Consideration of Collections.-The Congress devoted its afternoon sessions to the discussion and study of the extensive collections of anthropologic materials brought together by the exposition. Discussions relating to collections of the Department of Anthropology included papers and addresses by a number of gentlemen connected with the exhibits and others especially qualified to discuss Professor Putnam reviewed the history of the department and the progress of the great series of explorations and investigations conducted under his direction. He passed hurriedly over the more important features of the multitude of exhibits brought together by agents of the department and by individuals, states, societies, educational institutions, and foreign governments, and concluded by explaining to the congress his plans and hopes with respect to the prospective outcome of his prolonged and arduous labors a great anthropologic museum to be established in Chicago. Papers were read by Dr. Boas and Prof. Joseph Jastrow on the work of the department laboratories, the former treating of physical researches and the latter of psychical phenomena and the methods and appliances of their study. The fine equipment of these laboratories is one of the notable features of the department, and the collaborators have initiated their respective studies in a way that promises results of the very highest importance. It is to be hoped that the favorable conditions under which the work is begun may continue a series of years.

The subject of games was introduced by Mr. Stewart Culin, and remarks were made by Mr. F. H. Cushing, Capt. J. G. Bourke, and others. The collections relating to the evolution of games and the history of gaming brought together by Mr. Culin are of the greatest interest and importance, his exhibit taking a foremost rank among the great group of collections in the Anthropological Department. In completeness of arrangement and exhaustiveness of presentation it surpasses anything of the kind yet seen in any part of the world. This was emphasized by the discussion of the subject before the congress. Mr. Culin, in his rather brief remarks, brought forward surprising examples of analogies between the games of unrelated and even antipodean peoples. These analogies Mr. Cushing explained (as probably indicating independent development along identical. lines) in his address on the derivation of gaming from divination with arrows, and on the development and marvelous number and diversity of these arrow-games in America, as so well shown in Mr.

Culin's collections and examples. Captain Bourke, in closing the discussion, affirmed also the more or less sacred and divinistic character of all true primitive American games.

Other papers relating to the department collections were as follows: By Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, on exhibits of Mexican archeology; by Mr. G. A. Dorsey, on his rich and varied collections from South America; by Dr. Emil Hassler, on the ethnology of Paraguay and his unrivaled collections of native feather-work from that region; by Ernest Volk, on "Cache finds from ancient village sites in New Jersey," in which it was shown that in two cases the villagers had brought together small hoards of rudely shaped pieces of argillite; and by Mr. F. H. Cushing, on the "Cliff Dwellers," in which the place of their peculiar culture development was shown to be probably intermediary between that of the archaic nomad and the highest phases of progress in the region. It was also made apparent that the Zuñi Indians were formerly cliff dwellers, as, according to the best scientific authorities, were other tribes of the region at one or more periods of their history, the occupation extending down to the present period in well-verified cases. It may well be noted here that these conclusions were antagonized by the extraordinary and utterly unreliable teachings of the principal exhibitor of cliffdwellers' remains on the exposition grounds, through whose agency many erroneous notions respecting these remains have been disseminated among the people of the country.

One afternoon session was devoted to papers relating to anthropologic exhibits in the Government building, where the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum, and Bureau of Ethnology had brought together a display, consisting largely of new and valuable materials relating to ethnology and archeology. Prof. O. T. Mason, representing the National Museum, explained the plan on which the ethnologic exhibit was made. The well-known map of linguistic families north of Mexico, prepared by Major J. W. Powell, was taken as a basis on which to assemble the materials. The aim was to have each leading linguistic stock of peoples represented by collections of art products and by groups of life-sized figures engaged in characteristic arts and industries arranged serially in the alcoves. The groups illustrate the arts of weaving, basket-making, pottery, milling, baking, tanning, stone-working, silversmithing, bark-writing, pictography, etc., and various games and ceremonies. Numerous other figures are intended to illustrate costumes, physical characters,

habits, and customs. Lack of time for preparation and limitations of space prevented the full development of a scheme that promises to be of much importance in object-teaching and museum arrangement. The linguistic stock map aided the speaker in setting forth the distinctions to be drawn between the four fundamental concepts of ethnology, to wit: 1. Blood or race, which is a purely zoological idea; 2. Languages, studied in themselves and as indices of race; 3. Nationality, which is a purely social notion; 4. Arts, which belong even more to region than to tribe or language or race.

