μον μέγιστόν ἐστιν ἁπάντων· εἶθ ̓ οὗτοι τὰ ὅπλα εἶχον ἐν 25 ταῖς χερσὶν ἀεί· ἔπειτα χρημάτων εὐπόρει, καὶ ἔπραττεν ἃ δόξειεν αὐτῷ, οὐ προλέγων ἐν τοῖς ψηφίσμασιν, οὐδ ̓ ἐν τῷ 306 φανερῷ βουλευόμενος, οὐδ ̓ ὑπὸ τῶν συκοφαντούντων κρινόμενος, οὐδὲ γραφὰς φεύγων παρανόμων, οὐδ ̓ ὑπεύ θυνος ὢν οὐδενὶ, ἀλλ ̓ ἁπλῶς αὐτὸς δεσπότης, ἡγεμὼν, 295 κύριος πάντων. ἐγὼ δ ̓ ὁ πρὸς τοῦτον ἀντιτεταγμένος 5 (καὶ γὰρ τοῦτ ̓ ἐξετάσαι δίκαιον) τίνος κύριος ἦν ; οὐδενός· αὐτὸ γὰρ τὸ δημηγορεῖν πρῶτον, οὗ μόνου μετεῖχον ἐγὼ, ἐξ ἴσου προὐτίθεθ ̓ ὑμεῖς τοῖς παρ ̓ ἐκείνου μισθαρνοῦσι καὶ ἐμοὶ, καὶ ὅσα οὗτοι περιγένοιντο ἐμοῦ (πολλὰ δ ̓ ἐγίγνετο ταῦτα, δι ̓ ἣν ἕκαστον τύχοι πρόφασιν), ταῦθ' 10 296 ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἀπῇτε βεβουλευμένοι. ἀλλ ̓ ὅμως ἐκ τοιούτων ἐλαττωμάτων ἐγὼ συμμάχους μὲν ὑμῖν ἐποίησα Εὐβοέας, ̓Αχαιούς, Κορινθίους, Θηβαίους, Μεγαρέας, Λευκαδίους, Κερκυραίους, ἀφ ̓ ὧν μύριοι μὲν καὶ πεντακισ οὐδ ̓ ὑπὸ . . . κρινόμενος] Omitted by the Codex S. ἁπλῶς] The adjective ἅπλοος, sim. plex, is derived by Professor Key from ἅπλοκος, the first part containing ἅμα or 'one,' and the latter the substantive πλοκή (from the verb πλέκ-ω), analogous toplica,' a flat surface' (comp. applicare '), in Latin. The guttural κ disappears between the vowels, just as 'oc. tavus' became ὄγδοFos, ὄγδοος. He supports this view by the German einfach,' as if fach were a modification of Fläche,' any thing flat,' a word connected with 'plica' by a well-known law of change from the classical to the Teutonic languages; and he illustrates the dropping of the '1' (in 'ein-flach ') by 'fugel-man,' from the German Flügelmann. Again, ἐπίπλοον = the omentum,' a sort of apron folded over the intestines,' suggests a neuter adjective ἐπίπλοκον, from ἐπι-πλέκω, ' to fold over.' Proc. of Phil. Soc. vi. 128. ἐγὼ δ' ... ἀντιτεταγμένος] ' and I who was matched against him.' αὐτὸ γὰρ τὸ δημηγορεῖν] ' for as for this very privilege of addressing the people to begin with, in which alone I participated, you offered it equally to his hirelings and myself.' With αὐτὸ γὰρ τὸ δημηγορεῖν πρῶτον comp. (adv. Lept. § 118) αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο πρῶτον. With προτιθέναι λόγον = 'copiam dicendi fa- δι' ὴν ἕκαστον τύχοι] “ Malim ἥντινα: ... in these ἐκ τοιούτων ἐλαττωμάτων] ' under such disadvantages.' μύριοι . . . ἱππεῖς] Plutarch (in vita, c. 17) adopts this statement about the 15,000 mercenaries, and 2000 horsemen, and Aeschines (c. Ctes. § 