beds of Suffolk and Norfolk. Prestwich, J. 1871.1. -Suffolk (Co.), Coralline crag. Woodward, A. S. 1890.1.-Red Crag. Charlesworth, E. 1837.1, 1838.1; Woodward, A. S. 1894.3. Corsica: Aleria. Priem, F. 1911.2. France: Hérault (Dept.), "Sables marins de Montpellier." Doncieux, L. 1905.1; GerFaujas de Saint-Fond, B. 1809.1; vais, F. L. 1855.2; Leriche, M. 1906.3, 1907.3; Priem, F. 1904.4, 1912.4; Rütimeyer, C. L. Add. 1857.1; Rivière, PreLinn. 1708.1.

Italy: Bergamo (Prov.), Pianico. Bassani, F. 1888.4.-Bologna (Prov.). Schubert, R. J. 1907.2.-Calabria (Comp.), Calanna. Stefano, G. 1901.1, 1912.3.Emilia (Prov.). Schubert, R. J. 1906.1; 1912.1.-Messina Stefano, G. 1911.1, (Prov.). Seguenza, L. 1900.1.-Parma and Piacenza (Provs.). Carraroli, A. 1897.1.Piacenza (Prov.), Castell Arquato. nati, R. 1909.1.-Potenza (Prov.). sani, F. 1901.1.-Reggio (Prov.), Calabria. Seguenza, L. 1901.1.-Siena (Prov.), S.

Bru

Bas

Giovanni. Barbolani di Montauto, G. Add. 1910.1.-Tuscany. Bassani, F. 1901.4; Sacco, F. 1886.1, 1905.1; Sismonda, E. 1861.1; Tuscany, Pisa (Prot.), Orciano. Stefano, G. 1910.1; Pisa (Prot.) Volterra. Davis, J. W. 1887.1; Delfortrie, E. 1876.1; Gervais, F. L. P. 1875.1; Lawley, R. 1875.1-1878.4; Major, C. I. 1879.1; Meneghini, G. 1864.1-1866.1; Val d'Arno, near Florence. Simonelli, V. 1889.1.

Netherlands: Limburg (Prov.), Tegelen-sur-Meuse. Newton, E. T. 1908.1; Reid, C., & Reid, E. M. 1907.1.

England: Abbott, W. J. 1908.1.-Preglacial Forest Bed series. Newton, E. T. 1882.1, 1901.1, Grays Thurrock area. Add. 1900.1.-Essex (Co.), Ilford. Johnson, J. P. 1901.1.-Norfolk (Co.), Mundesley. Lyell, C. 1840.1, 1842.1.-Orford and Wanstead dist. Hinton, M. A. 1900.1.

France: Allier (Dept.). Pomel, A. Add. 1844.1, 1846.1, 1853.1.

Germany: Keilhack, F. L. Add. 1883.1. -Saxe-Meiningen, Saalfeld. Richter, R.

- Protopterus. - Acipenser,

Amia, and Lepidosteus. Macallum, A. B. 1886.1.

In Elasmobranchii. - Chimara. Costa, O. G. 1847.1. -Galeus. Laguesse, G. E. 1902.1.

In Teleostei. Krüger, Albert 1905.1; Woodland, W. N. 1911.3; - Crenilabrus. Laguesse, G. E. 1895.1. Amiurus. Macallum, A. B. 1884.1.

For the most valuable treatises on the pancreas of Teleostei, see Legouis, S. 1870.1, 1873.1.

Pancreatic ducts, structure and development. Laguesse, G. E. 1893.1. Acipenser. Lavrov, S. 1908.2. "Weberian tubes or pancreatic ducts. Legouis, S.

★Bra

Development in Elasmobranchii. chet, A. 1896.1; Laguesse, G. E. 1894.2; Mayr, J. 1897.1; Scammon, R. E. Add. 1914.1.

In Teleostei. Goeppert, E. 1893.1; Laguesse, G. E. 1889.1, 1894.1. Trout. Stöhr, P. A. 1893.1; Stricker, F. 1899.1. Histology of pancreas. General account. Oppel, A. Add. 1900.1.

