Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis
Orta dies, cum primum alto se gurgite tollunt
Solis equi, lucemque elatis naribus efflant;
Campum ad certamen magnae sub moenibus urbis
Dimensi Rutulique viri Teucrique parabant,
In medioque focos et dis communibus aras
Gramineas. Alii fontemque ignemque ferebant,
Velati limo, et verbena tempora vincti.
Procedit legio Ausonidum, pilataque plenis

113-132.] Preparations are made for the single combat between Aeneas and Turnus.'

113.] 'Summo' Med. and one of Ribbeck's cursives: an obvious error. Comp. 2. 801, "Iamque iugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idae, Ducebatque diem." "Novo spargebat lumine terras " of the dawn, 4. 584., 9.459: comp. Lucr. 2. 144.

114.] Serv. has a quaint note: "Quia res perturbatae secuturae sunt, diem quoque cum fervore oriri fecit:" comp. his note cited on 11. 183.

115.] From Enn. A. 588, "funduntque elatis naribus lucem." (Serv.) Comp. Pind. 01. 7. 70, Ὁ γενέθλιος ἀκτίνων πατήρ, Πῦρ πVEÓVτWV арxòṢ IV. (Cerda.) Soph. Ant. 1146 speaks of the stars as breathing fire. Пup Te Te0piππwv τŵv 'Aeλlov, Eur. I. A. 159.

116.] For the apodosis after 'vix' see on 2. 172. So before the single combat, Il. 3. 314 foll., "Ектwр de Пpiáμoso máis xal δῖος Οδυσσεὺς χῶρον μὲν πρῶτον διεμέτρεον, &c.

118.] Focos,' probably braziers or pans to hold the fire for the altars (see Forc. and Dict. A. Ara'): comp. v. 285 below, "Diripuere aras Craterasque focosque ferunt," " Caespite vivo Pone focum "Calp. E. 5. 25. Focus,' from its frequent connexion withara,' is in Ovid, Tibullus, and Propertius not seldom used as synonymous with it: see Prop. 3. 12, 14, Tib. 1. 2, 82, Ov. M. 4. 753, A. A. 1. 637, &c. 'Dis communibus,' the gods to whom both appeal: so "Communemque vocate deum" 8. 275. Comp. (with Heyne) Prop. 1. 11, 16, "Ut solet amoto labi custode puella Perfida, communes nec meminisse deos."

119.] 'Gramineas: comp. Horace's "positusque carbo in Caespite vivo" 3 Od. 8. 3, and see Ov. M. 4. 753, "Dis tribus ille focos totidem de caespite ponit." Fontem,' spring water. Serv. seems to refine unnecessarily on fontem ignem que: "Ad facienda foedera semper aqua et

115

120

ignis adhibentur: unde et quos arcere volumus a nostro consortio, eis aqua et igni interdicimus, i. e. rebus quibus consortia copulantur."

120.] Velati lino' Med., Pal., Rom., Gud. But Heyne rightly read limo,' on the authority of Serv., who writes "Caper tamen et Hyginus hoc loco dicunt lectionem esse corruptam: nam Virgilium ita reliquisse confirmant, Velati limo.' Limus autem est vestis qua ab umbilico usque ad pedes prope tegebantur. Haec autem vestis habet in extremo sui purpuram limam, id est flexuosam, unde et nomen accipit." Comp. (with Heyne) Gell. 12. 3, “Licio transverso, quod limum appellabatur, qui magistratibus præministrabant cincti erant." Wagn. also refers to a Verona inscription (Orelli 3219, Corpus Inser. Lat. 5. 1. 3401) "Honori M. Gavi арparitores et limocincti tribunalis eius," and to Hyginus (in Rei Agrar. auct. a Goes. edit. p. 151), from whom it appears that the full form was "limus cinctus."

....