97) taunts Demosthenes with boasting that he had raised an allied force of 10,000 infantry and 1000 cavalry -Εἰς πεζοὺς στρατιώτας μυρίους καὶ ἱππεῖς χιλίους, ὑπάρξειν δὲ πρὸς τούτοις καὶ τὰς πολιτικὰς δυνάμεις. But this allusion refers to the earlier exertions of Demosthenes (B.c. 343-340) in Peloponnesus, Acarnania, and with Callias in Euboea, before Thebes had joined Athens against Philip (B.c. 338). χίλιοι ξένοι, δισχίλιοι δ ̓ ἱππεῖς ἄνευ τῶν πολιτικῶν 15 δυνάμεων συνήχθησαν χρημάτων δὲ, ὅσων ἠδυνήθην 297. ἐγὼ, πλείστην συντέλειαν ἐποίησα. εἰ δὲ λέγεις ἢ τὰ πρὸς Θηβαίους δίκαια, Αἰσχίνη, ἢ τὰ πρὸς Βυζαντίους ἢ τὰ πρὸς Εὐβοέας, ἢ περὶ τῶν ἴσων νυνὶ διαλέγει, πρῶτον μὲν ἀγνοεῖς ὅτι καὶ πρότερον τῶν ὑπὲρ τῶν Ελλή- 20 νων ἐκείνων ἀγωνισαμένων τριήρων, τριακοσίων οὐσῶν 298 τῶν πασῶν, τὰς διακοσίας ἡ πόλις παρέσχετο, καὶ οὐκ ἐλαττοῦσθαι νομίζουσα οὐδὲ κρίνουσα τοὺς ταῦτα συμβουλεύσαντας οὐδὲ ἀγανακτοῦσα ἐπὶ τούτοις ἑωρᾶτο (αἰσχρὸν γὰρ), ἀλλὰ τοῖς θεοῖς ἔχουσα χάριν, εἰ κοινοῦ 25 κινδύνου τοῖς Ελλησι περιστάντος αὐτὴ διπλάσια τῶν ἄλλων εἰς τὴν ἁπάντων σωτηρίαν παρέσχετο. εἶτα κενὰς 299 χαρίζει χάριτας τουτοισὶ συκοφαντῶν ἐμέ. τί γὰρ νῦν 307 λέγεις οἷα ἐχρῆν πράττειν, ἀλλ ̓ οὐ τότ ̓ ὢν ἐν τῇ πόλει καὶ παρὼν ταῦτ ̓ ἔγραφες, εἴπερ ἐνεδέχετο παρὰ τοὺς παρόντας καιροὺς, ἐν οἷς οὐχ ὅσα ἠβουλόμεθα, ἀλλ ̓ ὅσα δοίη τὰ πράγματ ̓ ἔδει δέχεσθαι· ὁ γὰρ ἀντωνούμενος καὶ ταχὺ 5 τοὺς παρ ̓ ἡμῶν ἀπελαυνομένους προσδεξόμενος καὶ χρήματα προσθήσων ὑπῆρχεν ἕτοιμος. 300 ̓Αλλ ̓ εἰ νῦν ἐπὶ τοῖς πεπραγμένοις κατηγορίας ἔχω, τί ἂν οἴεσθε, εἰ τότ ̓ ἐμοῦ περὶ τούτων ἀκριβολογουμένου, ἀπῆλθον αἱ πόλεις καὶ προσέθεντο Φιλίππῳ, καὶ ἅμα 10 Εὐβοίας καὶ Θηβῶν καὶ Βυζαντίου κύριος κατέστη; τί εἴπερ ἐνεδέχετο παρά] ' if the circumstances had allowed it,' or 'if it had been permitted by them. Dr. Arnold illustrated this usage of Tapá by our phrase, 'it was all along of their conduct.' Comp. Dein. c. Demos. § 73: & 'Aonναῖοι, παρὰ τί οἴεσθε τὰς πόλεις τοτὲ μὲν εὖ τοτὲ δὲ φαύλως πράττειν; οὐδὲν εύο ρήσετε ἄλλο πλὴν παρὰ τοὺς συμβούλους καὶ τοὺς ἡγεμόνας. ὅσα] This word is definite in the first instance, and takes the indicative; in the second it is indefinite, and takes the optative, ὅσα δοίη. . ποιεῖν ἂν ἢ τί λέγειν τοὺς ἀσεβεῖς ἀνθρώπους τουτουσί ; 301 οὐχ ὡς ἐξεδόθησαν; οὐχ ὡς ἀπηλάθησαν βουλόμενοι μεθ ̓ ἡμῶν εἶναι ; εἶτα τοῦ μὲν Ἑλλησπόντου διὰ Βυζαντίων ἐγκρατὴς καθέστηκε, καὶ τῆς σιτοπομπίας τῆς τῶν 15 ̔Ελλήνων κύριος, πόλεμος δ ̓ ὅμορος καὶ βαρὺς εἰς τὴν ̓Αττικὴν