Islands of Langerhans, histological structure and physiological significance. Histology. Diamare, V. 1899.2; Osawa, G. 1913.1. Laguesse, G. E. (Elasmobranchii) 1902.2; Vincent, S. & Thompson, F. D. 1907.1,.2. Rennie, J. (Teleoster) 1903.1, 1904.1. Physiological significance. Diamare, V. & Kuliabko, A. 1904.1; Rennie, J. (Lophius) 1905.1.

Epithelial cyst in Petromyzon. Diamare, V. 1901.1.

PARASITES OF FISHES

This section relates specifically to the organisms living as parasites on fishes. For an intimately related section dealing more specifically with pathogenic organisms and the diseases they cause, see Pathology of fishes.

For larger organisms destructive to fishes, such as other fishes, birds, mammals, etc., see Noxious organisms under Pisciculture.

For the mutualistic association of fishes with hydroids, meduse, molluscs, etc., see Commensalism and symbiosis.

The subject of parasitology is so vast and the literature so extensive that it should be obvious that the present treatment is intended to be suggestive rather than exhaustive. Those interested in finding the more recent literature and the descriptions of new species of parasites are referred to the "Zoological Record.'

Discovery of parasitic borings in fossil fish scales. Rose, C. B. 1855.1.

The study of parasites as a clue to the migrations of fishes. Ward, H. B. 1908.1, 1909.1.

Popular article on parasites, with bibliography. Ward, H. B. 1912.1.

Parasites of the fishes - Orthagoriscus. Elwes, E. V. 1909.1; Beneden, P. J. Add. 1856.3; Leidy, J. Add. 1890.1.

Malopterurus. Fritsch, G. T. 1886.3. - Poronotus triacanthus. Linton, E. 1906.1, 1910.1.- Chimara. Olsson, P. H. 1896.1. Salmo salar. McIntosh, W. C. 1864.1; Tosh, J. R. 1905.1; ★Ward, H. B. 1910.2. Regalecus. Monticelli, F. S. Add. 1900.1.

Lists of, and treatises on American forms. Rathbun, R. 1902.1 (Should be 1884); Smith, S. I. 1874.1; ★Wilson, C, B. 1902.1-1911.4, Add. 1905.1-1913.1.

In addition to these papers, Prof. C. B. Wilson has since published comprehensive treatises on North American parasitic copepods belonging to the various genera or families as follows: "Genus Lernæa," Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 1915-1916 (1918), vol. 35, pp. 165-198, 10 pls. "Lernaida." Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, 1917, vol. 53, pp. 1.-150, 21 pls. Sphyriida." Ibid, 1920, vol. 55, pp. 549-604, 10 pls. Dichelesthiida," ibid, 1922, vol. 60, pp. 1– 100, 13 pls.

Parasitic copepods of Central Europe. Hofer, B. 1904.2.

For a valuable treatise with colored plates see "The British Parasitic Copepoda," by

Parasites Cont'd. ★Thomas & Andrew Scott, 2 vols., Ray Soc., London, 1913.

A similar treatise in Italian, also containing colored plates, is Copepodi parassiti dei Pesci d'Italia by A. Brian. Geneva, 1906, 189 p., 21 plates.

Various papers on parasitic copepods. Bassett-Smith, P. W. 1896.1, 1898.1, 1899.1, Add. 1895.1, 1898.1,.2; Beneden, P. J. 1851.1, 1852.1, 1855.1, 1857.2,.3, Add. 1851.1; Brian, A. 1908.1, Add. 1899.1; Brotherson, A. 1879.1; Calderwood, W. L. 1906.2; Cornalia, E. 1875.1; Giard, A. 1888.2, Add. 1889.2; Grube, A. E. 1873.1; Haempel, O. 1907.1; Hjort, J. 1895.2; Kneeland, S. 1858.1; Neresheimer, E. 1909.2; Valle, A. 1880.1; Wright, R. R. 1882.1; Candiotti, C. Add. 1910.1; Kellicott, D. S. Add. 1880.1, 1887.1, 1892.1; Leidy, J. Add. 1888.1,.3, 1890.2; Scott, T. Add. 1900.1.

Sub-order EUCOPEPODA

Ergasilida including Bomolochina. American forms. Wilson, C. B. 1911.2. Chondracanthida; various items. Delaroche, F. E. 1810.1; Rathbun, R. 1886.1; Vogt, C. C. 1877.1; Turner, W. & Wilson, S. H. Add. 1864.1.

