Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera, Credo equidem, vivos ducent de marmore voltus, well-known lines of Ennius A. 9, fr. 8, rem: Noenum rumores ponebat ante salutem: claret." Rom. and one or two others have 'restitues,' which has been recommended on the ground that Anchises is using throughout the predictive future. But the present is much more forcible, making it an attribute of Fabius that he saved the state by delay, and being in fact a translation of his name 'Cunctator.' 66 847.] Est rhetoricus locus," remarks Serv. of this celebrated passage. The concessive fut., as Forb. calls it, is used else where, as in Hor. 1 Od. 7. 1, 3 Od. 23. 13, instead of the more usual subj. Here it is more appropriate, as being the language of prophecy. Aera' of bronze statues Hor. 2 Ep. 1. 240. "Spirantia signa" G. 3. 34. The reference throughout is to the Greeks, the natural rivals of Rome. 'Mollius' expresses grace and delicacy, with some reference perhaps, as Forb. thinks, to giving the soft appearance of flesh. 848.] Credo equidem' 4. 12. Here it has almost the force of cedo,' which was conjectured by Markland, and is the first reading of Pal. Credo equidem' occurs 2. 704., 12. 818, but not quite in this sense. "Credo equidem' is not ironical, as Burm. thinks, but means I can well believe it,' i. e., I am quite ready to admit it. So Hor. 2 Ep. 1. 66 foll., "Si quaedam nimis antique, si pleraque dure Dicere credit eos, ignave multa fatetur," unless there we are to read cedit' with Bentley from the Queen's Coll. MS. 'Ducere' is properly used of producing forms by extension, as in metal (7. 634), wax (Pers. 5. 40, Juv. 7. 237), or clay ("ducere lateres de terra" Vitruv. 2. 3). Hence it is transferred to marble, probably with the accessory notion of the form growing and spreading over the material under the sculptor's hand. 'De marmore' is a material abl., as in 4. 457, G. 3. 13, but it also stands in con 850 nexion with ducere,' like "lento argento" in 7. 634 just cited. 849.] 'Orabunt caussas melius' has perplexed commentators and critics, from Cerda to De Quincey (Works, vol. 14, p. 67, first Eng. ed.), who cannot understand why Virg. should have conceded to Greece superiority in oratory, and in some cases even insinuate that he must have been jealous of the fame of Cicero. But Virg.'s conces sion is made in a liberal and magnificent spirit, in order that the real fame of his countrymen as warriors and statesmen may appear greater and it is not likely that he thought of the number of indivi dual reputations that the position thus assumed compelled him to sacrifice. In the general proposition, that the real greatness of Rome lay in acts of war and policy, all moderns will agree with him: and whether he has specified oratory among the pursuits in which other na tions are allowed to excel or has left it to be inferred is a matter of little conse quence. He would doubtless have speci fied poetry with equal or greater readiness, if he had not felt that the very mention of it would have implied a latent egotism. Caeli meatus' like "caeli vias" G. 2. 477, though there the addition of "et sidera" softens the expression. Henry understands the words specifically of the heavenly circles. 850.] "Descripsit radio totum qui gen tibus orbem " E. 3. 41. Surgentia sidera dicent' seems to mean, will fix, or predict, the risings of the stars. 851.] Regere inperio' is a Lucretian Me Populos,' subject nations. Comp. generally 1. 263, "populosque ferocis Contundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet." 852.] Ars' or 'artes' is a common expression for pursuits or appliances of any t Parcere subiectis, et debellare superbos. Sic pater Anchises, atque haec mirantibus addit: Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis Ingreditur, victorque viros supereminet omnis! Hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, Sistet, eques sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem, 66 kind: here however there is probably a reference to its stricter sense. "These shall be your arts'-these shall stand to you in the place of sculpture, eloquence, and astronomy. Pal. a m. pr. and three inferior MSS. have 'haec,' and so Ribbeck: but though it is not unlikely that copyists should have been puzzled by the older form of the nom. fem. plural, as they doubtless were in G. 3. 305, where I would now read "Haec-tuendae," the external authority for the change is hardly sufficient. 