διὰ Θηβαίων κεκόμισται, ἄπλους δ ̓ ἡ θάλαττα ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκ τῆς Εὐβοίας ὁρμωμένων λῃστῶν γέγονεν ; οὐκ 302 ἂν ταῦτ ̓ ἔλεγον, καὶ πολλά γε πρὸς τούτοις ἕτερα; πονηρὸν, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης ἀεὶ καὶ 20 πανταχόθεν βάσκανον καὶ φιλαίτιον· τοῦτο δὲ καὶ φύσει κίναδος τἀνθρώπιόν ἐστιν, οὐδὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑγιὲς πεποιηκὸς οὐδ ̓ ἐλεύθερον, αὐτοτραγικὸς πίθηκος, ἀρουραῖος Οινόμαος, 303 παράσημος ῥήτωρ. τί γὰρ ἡ σὴ δεινότης εἰς ὄνησιν ἥκει τῇ πατρίδι ; νῦν ἡμῖν λέγεις περὶ τῶν παρεληλυθότων ; ὥσπερ 25 ἂν εἴ τις ἰατρὸς ἀσθενοῦσι μὲν τοῖς κάμνουσιν εἰσιών μὴ 308 εἶτα τοῦ μέν] Demosthenes here gives greater animation and force to his words, by using the oratio directa.' Translate: What then, is he become master of the Hellespont? On the σιτοπομπία see Mr. Blakesley's note on Herod. vi. 5, where he states that much of the corn in question was grown in the valley of the Borysthenes (Dnieper), and shipped at the Milesian ports of Olbia and Odessus. The same region in the s. E. of Russia is now a great corn-growing country. Some might come by the Pruth and the Danube from Moldavia and Wallachia. ἀρουραίος Οινόμαος] See § 231. There was a play of Sophocles called 'Oenomaus,' with a character of the same name, which it appears Aeschines had been in the habit of acting at the Rural Dionysia in various villages of Attica, as well as in the township of Collytus. παράσημος ῥήτωρ] an orator of a bad stamp.' A metaphor from bad money. Thus Harpocration: Παράσημος ῥήτωρ. Δημοσθένης ἐν τῷ ὑπὲρ Κτησιφῶντος. Ἐκ μεταφορᾶς εἴρηται ἀπὸ τῶν νομισμάτων, & καλοῦσι παράσημα· ἤτοι ὅτι ὑποχαράτο τεται ὑπὸ τῶν ἀργυραμοιβῶν σημείῳ τινὶ, καὶ πολλά γε] ‘aye, and many other ὃ τὴν φαυλότητα δηλοῖ, ἐπειδὴ παρατετύthings too besides these.' πονηρόν] * a wicked thing is a calumniator always, and every way malicious and fault-finding; but this creature is by his very nature too a fox.' Mr. K.: 'a Jacobs thus: ein boshaftes reptile.' Wesen ist der Sycophant, boshaft immer und überall, misgünstig und schmäh. suchtig; aber dieser Wicht hier ist eine Bestie von Natur.' αὐτοτραγικὸς . . . ῥήτωρ] ' a veritable ape of tragedy, an Oenomaus of the country, a counterfeit orator. Dissen quotes Aristotle (Ars Poet. c. 27) to show that Callipides, a celebrated tragic actor, was called a πίθηκος or ape, ὡς λίαν ὑπερβάλλων in his imitations of character. It may be then that the orator here