Limo' is given (according to Pottier) in two of the Paris MSS.: but see on 10. 705. Verbena' seems to have been a name for the grass and herbs plucked from the ground by the Fetiales and Pater patratus in the ceremony of making a treaty. (Livy, 1. 24.) See on E. 8. 65. Pliny, 22. 3, says, "Non aliunde (i. e. ex herbis ignobilibus) sagmina in remediis publicis fuere et in sacris legationibusque verbenae. Certe utroque nomine idem sig. nificatur, hoc est, gramen ex arce cum sua terra evolsum: ac semper e legatis cum ad hostes clarigatumque mitterentur, i. e. res raptas clare repetitum, unus utique Verbenarius vocatur." Comp. Livy 30. 40. (Lersch, Antiqq. Verg. § 54.) In Livy 1. 24 the pater patratus' has his head and hair touched with the verbena.

121.] Serv. mentions two explanations of 'pilata:" "pilis armata," and "densa, spissa." Though he himself inclines to the first, the passages which he quotes

Agmina se fundunt portis. Hinc Troius omnis
Tyrrhenusque ruit variis exercitus armis,
Haud secus instructi ferro, quam si aspera Martis
Pugna vocet. Nec non mediis in milibus ipsi
Ductores auro volitant ostroque superbi,
Et genus Assaraci Mnestheus, et fortis Asilas,
Et Messapus equum domitor, Neptunia proles.
Utque dato signo spatia in sua quisque recessit,
Defigunt tellure hastas et scuta reclinant.
Tum studio effusae matres et volgus inermum
Invalidique senes turris ac tecta domorum
Obsedere, alii portis sublimibus adstant.

from Varro and Asellio seem to show that
"pilatus" was used technically of a close
column in march. "Agmen pilatum" was
distinguished from "agmen quadratum,"
and "pilatim" from "passim iter facere."
No word "pilare" (= to crowd or press)
exists, but perhaps "oppilare" may point
to its having once existed. Enn. Sat. 3
has "pilatas aetheris oras," quoted here by
Serv., in what sense is not clear. "Pilata
cohors" in Mart. 10. 48. 2 (Forc.) may
mean "pilis armata," and so perhaps the
name "Pilatus." But there is nothing
unsuitable to the sense here in making
"pilata "i. q. “ densa,” and Virg. would
not be sorry to use an old military term.

122.] Plenis portis effusi hostes" Livy 1.14 (Peerlk.). Hic' Rom. for ‘hinc.' 123.] "Variis, quia alius Troicus, alius Tyrrhenus," Serv.

124.] Bello' Med. for ferro:' see on 6. 553. 'Instructi ferro,' a refinement on the more ordinary 'instructi armis' 3. 471., 8.80. Pugna aspera " 9. 667., 11. 635. Martis pugna 'like Homer's uλos Apnos. 125.] Comp. 5. 132, "Ipsique in puppibus auro Ductores longe effulgent ostroque decori." 'Mediis in milibus' 1. 491. 126.] Superbi' Med., and so Cuningham, and after him Wagn. and Ribbeck, though 'decori' is given by all the other chief MSS. Decori' might easily be a reminiscence of 5. 1. c. Superbi' how ever may have come from 1. 639, "ostroque superbo."

127.] 'Genus Assaraci Mnestheus' like "Rex, genus egregium Fauni" 7. 213. "Laevinum Valeri genus "Hor. 1 S. 6. 12. So Spiù Ziσúpou yévos of Ulysses Eur. Cycl. 104, Davaoîo yevélλn Naurλios Apoll. R. 1. 133. Asilas' may be either the warrior of 9. 571, or the Etruscan seer 10. 175.

125

130

128.] From 7. 691., 9. 523. 129.] Spatia' apparently the spaces of ground marked out for each. So perhaps 5. 584, "adversi spatiis."

130.] Tellure' Med., Pal., Gud., confirmed by Arusianus p. 225 L. Telluri' Rom. and one of Ribbeck's cursives. Heyne read tellure,' and so Ribbeck: Wagn., Forb., and Gossr. 'telluri:" Virg. uses both dat. and abl. with defigo' (G. 2. 290 "terrae," A. 6. 652 "terra"), and the balance of external authority should therefore decide the question. The words are adapted from 11. 3. 134 foll., Oi dà vôv ἕαται σιγῇ, πόλεμος δὲ πέπαυται, Ασπίσι κεκλιμένοι, παρὰ δ ̓ ἔγχεα μακρὰ πέπηγεν. 'Reclinant,' lean against the ground.