Mr. W. H. Holmes, representing the Bureau of Ethnology, called attention to the exhibits of archeologic material made by the Museum and Bureau. The principal exhibit illustrated systematically for the first time the arts of mining and quarrying and the manufacture of stone implements by the aborigines. Illustration of the history of flaked stone implements by the classification and grouping of quarryshop products was the leading feature of the exhibit. Diagrams were presented intended to show that stone implements must be studied in the same manner as the naturalist studies living creatures. There is a development of the individual implement from its inception in the raw material through a series of stages to the perfected state. There is an evolution of species, beginning with the first stone implement shaped by the hand of man and advancing through the ages, changing, specializing, and differentiating until the various groups, the species, orders, and families are developed. A full and correct interpretation of the varied phenomena of implement-making is essential to the student who would venture to employ the products of men's hands in the elucidation of his early history.

Mr. F. H. Cushing, of the Bureau of Ethnology, spoke of the Zuñi dramatic recital of the epic ritual of creation illustrated in the exhibit by a group of the three leading priestly characters engaged in that ceremonial.

Dr. Cyrus Adler, curator of religions in the National Museum, described the exhibit illustrative of the history of religions and reviewed the subject of the representation of his department of investigation in the museums of the world. He described the collections of the Musee Guimet at Paris, the Lateran Museum at Rome, the Arab Museum at Cairo, and other religious collections, as well as special displays, such as the Papal exhibitions in Rome in 1887, the Anglo-Jewish exhibition in London in the same year, and others.

In concluding he outlined a scheme for a section of religions in the United States National Museum, which is to be set up in the near future.

The wonderfully varied exhibits of the Columbian Exposition afforded ample diversion to the members of the congress. One evening was spent witnessing dances of the Kwakiutl Indians of the northwest coast, and visits to the Midway Plaisance, with its American Indian and Eastern primitive villages, oriental and barbarian dances, oriental jugglers, trained animals, ancient Greek portraits, German museum, etc., were features of the occasion. The closing event on Saturday evening was a dinner served at the German restaurant, on which occasion speeches of gratulation and farewell were made.

Concluding Remarks.-The Anthropologic Congress of itself probably marks no epoch in the history of the science of anthropology, taking rather the character of a suitable and withal satisfactory feature of the Columbian Exposition, serving an important function in giving emphasis to the value of the great assemblage of anthropological material there brought together. The great richness of the American field of investigation was made apparent to all. The importance of the outcome of the whole group of anthropologic features connected with the fair depends largely on the action of Chicago with respect to the opportunity of the century in museum-making.

A plan has been matured looking to the publication of the proceedings of the congress. Members have raised a fund of upward of five hundred dollars, but it is estimated that one thousand dollars or more will be necessary to publish the volume of some five hundred pages required to accommodate the papers in a complete form. It is much to be regretted that the exposition did not provide for the publication in good style of the reports of all the congresses auxiliary, for they mark (not in all cases, however, as they should mark) the status of progress in all departments of culture at the present day. No other memorial can hope to compare in permanence and in completeness of record with that made possible by the art of printing, and the published memorials of this exposition must be the bases for comparisons of progress at all succeeding Columbian expositions and, for that matter, all other like celebrations.

ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE MADISON MEETING.

BY W J MC GEE.

The forty-second meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Madison, Wisconsin, August 16– 23, 1893, fell below the average of recent years in attendance, but, thanks to the thoughtful hospitality of the good people of the lakeside city, was memorably pleasant. Moreover, the scientific interest of the papers and discussions was quite up to if not above the average, and anthropology received, perhaps, the lion's share of attention. A vice-presidential address, the customary popular lecture, and thirty papers presented before the anthropologic section, besides numerous discussions of importance, indicate the position taken by this science at the meeting. It may be added that while Section H was, through the energy of Vice-President Dorsey, always prompt in beginning work, it was the last to adjourn. The average attendance at sectional meetings, both maximum and mean, was also reached in this section. Thus, as an indication of activity in the branch of knowledge most closely related to humanity, and as a measure of popular interest in anthropology, the Madison meeting was highly gratifying.

The formal address by Vice-President J. Owen Dorsey represented the results of recent researches concerning the Biloxi Indians of Louisiana, of which a few remnants only exist. During Mr. Dorsey's visits to the survivors of this people, in 1892 and 1893, he acquired a quantity of linguistic, mythologic, and sociologic material sufficient to form a volume of several hundred pages, and the address comprised the gist of this material. The significance of the appellations and other denotive terms of the tribe; the earlier habitats and migrations; the past and present condition of the people with respect to habits, customs, and numbers; and the kinship system and marriage laws were severally treated in a philosophic way. Special attention was given to the Biloxi language, which was discussed with respect to phonology, morphology, semasiology (or sematology). In the course of the discussion it was shown