'Inponere' &c. are in apposition with 'artes,' not, as some have taken them, dependent on 'memento,' 'hae-artes' being regarded as parenthetical. For pacis all the best MSS. (Pal. and Gud. as well as Med. and Rom., if Ribbeck's silence is to be trusted) appear to give 'paci,' which Ribbeck adopts. Admitting the difficulty of the question, I have on the whole preferred to abide by the more usual reading, which is found in Serv., "leges pacis," and supported by Livy 9. 14, gentem quae suarum inpotens rerum prae domesticis seditionibus discordiisque aliis modum pacis ac belli facere aequum censeret," quoted by Wagn. 'Morem pacis inponere' however means more than modum pacis facere," being equivalent, as Wagn. interprets it, to victos adsuefacere vitae pacatae," compel them to cultivate the arts of peace." Henry. Comp. 8. 316, "Quis neque mos neque cultus erat," and see on 1. 264, G. 4. 5. This might be the sense with 'paci,' though I am not sure that it would be Virgilian to understand 'paci' as i. q. "pacatis gentibus." Perhaps we might say that peace is curbed by institutions which prevent it from degenerating into luxury and licence, or that it is restrained by being made lasting. No parallel however occurs to me in Virg. or any other author, which would clear up the expression. 'Pacis on the other hand is further confirmed by "pacis dicere leges 12. 112, which is parallel in expression (mos' and 'lex' being similar) rather than in sense. 853.] Of this sentiment Cerda remarks "Deficiet me tempus memorantem testes 855 huius praeconii, te legentem." The most apposite instances he gives are Livy 30. 42, where the Carthaginian ambassadors say of the Romans "plus pene parcendo victis quam vincendo inperium auxisse," and Hor. Carm. Saec. 51 (of Augustus), “Inperet bellante prior, iacentem Lenis in hostem," though there inpetret' is the more probable reading. 854-886.] Lastly, Anchises points out the elder Marcellus, who is attended by a younger spirit. Aeneas inquires who the youth is, and learns that he is destined to die young, amid the general grief of the Roman people.' 854.] Mirantibus' seems to mean that Aeneas and the Sibyl are already penetrated by the grandeur of the vision and the prophecy, and so indicates, as has been remarked to me, Virg.'s own sense of the greatness of the elevation attained in the preceding passage. 855.] Marcellus is of course singled out for the sake of his namesake, soon to be mentioned. 'Spoliis opimis,' won from the general of the Insubrian Gauls Viridomarus. 856.1 Gradiensque deas supereminet omnis 1. 501, where 'deas' is supported against 'dea' by 'viros' here. 857.] Res Romana' occurs twice in Enn., Ann. fr. inc. 10, 41. "Subito turbante tumultu" 9. 397. "Tumultus' is here used in its technical sense of a Gallic war, for which see the celebrated passage Cic. 8 Phil. 1. 858.] Sistet,' opowσel, opposed to the shaking of the tumultus."" "Salvam ac sospitem rempublicam sistere in sua sede liceat. ut optumi status auctor dicar" is quoted from an edict of Augustus by Suet. Aug. 28. Comp. also the phrase "nec sisti posse," common in Livy (3. 9, 16, 20 &c.). So the epithet 'stator,' which was used not only of Jupiter as the stayer of flight (Livy 1. 12, comp. by Forb.), but of Jupiter and other gods as supporters of Rome. "Auctor ac stator Romani nominis, Gradive Mars" Vell. 2. 131. It is not altogether easy to say whether 'eques' should go with 'sistet' or with 'sternet.' Tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino. sus. The combat in which Marcellus gained the 'spolia opima' was a combat of cavalry (Dict. B. Marcellus): and though 'sternet,' as Wagn. remarks, goes more naturally with 'eques' than 'sistet,' it does not seem certain that Marcellus' advantages against the Carthaginians had any special connexion with cavalry. Gossrau however refers to Sil. 12. 178 foll., who speaks as if the sally from Nola, memorable as the first success obtained against Hannibal, were chiefly one of cavalry: but this does not specially appear in the account in Livy 23. 16. If we take eques' with 'sternet,' we shall do right to connect them closely, with Henry, ride over,' kabınжάseσbai. Rom. has equis.' 'Rebellem' the Insubrian Gauls had sued for peace, but their overtures were rejected: upon which they combined with another tribe, the Gaesatae, took the field in great force, and laid siege to Clastidium, where the battle happened. 859.] There is a difficulty about pendet patri Quirino,' as the story was that Romulus, the author of the custom, dedicated the first 'spolia opima' to Jupiter Feretrius. Serv. explains it by referring to a law of Numa's, which is said to have enjoined that on the first winning of spolia opima' they should be offered to Jupiter Feretrius, as had been already done by Romulus; on the second to Mars, which was done by Cossus; on the third to Quirinus. Livy however, 3. 