131.] Studio,' in their eagerness: so 'studiis' 5. 450. Inermum ' 2nd decl. as in 10. 425, Lucr. 5. 1292. See on 10. 571. 'Effusae' might conceivably be taken with studio,' like "effusi lacrimis' 2. 651: but it more naturally means pouring from their homes,' as in 7. 812.

132.] Turris ac tecta' Pal., Rom., Gud., turris et tecta' Med., with some support from two of Ribbeck's cursives. The variation is not uncommon (see Wagn. Q. V. 35. 21); and it is better in each case to follow the balance of external authority. Ribbeck is therefore probably right in restoring 'ac.' Wagn. defends 'et,' thinking that ac' may be a reminiscence of 2. 445 ("turris ac tecta domorum Culmina").

...

133.] The sequence of tenses 'obsedere' 'adstant' is the same as in 2. 449, "Alii strictis mucronibus imas Obsedere fores: has servant agmine denso." Comp. ib. 332, "Portis alii bipatentibus adsunt... Obsedere alii telis angusta viarum." Obsedere' perf., not aor. 'Instant' Rom., "non male," says Ribbeck.

At Iuno e summo, qui nunc Albanus habetur,

Tum neque nomen erat neque honos aut gloria monti-
Prospiciens tumulo campum aspectabat et ambas

136

Laurentum Troumque acies urbemque Latini.

Extemplo Turni sic est adfata sororem,

Diva deam, stagnis quae fluminibusque sonoris
Praesidet; hunc illi rex aetheris altus honorem
Iuppiter erepta pro virginitate sacravit:
Nympha, decus fluviorum, animo gratissima nostro,
Scis, ut te cunctis unam, quaecumque Latinae
Magnanimi Iovis ingratum ascendere cubile,

134-160.] Juno addresses herself to the nymph Juturna, whom she urges to take some means for rescuing Turnus.'

134.] The Alban mount is for Virg.'s battles here what Ida is to Homer's: comp. II. 14. 292, "Нpn dè краιяνŵя πроσεβήσετο Γάργαρον ἄκρον Ιδης ὑψηλής : see also II. 8. 47. For 'e' Rom., Pal. originally, and two of Ribbeck's cursives have ex,' which may be right.

135.] Neque honos' Pal., Rom., Gud., and two other of Ribbeck's cursives, 'nec' Med. External evidence seems decisive for the former attempts to make a distinction between the two, such as that put forward by Wagn. Q. V. 32. 9, are apt to be fanciful. Neque' was the reading before Heins. On nec' followed by 'aut' see Madv. § 458. obs. 2.

136.] Tumulo' with 'summo.' "Tumulo speculatur ab alto" 11.853. Aspectabat,' see on 10. 4. Spectabat,' the reading before Heins., is to a certain extent supported by one of Ribbeck's cursives. So in the similar passage 10. 4, Gud. and Pal. corrected reads 'spectat' for 'aspec

137.] Urbem Latini' 6. 891.

139. Diva deam' like Od. 5. 95 eipwrâs μ' ¿xoóvta Oeà 0eóv. Virg. appa rently makes Juturna a presiding nymph of lakes and rivers generally. There was a lake of Juturna about six Roman miles from the fountain of Numicas (Cluver. Ital. Ant. p. 722) formed by a stream flowing from the Alban mount. Its waters were held peculiarly wholesome, and hence Serv. here and Varro (L. L. 5. 71) derive the name from "iuvo." Serv. says that Lutatius Catulus built a temple to Juturna in the Campus Martius (comp. Ov. F. 1. 463, "Te quoque lux eadem, Turni soror, aede recepit, Hic ubi virginea campus obitur aqua "), and that a special

140

festival, the Juturnalia, was kept by those

66

qui artificium aqua (aquae ?) exercent." The "lacus luturnae" in the forum was close to the temple of the Dioscuri (Ov. F. 1. 708). Preller (Römische Mythologie, р. 508) thinks it probable that the cultus of Juturna on the Numicus was older than that at Rome. Teuffel (Paully's Realencycl. 4. p. 686) supposes that Virg. made Juturna sister of Turnus from a false notion of an etymological connexion between the names. The original form of the name seems to have been "Diuturna :" see Mommsen in the "Ephemeris Epigraphica," 1. p. 36.

