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Bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro.
Hinc pater Aeneas, Romanae stirpis origo,
Sidereo flagrans clipeo et caelestibus armis,
Et iuxta Ascanius, magnae spes altera Romae,
Procedunt castris, puraque in veste sacerdos
Saetigeri fetum suis intonsamque bidentem
Attulit, admovitque pecus flagrantibus aris.
Illi ad surgentem conversi lumina solem
Dant fruges manibus salsas, et tempora ferro
Summa notant pecudum, paterisque altaria libant.
Tum pius Aeneas stricto sic ense precatur :
Esto nunc Sol testis et haec mihi Terra vocanti,

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168.] Magna' Gud., a reading men. tioned with disapproval by Serv. Serv. on E. 6. 11 has a story, told also by the Pseudo-Donatus in his Life of Virg., but refuted by the chronology, that Cicero used the words 'magnae spes altera Romae' of Virg. on hearing the Sixth Eclogue recited in the theatre, the first hope' being himself.

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169.] Pura' unspotted: comp. Tibull. 1. 10. 27, "Hanc (porcam) pura cum veste sequar," of a rustic offering: so ib. 2. 13 (Cerda). Phaedrus, 3. 10. 10, has "toga pura," of a toga without a praetexta. "Pura vestimenta sacerdotes ad sacrificium habebant, id est, non obsita, non fulgurita, non funesta, non maculam habentia." Festus, p. 248 (Müller).

170.] Saetigeri'all Ribbeck's MSS. 'Saetigerae' was the common reading before Pierius, but has not been found in any MS. A pig was the ordinary victim in the ceremony of making a treaty: see 8. • 641, Livy 1. 24., 9. 5, Sueton. Claud. 25, &c. (see Lersch, A. V. § 54. 3.) Bidentem' 4. 57 note. Lersch (1. c.) makes a difficulty about the sheep, for the introduction of which there seems to be no strict warrant in the Roman usage as known to us: Serv. says, 66 ovem Graeco

more adhibuit:" see II. 3. 246.

165

170

175

171.] 'Admoveo' of bringing the victim to the altar, as in Tac. A. 2. 69, "Admotas hostias, sacrificalem apparatum proturbat." Suet. Calig. 32, "Admota altaribus victima” (Taubm.). Add Pers. 2. 75.

172.] Comp. 8. 68, "Surgit, et, aetherii spectans orientia Solis Lumina, rite cavis undam de flumine palmis Sustinet," &c. Forb. comp. Ov. F. 4. 777, "His dea placanda est: haec tu conversus ad ortus Dic," &c.: Soph. O. C. 477, Xoàs xéaσbai πάντα πρὸς πρώτην ἕω (and Schneidewin's note). Some old editions had 'surgentissolis,' as was to be expected.

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173, 174.] Animus' Gud. originally for manibus.' "Dant famuli manibus lymphas" 1. 701, in a different sense. "Et salsae fruges, et circum tempora vittae" 2. 133. Tempora-notant pecudum,' of the custom of cutting off the hair of the victim before sacrifice: see on 6. 245. 'Pateris altaria libant' is a variety for "pateras libant altaribus" or "in altaria," possibly suggested by the late use of Aeißeobal of being sprinkled.

175.] "Stricto ense, tanquam periurium ulturus," Heyne. But Virg. is also thinking of Il. 19. 252 foll., 'Arpeídns de ἐρυσσάμενος χείρεσσι μάχαιραν Κάπρου ἀπὸ τρίχας ἀρξάμενος, Διὶ χεῖρας ανασχών, EXETO, &c.

176.] The prayer in Il. 3. 276 is, Zeû πάτερ, Ιδηθεν μεδέων, κύδιστε, μέγιστε, Ηέλιός θ ̓, ὃς πάντ ̓ ἐφορᾶς καὶ πάντ ̓ ἐπο ακούεις, Καὶ Ποταμοὶ καὶ Γαῖα, καὶ οἱ ὑπέν ερθε καμόντας ̓Ανθρώπους τίνυσθον, ὅτις κ ̓ ἐπίορκον ὀμόσσῃ, Ὑμεῖς μάρτυροι ἔστε, quλáσσeтe döρкiα morά, &c.; so nearly 19. 258 foll., Ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς πρῶτα, &c., whence Virg. takes his rhythm. 'Vocanti' Pal., Rom., and Gud., which gives 'pre