Philichthyida, miscellaneous.

A. 1910.1; Vogt, C. C. 1877.1.

Quidor,

Lernaida. Various papers on the genus Lernæa. Baird, W. 1861.1; Goeze, J. A. 1784.1; Koelreuter, J. G. Add. 1775.1; ★Scott, A. Add. 1900.2. - Lernæenicus sprattæ, parasitic on eye of Clupea sprattus. Baudouin, M. 1904.1-1908.1; Cligny, A. 1905.3; Joubin, L. 1888.1,.2; Richiardi, S. Add. 1880.1. Penella remora of Remora. Murray, A. 1856.1. P. filosa in Othagoriscus. White, J. C. 1856.1.

Lernæopodidæ, various papers. Neresheimer, E. 1909.3; Vogt, C. C. 1877.1; Wilson, C. B. 1908.1, 1911.3,.4; Wright, R. R. 1882.1. -Lernæopoda edwardsii Wright, cause of epidemic at brook-trout hatchery in Wisconsin. Fasten, N. 1912.1,.2.

Fasten has since published in Pubs. Puget Sound Biol. Station, 1918, vol. 2, no. 36, pp. 73-76, pl. 18; and in the American Naturalist, 1921, vol. 55, pp. 449-456.

Fasten, according to Prof. C. B. Wilson, has devised the only known practicable method for the eradication of copepods and this is effective only before or during the early stages of the parasite's attachment. Frequent salt baths consisting of a 2.50 % solution of sodium chloride in which the fry may be left 3 or 4 hours will kill the parasites. Likewise a 1 or 2% solution of potassium chlorate or a 2% solution of magnesium sulphate is equally effective.

Sub-order BRANCHIURA Argulida, European forms. Léger, L. 1906.1; Perrier, L. 1909.2; Ströbel, L. 1914.1; Hamel, E. D. Add. 1870.1.

American forms. ★Wilson, C. B. 1902.11908.1.

Argulus, cause of epidemic among whitefish in Minnesota. Washburn, F. L. 1886.1; Wright, R. R. 1887.1.

Order Isopoda

Cymothoida, including the sub-families Cymothoina and Cirolanina. Parasitic in mouth and gill cavities and more rarely on the skin or fins of fishes. Less specialized parasites than copepods and capable of freely exchanging hosts.

Various topics. · Conilera destroying a captured shark. Day, F. 1884.2. - Tazonomic and natural history. Herklots, J. A. 1870.1; Lütken, C. F. 1858.1.

For the "natural history of the Isopoda," see Richardson, H. in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1904, vol. 27, 1-89.

The most comprehensive systematic treatises are Schioedte, J. C. & Meinert, F. "De Cirolanis Ægas simulantibus." Commentatio brevis, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 1879, (3) XII, pp. 279-302, pls., and especially their "Symbolæ ad Monographiam Cymothoarum, Crustaceorum Isopodum Familiæ.' Naturhist. Tidsskr., 18791884, (3) XII, pp. 321-414, pls.; XIII, pp. 1-66, 281-378, pls.; XIV, pp. 221-454, pls.

For an account in English of the European marine Cirolanina, see Hansen, H. J. in Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 1905, XXXIX, pp. 337-373, pls.

MOLLUSCAN PARASITES

The glochidia or larva of freshwater mussels (Unionida) live parasitically within a cyst formed by the epidermis of the fish parasitized. Such parasitism persists from one to several months before metamorphosis occurs and the young mussel begins a free life.

Various papers on methods of implantation of the glochidium, specific hosts, etc. Conner, C. H. 1905.1; Howard, A. D. 1913.1, Add. 1914.1..2,.3; Lefevre, G. & Curtis, W. C. 1910.1, Add. 1910.1; Leonhardt, E. E. 1905.22; Young, D. 1911.1; Faussek, V. A. Add. 1895.1, 1901.1; Surber, T. Add. 1914.1.

PROTOZOAN PARASITES

All references to Protozoan parasites, generally but not always pathogenic, have for the sake of convenience been placed in the section Pathology of fishes. In that section, see under Diseases caused by Sporozoan parasites; Diseases of the blood; and Diseases of the gills and skin.

WORM PARASITES

General treatises or compendia of helminthology. Hofer, B. 1904.2; ★Linstow, 0. 1878.1.