140, 141.] The story of Jupiter and Juturna is told Ov. F. 2. 583-616. 'Sacravit,' appropriate of an inalienable gift conferred by a god.

142.] Carissima' Pal., Rom., and Gud, but gratissima' is more likely, as Virg. was probably thinking of Homer's μg Kexapioμéve Ovμ (Wagn.), though the external evidence makes it difficult to speak with certainty. There is some resemblance to Apoll. R. 4. 790 foll., where, however, Hera's kindly expressions are grounded on Thetis' refusal to be the wife of Zeus.

143, 144.]Latinis' for 'Latinae' Pal. (the last two letters in an erasure) and originally Gud. Magnanimi Iovis,' below v. 878, where, as here, it seems to be used in a bad or half-ironical sense. 'Ingratum' seems to represent Juno's own feeling, and also that which she supposes Juturna to entertain, as the union with Jove brought no happiness to those whom he honoured with his love. Comp. the language about Io in the Prometheus of Aesch.

66

143.] "Scire ut" Hor. 3 Od. 4. 42 foll. Regni demens in parte locavi" 4. 374. Juno speaks as if the deification of Juturna were owing to her.

145

150

Praetulerim, caelique libens in parte locarim:
Disce tuum, ne me incuses, Iuturna, dolorem.
Qua visa est fortuna pati Parcaeque sinebant
Cedere res Latio, Turnum et tua moenia texi:
Nunc iuvenem inparibus video concurrere fatis,
Parcarumque dies et vis inimica propinquat.
Non pugnam aspicere hanc oculis, non foedera possum.
Tu pro germano si quid praesentius audes,
Perge; decet. Forsan miseros meliora sequentur.
Vix ea cum lacrimas oculis Iuturna profudit,
Terque quaterque manu pectus percussit honestum.
Non lacrimis hoc tempus, ait Saturnia Iuno;
Adcelera, et fratrem, si quis modus, eripe morti;
Aut tu bella cie, conceptumque excute foedus.

146.] Nec' Rom. for 'ne.' 'Ne me incuses,' lest you should blame me, 'me' being opposed strongly to 'tuum.' It is very doubtful whether 'ne incuses' could stand for "ne incusa."

147.] For qua two MSS. known as the Mentelian, supported to a certain extent by Pal., give quam:' comp. 6. 96. Quoad' Arusianus, 257 L. "Quidam putant Virgilium quoad visa est fortuna pati' reliquisse," Serv., who himself supports qua,' quoting "Coeant in foedera dextrae, Qua datur," 11. 292. Wagn. rightly points out that 'quoad' must be understood from 'qua' before 'Parcaeque sinebant,' comparing G. 4. 9 foll., " Quo neque sit ventis aditus neque oves haedique petulci Floribus insultent :” where ubi' must be supplied from 'quo.' 148.] Cedere' has the sense of "bene " 'prospere cedere:" not a common usage, but supported by the opposite 'parum cedere," which is found in Suet. Claud. 34, Nero 33.

or

155

473 (of Jupiter), "Sic ait, atque oculos Rutulorum reiicit arvis." With the spirit of the lines comp. Il. 16. 433 foll., 22. 168 foll. The gods, as Serv. remarks, leave a friend when he is doomed: comp. 11. 22. 212, ῥέπε δ ̓ Εκτορος αἴσιμον ἦμαρ, Ωιχετο δ ̓ εἰς ̓Αΐδας· λίπεν δέ ἑ Φοῖβος ̓Απόλλων.

152.] Praestantius' some inferior copies. Praesentius' more efficacious: comp. G. 2. 127., 3. 452, v. 245 below.