Quam propter tantos potui perferre labores,
Et Pater omnipotens, et tu Saturnia coniunx,
Iam melior, iam, diva, precor; tuque inclute Mayors,
Cuncta tuo qui bella, pater, sub numine torques;
Fontisque Fluviosque voco, quaeque aetheris alti
Religio, et quae caeruleo sunt numina ponto:
Cesserit Ausonio si fors victoria Turno,
Convenit Euandri victos discedere ad urbem;
Cedet Iulus agris; nec post arma ulla rebelles
Aeneadae referent, ferrove haec regna lacessent.
Sin nostrum adnuerit nobis Victoria Martem,-
Ut potius reor, et potius di numine firment--
Non ego nec Teucris Italos parere iubebo,
Nec mihi regna peto; paribus se legibus ambae
Invictae gentes aeterna in foedera mittant.
Sacra deosque dabo; socer arma Latinus habeto,

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180.] "Caelum et terras qui numine torquet" 4. 269 note. Quorum semper sub numine Troia est" 9. 247. For 'pater' see on G. 2. 4.

182.] Religio,' used in a concrete sense for the object of dread, like oéßas. "Uno eodemque tempore Agrigentini beneficium Africani, religionem domesticam, ornamentum urbis, requirebant" (of a statue of Apollo) Cic. 2 Verr. 4. 43. Religio' is used for a divine warning 3. 363.

183.] Cedo' as in 3. 297, 333. Si fors' in contrast to the certainty of his own hopes, v. 188.

184.] 'Decedere' Med. originally. 'Convenit σuyKEITAI, 'it is agreed.'

185, 186.] 'Cedat' Rom., but the fut. is confirmed by the context. Cedet agris'

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180

185

190

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191.] Invictae,' i. e. neither shall suffer the shame of conquest. Se in foedera mittere' like "in foedera venire" 4. 339 note. Comp. also 4. 618, where, however, leges' is used in a different sense.

192.] Sacra' includes the sacred things for worship as well as the rites themselves: comp. 2. 293, "Sacra suosque tibi com

Inperium sollemne socer; mihi moenia Teucri
Constituent, urbique dabit Lavinia nomen.
Sic prior Aeneas; sequitur sic deinde Latinus,
Suspiciens caelum, tenditque ad sidera dextram :
Haec eadem, Aenea, Terram, Mare, Sidera, iuro,
Latonaeque genus duplex, Ianumque bifrontem,
Vimque deum infernam et duri sacraria Ditis;
Audiat haec Genitor, qui foedera fulmine sancit.
Tango aras, medios ignis et numina testor:
Nulla dies pacem hanc Italis nec foedera rumpet,
Quo res cumque cadent; nec me vis ulla volentem
Avertet, non, si tellurem effundat in undas,

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196.] So of Agamemnon, Il. 19. 257, Εὐξάμενος δ ̓ ἄρα εἶπεν, ἰδὼν εἰς οὐρανὸν εὐρύν.

197.] "Maria aspera iuro" 6. 351. The constr. is like the Greek buvuμ with acc., Ομνυμι γαῖαν Ἡλίου θ ̓ ἁγνὸν σέβας, Eur. Med. 752 &c. It is found in prose, Cic. Fam. 7. 12, "Iovem Lapidem iurare."

198.] Latonae genus duplex,' the Sun and Moon. Ianum bifrontem' 7. 180.

199.] Vim deum infernam' means more than 'inferos deos' (like “odora canum vis" for "odori canes"). "Caelestum vis magna" 7. 432. Virg. is thinking of I1. 19. 259, Ερινύες, αλθ ̓ ὑπὸ γαῖαν ̓Ανθρώπους τίνυνται, ὅτις κ ̓ ἐπίορκον ομόσσῃ. Duri,' comp. G. 4. 470,"Regemque tremendum, Nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda.” Sacraria,' the shrine of Dis, probably meaning his abode: conversely a temple is often called "domus." So Jupiter

195

200

in Stat. Theb. 3. 246 calls heaven "Arcem
hanc aeternam, mentis sacraria nostrae '
(Forc.), which may serve to fix the mean-
ing here.

200.] 'Sancire foedus,' to enforce a treaty by a penalty: comp. Livy 23. 8, "Sanguine Hannibalis sanciam Romanum foedus" (Taubm.). Cic. (?) post Red. suum ad Quir. 5, "Cum . . . omnia cum omnibus foedera sanguine meo sancirentur." Fulmine,' by striking perjurers with his bolt.