describes his rival, an old performer in tragedies, as an extravagant actor, who tore a passion to tatters. πωται καὶ παρακεχάρακται· ὅτι γὰρ ἐπὶ Also Herod. i. § 66: χρησμῷ κιβδήλω ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις] For the construction 304 λέγοι μηδὲ δεικνύοι δι ̓ ὧν ἀποφεύξονται τὴν νόσον, ἐπειδὴ δὲ τελευτήσειέ τις αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ νομιζόμενα αὐτῷ φέροιτο, ἀκολουθῶν ἐπὶ τὸ μνῆμα διεξίοι “ εἰ τὸ καὶ τὸ ἐποίησεν ἄνθρωπος οὑτοσὶ, οὐκ ἂν ἀπέθανεν.” ἐμβρόντητε, εἶτα νῦν 5 λέγεις ; Οὐ τοίνυν οὐδὲ τὴν ἧτταν, εἰ ταύτῃ γαυριᾷς ἐφ' ἡ στένειν σε, ὦ κατάρατε, προσῆκεν, ἐν οὐδενὶ τῶν παρ' ἐμοὶ γεγονυίαν εὑρήσετε τῇ πόλει, οὕτωσὶ δὲ λογίζεσθε. οὐδαμοῦ πώποθ ̓, ὅποι πρεσβευτὴς ἐπέμφθην ὑφ ̓ ὑμῶν 10 ἐγὼ ἡττηθεὶς ἀπῆλθον τῶν παρὰ Φιλίππου πρέσβεων, οὐκ ἐκ Θετταλίας, οὐκ ἐξ ̓Αμβρακίας, οὐκ ἐξ ̓Ιλλυριῶν, οὐ παρὰ τῶν Θρᾳκῶν βασιλέων, οὐκ ἐκ Βυζαντίου, οὐκ ἄλλοθεν οὐδαμόθεν, οὐ τὰ τελευταῖα ἐκ Θηβῶν, ἀλλ ̓ ἐν οἷς κρατηθεῖεν οἱ πρέσβεις αὐτοῦ τῷ λόγῳ, ταῦτα τοῖς ὅπλοις 15 305 ἐπιὼν κατεστρέφετο. ταῦτ ̓ οὖν ἀπαιτεῖς παρ ̓ ἐμοῦ, καὶ οὐκ αἰσχύνει τὸν αὐτὸν εἴς τε μαλακίαν σκώπτων καὶ τῆς Φιλίππου δυνάμεως ἀξιῶν ἕνα ὄντα κρείττω γενέσθαι ; καὶ ταῦτα τοῖς λόγοις ; τίνος γὰρ ἄλλου κύριος ἦν ἐγώ ; οὐ γὰρ τῆς γε ἑκάστου ψύχης, οὐδὲ τῆς τύχης τῶν παραταξαμένων, 20 306 οὐδὲ τῆς στρατηγίας, ἧς ἔμ ̓ ἀπαιτεῖς εὐθύνας· οὕτω σκαιὸς εἶ. ἀλλὰ μὴν ὧν γ ̓ ἂν ὁ ῥήτωρ ὑπεύθυνος εἴη, πᾶσαν ἐξέτασιν λάμβανε οὐ παραιτοῦμαι. τίνα οὖν ἐστι ταῦτα ; ἰδεῖν τὰ τὰ νομιζόμενα] • the customary solem. nities. These are clearly τὰ ἔννατα, οι the novemdialia sacra,' offered to the deceased on the ninth day after death. Comp. Aesch. c. Ctes. § 77 : ἑβδόμην δ' ἡμέραν τῆς θυγατρὸς αὐτῷ τετελευτηκυίας, πρὶν πενθῆσαι καὶ τὰ νομιζόμενα ποιῆσαι. Οὐ τοίνυν οὐδὲ τὴν ἧτταν] ‘Nor indeed even as for the defeat of Chaeroneia.' τῶν Θρᾳκῶν] Τeres and Cersobleptes. οὐ τὰ τελευταῖα] Most of the MSS. add πρώην, ' recently, a word hardly ap. plicable to an event of eight years' standing. The Codex S omits it, and I agree with Dindorf in rejecting it. λαιος, are applied to Demosthenes. πᾶσαν ἐξέτασιν] a complete scrutiny. ἰδεῖν τὰ πράγματα] Mr. Grote (xi. 441) in his remarks on the foresight and patriotism of Demosthenes as displayed " throughout all the Olynthiacs and Philippics," refers to this passage, and observes, "We note his warnings given at this early day, when timely prevention would have been easily practicable, and his superiority to