An invaluable work for the specialist, with records of occurrence and detailed references to the literature of each species of trematode, cestode, and roundworm, is the "Index-Catalogue" to which detailed references are given below under these groups. This work is a continuation of and an indes to Stiles, C. W. & Hassall, A. 1902.1.

Miscellaneous or unclassified references to "entozoa" or worm parasites. Annone, J. J. 1759.1; Barbagallo, P. & Drago, U. 1903.1; Gressner, 1867.1; Levander, K.

M. 1901.3, 1909.1; Lunel, G. 1880.2; Nicoll, W. 1909.1, 1910.1, Add. 1907.1; Oerley, L. 1885.1,.3; Perrot, L. 1819.1; Ward, H. B. 1894.2,.3; Zschokke, F. 1903.1, Add. 1891.1, 1896.1; Acharius, E. Add. 1780.1,.2; Cobbold, T. S. Add. 1873.1,.2, 1876.1, 1880.1; Condorelli-Francaviglia, M. Add. 1898.1,.2; Furnell, M. C. Add. 1884.1; Prenant, A. Add. 1886.1.

Early references in Pre-Linn. section. Frisch, J. 1727.1-1734.2; Garsin, L. 1730.1; Geoffroy, C. 1710.1; Rongeard, 1723.1. Translations of Frisch, J. Frisch, J. L. Add. 1781.1-.4.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Turbellaria

Sanguinicola (Family Rhynchostomida) living in blood of carp and tench. Rhabdocoels with greatly reduced pharynx. First known Turbellarian, parasitic in vertebrates. Plehn, M. 1905.1, Add. 1905.1.

Class Trematoda

For a comprehensive treatise on Trematodes, with references to the literature and detailed lists of hosts, consult the article by ★M. Braun in Bronn's "Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs," Bd. iv, Abth. la, 1879-1893, pp. 303-925.

The part of the bibliography of ★Stiles, C. W. & Hassall, A. 1902.1, dealing with trematodes, is the "Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology. Subjects: Trematoda and trematode diseases." Bull. 37, Hygienic Lab., U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, 1908, 398 p. Miscellaneous papers on Trematoda throughout the world. Ambrose, J. 1890.1; Daday, J. 1905.1, 1907.1; Delaroche, F. E. 1810.1; Goldberger, J. 1911.1; Linton, E. 1898.3, 1912.3; Marshall, W. & Gilbert, N. C. 1905.2; Parona, C. & Perugia, A. 1889.1-1892.1, Add. 1890.11896.1; Perugia, A. 1895.1, 1896.1; Scott, T. 1911.1; Stafford, J. 1902.1, 1904.1, 1905.1, 1907.1, Add. 1904.1; Zacharias, E. O. 1893.1; Ariola, V. Add. 1899.1; Hausmann, L. Add. 1896.1; Luehe, M. Add. 1906.1; Maclaren, N. Add. 1903.1; Sonsino, P. Add. 1890.1, 1891.1.

Order HETEROCOTYLEA (Chiefly ectoparasites; in fishes, infesting the gills and skin.)

Microcotyle. MacCallum, G. A. 1913.2, 3; MacCallum, G. & MacCallum, W. G. 1913.1. Squalonchocotyle borealis, parasitic on sleeper shark. Ward, H. B. 1910.5.

Tristomum. Bell, F. J. Add. 1891.1; Setti, E. Add. 1898.1. Epibdella. Beneden, P. J. Add. 1856.2; Schoett, H. Add. 1896.1. Monocotyle. Pratt, H. S. Add. 1910.1.

Gyrodactylus, the cause of much trouble to the fish culturist. Bradley, C. L. 1861.1; Kathariner, L. 1895.1; Leonhardt, E. E. 1905.11; Ryder, J. A. 1884.6.

Treatment of Gyrodactyliasis. Hofer, B. 1902.1, 1904.2; Usakov, B. 1907.1; Voskresenskii, A. 1909.1.

Octobothrium sagittatum as a cause of pernicious anæmia. Hofer, B. 1903.2, 1904.2.

Order ASPIDOCOTYLEA Macraspis elegans Olsson, parasitic in gall bladder of Chimara. Olsson, P. H.

1896.1.