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201.] Tango aras' 4. 219 note, 6. 124. Is cui, si aram tenens iuraret, crederet nemo Cic. pro Flacco, 36. 90. Vendet periuria summa Exigua et Cereris tangens aramque pedemque " Juv. 14. 218: comp. Livy 21. 1. Medios ignes et numina' apparently means 'the fires and the gods that are between us.'. Aeneas and Latinus probably stand with the altar between them, and the gods are supposed to be present at the sacrifice. Heins. explained medios' as "sequestres et conciliatores pacis." Mediosque' was the common reading before Pierius and Heins.

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Diluvio miscens, caelumque in Tartara solvat ;

205

210

Ut sceptrum hoc-dextra sceptrum nam forte gerebat-
Numquam fronde levi fundet virgulta nec umbras,
Cum semel in silvis imo de stirpe recisum
Matre caret, posuitque comas et bracchia ferro;
Olim arbos; nunc artificis manus aere decoro
Inclusit, patribusque dedit gestare Latinis.
Talibus inter se firmabant foedera dictis
Conspectu in medio procerum. Tum rite sacratas
In flammam iugulant pecudes, et viscera vivis
Eripiunt, cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras.

melting. The nom. to 'effundat' is 23, "6

'vis.'

205.] Diluvio' implies that the water encroaches on the land. Miscens,' confounding. Solvat,' a rhetorical continuation of effundat.' In each case it is the solid part of the universe that is supposed to give way. Med. a m. p. has 'solvit.'

206.] An imitation of the well-known passage, Il. 1. 234 foll., Ναὶ μὲ τόδε σκῆπτρον, τὸ μὲν οὔποτε φύλλα καὶ ὅλους Pure, &c. Wagn. remarks, "Mira profecto comparatio, in qua nihil rebus collatis inter se commune, nisi quod neutrum futurum esse contenditur.” Dextra sceptrum nam forte gerebat' seems weak: but Virg. is fond of 'forte' in such descriptions: see 11. 552, Telum inmane, manu valida quod forte gerebat" of Metabus: and v. 488 below.

207.]Fundit Pal., corrected into 'fundet.' 'Fundere virgulta ' like "fundere flores" E. 4. 23., 9. 41. 'Fronde,' probably descriptive, taken with virgulta.' 'Umbras,' a common point in Virg.'s description of trees: see G. 1. 157, 191., 2. 297, 410, &c. Neque,' one of Ribbeck's cursives, and so Heins. and Heyne: nec' was restored by Wagn.

5.

208.] Virg. is rendering closely Homer's Ἐπειδὴ πρῶτα τομὴν ἐν ὄρεσσι λέλοιπεν 11. 1. 235. " 'Cum' then has virtually th force of "ex quo," much as we use sing in both a temporal and a logical sense 626 and the passage of Cicero there quoted are not parallel, as in them 'cum' is coextensive with the whole time covered by the principal verb. For the gender of 'stirps' see on v. 781 below.

209.] 'Cadet' Med. for 'caret.' 'Matre' the parent tree, not the parent earth, as Heyne is inclined to take it: comp. G. 2.

215

Hic plantas tenero abscindens de corpore matrum Deposuit sulcis:" and ib. 19. 55. Posuitque comas,' &c.: so nearly Prop. 3. 12. 12, "Et vitem docta ponere falce comas" (Cerda). 'Bracchia' G. 2. 296, 368. 'Ferro,' instr. abl.: comp. 9. 704 note.

210.] 'Arbos,' of a large branch of a tree, as in G. 2. 81. 'Aere decoro: Virg. has given a new turn to Hom.'s wepì yap pá é χαλκὸς ἔλεψεν φύλλα τε καὶ φλοιόν.

211.] Inclusit,' not unlike "inclusum buxo ebur" 10. 136, "smaragdi Auro includuntur" Lucr. 4. 1127. Νῦν αὐτέ μιν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν Ἐν παλάμῃς φορέουσι δικασπόλοι, οἵτε θέμιστας Πρὸς Διὸς cipúara, Il. 1. c. _ Virg. in translating this represents the Latin patres' or primitive senate as occasionally carrying the sceptre, though generally it is the symbol of royalty alone (8. 506, &c.). The only other exception to this is the case of the princess Ilione, who is said to have borne a sceptre, 1. 653. For the construction patribus dedit gestare' comp. 1. 319 note. "Certare' Rom. for 'gestare.'