20, distinctly speaks of the spolia opima' of Cossus as dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius: and Prop. 5. 10. 45 talks of "spolia in templo tria condita." Serv. proposes as an alternative to separate patri' from 'Quirino,' taking 'patri' of Jupiter, and connecting capta Quirino,' formerly won by Romulus, which is sufficiently unlikely. For tertia' Rom. has tristia.' 860.] Una,' with Marcellus. 861. "Egregii forma" 10. 435. Fragm. Vat. has formam.' It matters little whether fulgentibus armis' goes with 'egregium' or is taken separately. 862.] The construction is changed for variety's sake. Frons laeta parum,' sad 860 dened with the presage of death. Comp. v. 866 below. Deiecto lumina voltu,' a pleonastic variety for lumina deiecta' or voltus deiectus.' 863.] Sic' seems merely to mean 'thus as we see. To interpret it with Forb. "tam tristi specie " would anticipate v. 866. 864.] De stirpe' with nepotum.' "Praeclare stirpe deorum" G. 4. 322. · 865.] Qui,' which was restored by Heins. but removed by Wagn., is found in Pal., fragm. Vat. a m. pr., 'quis' in Med., Rom. Sense as well as euphony seems to be in favour of 'qui,' as it is not an interrogation that is wanted, but an exclamation. "Comitum,' the shades of young Marcellus' future contemporaries crowd round him admiring and applauding. Heyne comp. Eur. Phoen. 148, as oxλos νιν ὑστέρῳ ποδὶ Πάνοπλος ἀμφέπει, where Antigone is asking the names of the invading generals, and commenting on them as she sees them, and the imitation of Virg. in Sil. 13. 782 (speaking of the shade of Homer) "multaeque sequuntur Mirantes animae, et laeto clamore frequentavit." Henry has a note on instar,' in which he attempts to prove that the word never means any thing but 'amount.' He appears to be right in regarding it as to some extent parallel with 'modus,' comparing Ammian. 15. 1, "Ambitus terrae... ad magnitudinem universitatis instar brevis obtinet puncti," with Macrob. Somn. Scip. 1. 16, "Physici terram ad magnitudinem circi per quem volvitur sol puncti modum obtinere docuere," just as Gell. 2. 6 virtually explains it by 'finis," "Inculpatus autem instar est absolutae virtutis: inlaudatus quoque igitur finis est extremae malitiae." But the same word may have many shades of meaning, as might be shown in the case of' modus ' itself, though all of course flow from a single notion. In the case of 'instar' it seems probable from the appearance of the word that the original notion was something like 'standard.' This will explain all the instances where it is used with the gen. in the sense of resemblance (comp." ad modum "). There Sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra. seems no doubt that in some passages (e. g. Suet. Caes. 61, "cuius etiam instar pro aede Veneris genetricis dedicavit") it means a representation, but it does not appear that there is any trace of this earlier than Livy, so that we need not assume it to be the original notion of the word, at the same time that we can quite account for it as a meaning that may have been attached to it in subsequent usage. Here then it might possibly be taken with Serv. &c. in the sense of similitudo.' It is to be observed however that Virg. elsewhere uses the word in connexion with size (2. 15., 3. 687., 7. 707), so that I would rather suppose the meaning to be, with Heyne, 'how commanding is his presence,' which is besides suggested by the context. Ipso' is evidently meant to distinguish him from those about him, so that we should expect some attribute of distinction to be predicated of him, not simple similarity to his ancestor. Heyne edited ipso est,' the reading before Heins., but all the best MSS. omit the verb subst. 866.] Partially repeated from 2. 360. Heyne comp. the words of Theoclymenus to the suitors, Od. 20. 351, à deλol, Ti κακὸν τόδε πάσχετε; νυκτὶ μὲν ὑμέων Εἰλύαται κεφαλαί τε πρόσωπά τε νέρθε τε γοῦνα, where as here the image is that of approaching death. 867.]Ingressus' 4. 107. It matters little whether it be taken here as a participle or as a finite verb. 868.] Wagn. restored 'gnate' from Med., agreeably to his opinion that Virg. prefers the archaic spelling in solemn passages, and I have not thought it worth while to disturb it, though fragm. Vat., Pal., Rom., and Gud. have 'nate.' Tuo'like suorum' above v. 681. For the well-known story about these lines see vol. i. p. xx (Life of Virgil). rum 869.] Peerlkamp comp. Tac. Agr. 13 VOL. II. 866 870 875 "D. Iulius potest videri (Britanniam) ostendisse posteris, non tradidisse." For 'neque' Med. and Rom. give 'nec' which was the reading of Heins. Ultra,' beyond this mere glimpse. Marcellus was in his twentieth year when he died. 870.] "Sit Romana potens Itala virtute propago' 12. 