Aspidogaster ringens Linton, and A. kemostoma n. sp., parasitic in alimentary tract of pompano. MacCallum, G. A. & MacCallum, W. G. Add. 1913.1.

Order MALACOCOTYLEA

(Chiefly endoparasites, infesting the alimentary tract and gall bladder, although some species of Distomum occur in the gills.)

Amphistomum in notochord of Protopterus. Burckhardt, C. R. 1891.1. - Clinostomum marginatum in American freshwater fishes. Osborn, H. L. 1901.1, 1911.1, 1912.1. Cryptogonimus chyli, in black bass. Osborn, H. L. 1903.1,.2, 1910.1.

Diplostomum or Holostomum cuticula, as cause of Diplostomiasis. Linton, E. 1898.3; Pavesi, P. 1881.1; Poppe, S. A. 1911.1; Gamble, F. W. & Drew, G. H. Add. 1911.1.

For the anatomical details of Distomum, see Looss, A. Add. 1894.1.

Various papers, chiefly on Distomum. Braun, M. G. 1894.2; Cobbold, T. S. 1867.1; Johnston, S. J. 1902.1; Leidy, J. 1851.1,.2, 1853.1, 1888.2; Linstow, O. F. 1907.1; Looss, A. 1901.1; Lühe, M. 1900.1; MacCallum, W. G. 1895.1, 1905.1; Macleay, W. 1877.1; Nickerson, W. S. 1900.1; Sinicyn, D. 1905.1, Add. 1906.1; Ward, H. B. 1894.1, 1901.1; Weyenbergh, H. 1875.1, 1877.2; Chavannes, A. Add. 1851.1; Schroeder, A. E. Add. 1895.1.

Class Cestoidea

(Tapeworms or Cestoda)

A valuable treatise is the article by M. Braun in Bronn's "Klassen u. Ordnungen," Bd. iv, Abth. 1b, 1894-1900.

The part of the bibliography of Stiles, C. W. & Hassall, A. 1902.1, dealing with cestodes, is the "Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology. Subjects: Cestoda and Cestodarea.' Bull. 85, Hygienic Lab., U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, 1912, 476 p.

Amphiptyches urna Wagener, from Chimæra and Callorhynchus. Haswell, W. A. 1902.2; Olsson, P. H. 1896.1; Scott, T. 1911.1; Spencer, W. B. 1899.1; Wagener, G. 1852.1.

Ligula (Riemenwurm) infesting cœlom and causing peritonitis or ligulosis. Fishes, chiefly cyprinids, are the intermediate hosts, the final hosts being aquatic birds. Miscellaneous papers. Leidy, J. 1856.5, 1873.4; Levander, K. M. 1904.1; Linton, E. 1891.5; Neveu-Lemaire, M. 1909.1; Parona, C. & Mazza, F. 1900.1; A. 1912.1; Davaine, C. J. Add. Donnadieu, A. L. Add. 1870.1. tality caused by Ligula. Hofer, B. 1904.2; Rátz, S. 1893.1.

Willer, 1865.1; Mor

Tetracotylus perca-fluviatilis, cause of epidemic in Italian lakes. Mazzarelli, G.

Various unclassified papers on cestodes: Bothriocephalus, Tetrarhynchus, and various Bergman, A. M. 1903.1;

genera.

Bos

suat, E. 1902.1; Cobbold, T. S. 1863.1; Duvernoy, G. L. 1842.1; Harvey, M. 1876.1; Haswell, W. A. 1902.1, Add. 1904.1; Hoek, P. P. 1879.1; Iverus, J. 1905.1; Kraemer, A. 1892.1,.2; Leidy, J. 1885.1, 1871.1, Add. 1879.2; ★Linton, E. 1889.1, 1891.1,.5, 1892.2, Add. 1889.11914.1; Lühe, M. 1902.1,.2; Macleay, W. 1877.1; Masi, L. 1912.1; Mola, P. 1903.1; Olsson, P. Add. 1872.2; Schneider, G. 1902.1,.2, 1903.1,.2,.14, 1904.18, 1905.5, 1910.1, 1911.2, Add. 1905.1,.2; Skorikov, A. S. 1902.1, 1903.1; Ariola, V. Add. 1899.2, 1900.1; Beneden, P. J. Add. 1849.1, 1889.1; Curtis, W. C. Add. 1890.1, 1911.1; Klaptocz, B. Add. 1906.1; Maclaren, N. Add. 1903.1; Marais de Beauchamp, P. Add. 1905.1; Mégnin, J. P. Add. 1881.1; Shipley, A. E. & Hornell, J. Add. 1906.1; Southwell, T. Add. 1911.1-1913.1.