212.] "Foedera firment" 11. 330. 213.] 'Prospectu' Med. for 'conspectu." Rite sacratas,' by the amaрxh, v. 173 above.

11. 199. <

214.] In flammam iugulant pecudes' Viscera vivis Eripiunt,' so Seneca, Thyestes 4. 755, "Erepta vivis exta pectoribus tremunt, spirantque venae, corque adhuc pavidum salit" (Taubm.). Comp. 4. 64 note, "Pecudumque reclusis Pectoribus inhians spirantia consulit exta." Viscera,' however, may mean the flesh, as elsewhere in Virg. (1. 211, &c.), the sense being that the victims are flayed before they are quite dead.

215.] Cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras' 8. 284 note.

At vero Rutulis inpar ea pugna videri
Iamdudum, et vario misceri pectora motu;

Tum magis, ut propius cernunt non viribus aequis.
Adiuvat incessu tacito progressus et aram
Suppliciter venerans demisso lumine Turnus,
Tabentesque genae et iuvenali in corpore pallor.
Quem simul ac Iuturna soror crebescere vidit
Sermonem, et volgi variare labantia corda,
In medias acies, formam adsimulata Camerti,-

216-310.] 'Juturna excites the Rutulians to break the treaty. The augur Tolumnius, encouraged by a prodigy which she had sent, throws his javelin among the Trojan ranks, and kills a man: the conflict becomes general: Messapus slays the Etruscan prince, Aulestes, and other blood is shed.'

217.] Vario misceri,' &c., constructed like 2. 298, "Diverso interea miscentur moenia luctu." Misceri,' are confused: vario,' discordant: comp. 11. 454, "Hic undique clamor Dissensu vario magnus se tollit ad auras."

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218.] It is perhaps impossible to get a satisfactory explanation of this line. "Non viribus aequis: eos congressuros esse, subaudis" Serv., and so nearly Heyne, who supplies "pugnam ineundam as acc. to 'cernunt.' Wagn. thinks that 'viribus aequis' can be taken as an abl. of quality used as an adj., quoting Tac. A. 1. 13, "(Arruntium) divitem, promptum, artibus egregiis et pari fama publice, suspectabat:" but there the constr. is fixed by the preceding adj., as it is fixed by the following adj. in 3. 618, "Domus sanie dapibusque cruentis, Intus opaca, ingens." Forb. in his first edition thought that 'cernunt' "pugnant" (see his note on v. 709 below), but the battle had not yet begun. All these explanations are strained: perhaps the least strained is Heyne's, for after ea pugna' v. 216, 'pugnam' is the most natural acc. to supply. Schrader ingeniously conj. viribus aequos.' Ribbeck argues with much plausibility that the clause was left incomplete by Virg., and puts a mark of omission after non viribus aequis.'

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220

gressus tacitus, dum vix pedem movebat." The constr. adiuvat progressus' (= 'adiuvat progressio eius') is not uncommon : comp. Livy 24. 30, "Terroris speciem haud vanam mendacio praebuerant verberati ac securi percussi transfugae ad duo milia hominum: " Tac. Hist. 2. 66, "Angebat Vitellium victarum legionum haudquaquam fractus animus."

220.] Lumen' in sing. seems rare in the sense of oculus,' as in 8. 153, "Totum lustrabat lumine corpus." Forc. quotes Ov. 3 Trist. 2. 19, "Nec nostro parcior imber Lumine, de verna quam nive manat aqua." Add Catull. 62 (64). 86, "Hunc simul ac cupido conspexit lumine

virgo."

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221.] Tabentes' one of Ribbeck's cursives with the two Menteliani and some inferior copies: so Donatus on v. 219, "Tabentium genarum a macie repentina." But Med., Pal., Rom., Gud. corrected and two more of Ribbeck's cursives give 'pubentes:' though Pierius says that in Med. 'pubentes' was altered from 'tabentes.' Serv. is silent. Whence pubentes' came it is hard to say: it gives no rational sense in this context. 'Tabentes,' wasted. Iuvenali' Heins. for 'iuvenili,' which is found in one of Ribbeck's cursives Wagn. blames Virg. for inconsistency in representing Turnus' spirit as broken: but his character is throughout vehement and excitable (see on 10. 151), and it is not unnatural that his courage, like Hector's in Homer, should be damped in presence of a great crisis.

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