827. The construction seems to be 'Romana propago visa (est) nimium potens (futura fuisse). 871.] Rom. has 'Superis,' only one of many errors that occur in it in this part of the book. Propria,' note on E. 7. 31. Had it been allowed to call these gifts all its own.' Taubm. has an unseasonable reminiscence of logic, "propria, id est, perpetua : ... proprium enim numquam avellitur ab essentia.” 872.] Virum' with 'gemitus.' 'Mavortis' seems as if it might go both with 'urbem' (comp. "Mavortia moenia" 1. 276) and with campus,' a double reference which is perhaps less common in Virg. than in Horace. Comp. G. 1. 273. 873.] Aget gemitus,' shall send forth groans, like "spumas aget" G. 3. 203, comp. by Forb., perhaps with an accessory notion of celebration (" agere triumphum &c.), which is Heyne's suggestion. The mourning for Marcellus is described by Dion 53. 30 foll. 874.] Funera' for 'funus' as in 4. 500, doubtless to enhance the dignity of the thought. There were 600 couches in Marcellus' funeral procession. Tumulum recentem,' the mausoleum which Augustus had erected in the Campus Martius for the Julian family five years before. 875.] Latinos avos,' the shades of the heroes of Latium or Lavinium, who are supposed either to look forward to the future glory of one who is now a shade along with them, or to be conscious while he is on earth and they themselves in darkness. The future 'tollet' seems in favour of the In tantum spe tollet avos, nec Romula quondam - latter. We may suppose them to enquire about him from new comers, as Agamemnon in Od. 11 enquires about Örestes. Virg. has adroitly varied his expression, so as to make us think in this sentence of the ancestors of the Romans, Trojan or Latin, in the next of Rome itself. 876.] With 'spe tollet' Heyne comp. ¿λniow enaipei. 'Spe' might be conceivably understood as a gen., like 'fide' &c., but no instance of the form is quoted. Rom. has 'spes.' Romula tellus' like "Romulae gentis" Hor. 4 Od. 5. 1. The form of the noun is used as an adj.: see on "cineri Sychaeo" 4. 552. 878.] Pietas,' to gods and men, referring perhaps specially to his relation to Augustus. Prisca fides: Gossrau comp. Hor. Carm. Saec. 57, "Iam Fides et Pax et Honos Pudorque Priscus et neglecta redire Virtus Audet," and reminds us from 1. 292 above that Augustus wished to be regarded as the restorer of ancient virtues. "Vivida bello dextra" 10. 609. Virg., as Henry remarks, is lamenting the budding virtues which are never to blossom. 879.] No one would have been his match in fight, had he been destined to live. "Obvius ardenti sese obtulit" 10. 552. "Quisquam se' was the order before Heins. 880. Perhaps from Od. 9. 49, énioτáμενοι μὲν ἀφ ̓ ἵππων ̓Ανδράσι μάρνασθαι, καὶ ὅθι χρὴ πεζὸν ἐόντα. "Pedes ire" 7. 624., 10. 453. 881.] Instead of repeating cum,' Virg. has chosen to express himself differently, as if the doubt expressed by 'seu' were about the fact of Marcellus fighting on horseback. Comp. Hor. A. P. 63 foll. "sive receptus Terra Neptunus classis Aquilonibus arcet" &c. Armos' seems to be used widely for the flank. 882.] "Miserande puer" 10. 825., 11. 42. Henry rightly prefers the old pointing 880 885 883.] Tu Marcellus eris' implies, as Henry thinks, that the youth is not Marcellus yet but only his promise: but it is also meant to include all the glories of the family, as if we were to say 'You shall be a true Marcellus.' 'Date-spargam' &c. See on 4. 683. The sense here, as Wagn. remarks, is probably the same as if he had written "date lilia ut spargam flores," the lilies and the 'purpurei flores' being identical. Gossrau makes 'date' parenthetical, taking manibus lilia plenis with 'spar gam,' which is of course out of the ques tion. "Dant fruges manibus salsas" 12. 173, where as here manibus' is abl., not, as in 1. 701, dative. 884.]Purpureos' may either be understood generally as bright (see on E. 5. 38), or in its strict sense, as Pliny 21. 5 says, "sunt et purpurea lilia." "Pur pureos flores" 5. 79 (note), which also illustrates the custom. Nepotis' is of course used vaguely. 885.] "Acesten Muneribus cumulat" 5. 531. Comp. also 11. 25, "egregias animas... decorate supremis Muneribus,” and with the feeling expressed in 'saltem' ib. 23, "qui solus honos Acheronte sub imo est," Hom.'s rò yàp yépas éσrì lavórTWV. Virg. may have thought of Eur. Iph. Aul. 1239, Ÿ' àλλà тOÛTO KATOаVOÛσ ἔχω σέθεν Μνημεῖον. • Munus of funeral rites G. 4. 520, &c. 'Inani munere' like "vano honore" 11. 52. Anchises identifies himself with Augustus and those who are conducting the funeral of Marcellus on earth. 886-901.] Anchises explains to Aeneas 7 |