For the occurrence of Dibothriocephalus latus in man, see Parasites of alimentary tract under Diseases of man.

Phylum Nemathelminthes (Roundworms and Threadworms) The part of the bibliography of Stiles, C. W. & Hassall, A. 1902.1, dealing with roundworms, is the "Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology. Subjects: Roundworms (Nematoda, Gordiacea, and Acanthocephali) and the diseases they cause.' Bull. 114, Hygienic Lab., U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, 1920, 881 p.

Another valuable compendium is Linstow, O. F. 1878.1.

be

The following references are not comprehensive and are given for what they may worth.

Sub-order Nematoda

in

the

Ascaris, occurring usually intestine. Giard, A. 1903.3; Noël de la Morinière, S. 1804.1; Wright, R. R. 1879.1; Wyman, J. Add. 1844.1,.2.

Filaria, Ichthyonema, etc.. parasitic usually in tissues. Bean, T. H. 1908.1; Leidy, J. 1878.1, 1883.1, 1886.1; Yarrell, W. 1832.2; Wedl, C. 1848.1; Baird, W. Add. 1861.1; Gemmill, J. F. & Linstow, O. Add. 1902.1.

Cystidicola farionis, a nematode, parasitic in air-bladder of trout. Fischer von Waldheim, G. Add. 1797.1, 1798.1; Shipley, A. E. Add. 1908.1.

Various papers on Nematodes. Roth, W. 1909.3; Fourment, L. Add. 1884.1;

Martin, A. R. Add. 1771.1; Shipley, A. E. & Hornell, J. Add. 1906.1.

Sub-order Acanthocephala

Chiefly the genus Echinorhynchus of which the adult forms live in the alimentary canal of fishes, the larval forms occurring in crustacea or other fishes which are the intermediate hosts. Bieler, W. 1913.1; Diesing, K. M. 1854.1; Leidy, J. 1851.1,.2, 1890.1; Neveu-Lemaire, M. 1905.1,.2; Porta, A. 1904.1, 1905.1; Stephens, J.

W. & Boyce, R. 1904.1; Yarrell, W. 1832.2; Desir, Add. 1843.1; Hyatt, J. D. Add. 1896.1.

1911.1.

"

Alleged penetration of the urethra of bathers by the Candiru. Boulenger, G. A. 1897.6; Castelnau, F. 1855.1, Jobert, C. 1898.1; Marcoy, P. 1869.1; Orton, J. 1870.1; Poeppig, E. 1835.1; Schomburgk, R. H. 1840.1; Spix, J. B. & Agassiz, L. 1829.1; Spix, J. B. & Martius, C. F. 1823.1; Lange, A. Add. 1912.1; Woodroffe, J. F. Add. 1914.1.

For a recent summary, see ★Eigenmann, C. H. in Mem. Carnegie Mus., 1918, vol. 7, pp. 261-269.

Parasitic habits of the Lamprey eels. Jürgens, W. 1911.1; Robertson, D. 1875.1; Smith, W. S. 1905.1; Surface, H. A. 1898.1, 1899.1; Anon. 612. Non-parasitism of the Brook-lamprey. Gage, S. H. 1911.1.

Data on parasitism among the various Cyclostomes will probably be found under the fishes in the Systematic Part, particularly under the headings General accounts, and Natural History.

PATHOLOGY OF FISHES

With some necessary modifications, the arrangement of this section follows that used in the Handbuch der Fischkrankheiten" of B. Hofer, cited below. The German vernacular names in this treatise are here repeated.

For an intimately related section, not clearly separable but dealing more specifically with organisms whose presence is not generally pathogenic, see the section on Parasites of fishes.

For all abnormalities in structure and development such as double monstrosities, curvature of the spine, etc., see under Teratology.

For the association of fishes with human diseases, see Diseases of man.

For the pathological effects of refuse of factories, refineries, etc., see Depletion under Fisheries.

For the destruction of fishes by natural causes, earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.; causes of winter-killing, etc., see under Mortality.