elder politicians like Εubulus and Phokion, in prudent appreciation, in foresight, and in the courage of speaking out unpalatable truths. More than twenty years after this period, when Athens had lost the game and was in her phase of humiliation, Demosthenes (in repelling the charges of those who imputed her misfortunes to his bad advice) measures the real extent to which a political statesman is properly responsible. The first of all things is,-Τo see events in their beginnings, to discern tendencies πράγματα ἀρχόμενα καὶ προαισθέσθαι καὶ προειπεῖν τοῖς ἄλλοις. ταῦτα πέπρακταί μοι. καὶ ἔτι τὰς ἑκασταχοῦ 25 βραδυτητας, όκνους, ἀγνοίας, φιλονεικίας, ἃ πολιτικὰ ταῖς 309 πόλεσι πρόσεστιν ἁπάσαις καὶ ἀναγκαῖα ἁμαρτήματα, ταῦθ ̓ ὡς εἰς ἐλάχιστα συστεῖλαι, καὶ τοὐναντίον εἰς ὁμόνοιαν καὶ φιλίαν καὶ τοῦ τὰ δέοντα ποιεῖν ὁρμὴν προτρέψαι. καὶ ταῦτά μοι πάντα πεποίηται, καὶ οὐδεὶς 5 307 μήποθ' εύρῃ τὸ κατ' ἐμὲ οὐδὲν ἐλλειφθέν. εἰ τοίνυν τις ἔροιτο ὁντινοῦν, τίσι τὰ πλεῖστα Φίλιππος ὧν κατέπραξε διῳκήσατο, πάντες ἂν εἴποιεν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ καὶ τῷ διδόναι καὶ διαφθείρειν τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων. οὐκοῦν τῶν μὲν δυνάμεων οὔτε κύριος οὔθ ̓ ἡγεμὼν ἦν ἐγώ, ὥστε 10 οὐδ ̓ ὁ λόγος τῶν κατὰ ταῦτα πραχθέντων πρὸς ἐμέ. καὶ μὴν τῷ γε μὴ διαφθαρῆναι χρήμασιν κεκράτηκα Φιλίππου· ὥσπερ γὰρ ὁ ὠνούμενος νενίκηκε τὸν λαβόντα, ἐὰν πρί ηται, οὕτως ὁ μὴ λαβὼν μηδὲ διαφθαρεὶς νενίκηκε τὸν ὠνούμενον. ὥστε ἀήττητος ἡ πόλις τὸ κατ ̓ ἐμέ. 15 308 Α μὲν τοίνυν ἐγὼ παρεσχόμην εἰς τὸ δικαίως τοιαῦτα γράφειν τουτονὶ περὶ ἐμοῦ, πρὸς πολλοῖς ἑτέροις ταῦτα καὶ παραπλήσια τούτοις ἐστίν· ἃ δ ̓ οἱ πάντες ὑμεῖς, ταῦτ ̓ ἤδη λέξω. μετὰ γὰρ τὴν μάχην εὐθὺς ὁ δῆμος, εἰδὼς καὶ ἑωρακὼς πάντα ὅσα ἔπραττον ἐγώ, ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς δεινοῖς 20 clearly elliptical, and derived from such ὁ λόγος . . . πρὸς ἐμέ] • the question καὶ μὴν τῷ γε μή] and at any rate inasmuch as I have not been bribed.' ὁ ὠνούμενος] * a bidder, literally, ' one who wishes to purchase. Compare ἀντωνούμενος § 199 above, and Herod. i. 68: ἐμισθοῦτο παρ' οὐκ ἐκδιδόντος τὴν αὐλήν, and c. 69: πέμψαντες οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐς Σάρδις χρυσὸν ὠνέοντο. Κροῖ σος δέ σφι ὠνεομένοισι ἔδωκε δωτίνην. “Α . . . παρεσχόμην] ' As to the grounds then which I myself gave the defendant to justify such a motion as his about me.' ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐμβεβηκώς] when in ... 1 |