153.] There seems here to be a notion of a possible compensation resting on the mere fact of their misery, the converse of the idea of a Nemesis bringing evil on the prosperous because of their prosperity. Comp. the words of Nicias, Thuc. 7. 77, Τάχα δ ̓ ἂν καὶ λωφήσειαν (αἱ συμφοραί): ἱκανὰ γὰρ τοῖς τε πολεμίοις εὐτύχηται, καὶ εἴ τῳ θεῶν ἐπίφθονοι ἐστρατεύσαμεν, ἀποχρώντως ἤδη τετιμωρήμεθα. • Perge as in 4. 114 (Wagn.).

,

154, 155.] Vix ea 'like "haec Proteus" G. 4. 528. 'Profundit' Med. a m. p. Rom. has 'profugit.' Terque quaterque manu pectus percussa decorum" 4. 589. Here the first que' couples percussit with profudit.' Honestum' 10. 133 note.

156.] Heins. conj. 'hic' for hoc.'

157.] Si quis modus' like "si qua via est " 6. 367. ́ ́ Morte' Pal. and Gud., the more usual constr. Eripere' with dat. below v. 947, "Tune hic spoliis indute meorum Eripiare mihi ?"

158.] Aut tu' as in 6. 367 note. "Ciere bella, Martem" 1. 541., 9. 766. 'Conceptum,' see on v. 13 above. Serv. wrongly takes it as = placitum. It is hard to fix the precise meaning of excute. Per

Auctor ego audendi. Sic exhortata reliquit.
Incertam et tristi turbatam volnere mentis.

Interea reges, ingenti mole Latinus
Quadriiugo vehitur curru, cui tempora circum
Aurati bis sex radii fulgentia cingunt,

Solis avi specimen; bigis it

haps the notion may be of something in
the hands which is suddenly struck out of
them, e. g. a goblet for libation. It is
just conceivable that there may be a
reference to the physical sense of con-
ceptum,' and that excute' may mean
'render abortive,' as, though no instance
is quoted of the word in that sense, it
would be sufficiently appropriate. With
the sense of the line comp. Juno's words
to the Fury 7. 339, "Disiice conpositam
pacem, sere crimina belli." Пeipar d',
κε Τρῶες ὑπερκύδαντας Αχαιούς ̓́Αρξωσι
πρότεροι ὑπὲρ ὅρκια δηλήσασθαι, says Zeus
to Athene, Il. 4. 71-2.

159.] 'Auctor audendi' like "tradendae auctorem urbis❞ Livy 24. 2.

160.] "Volnus" of a mental wound 1. 36., 4. 2, &c.

Turnus in albis,

160

bability, takes it as 'magno corpore,' quoting "hic membris et mole valens" of Entellus 5. 431. It might be added that Virg. may have wished to represent Latinus, as Hom. represents Priam (II. 24. 477), as of great stature.

162.] Quadrigo' Pal. and originally Gud., not an impossible reading. 'Circum' adverbial, as in E. 3. 45, "Et molli circum est ansas amplexus acantho."

163, 164.] Virg. seems here to be followsing Hesiod Theog. 1011 foll., Kíρên ♪ 'Heλíου θυγάτηρ Ὑπεριονίδαο Γείνατ' Οδυσσῆος ταλασίφρονος ἐν φιλότητι ̓́Αγριον ἠδὲ Λατῖνον ἀμύμονά τε κρατερόν τε (Serv.). . Comp. Hyginus fab. 127, who quotes versions which made Telemachus, not Ulysses, the father. In 7. 47 foll. Latinus is son of Faunus and Marica, grandson of Picus and great-grandson of Saturn: a genealogy apparently quite different. Serv. says that many identified Marica with Circe, an easy gloss. If the two accounts are to be harmonized, it must be done, as Heyne suggests, by the story of Circe's love for Picus (Ov. M. 14. 320 foll., A. 7. 189 foll.). This would make the Sun the greatgrandfather, not the grandfather, of Latinus: but Virg. is sometimes vague in these matters: comp. 10. 76, 619., 9. 4, where Pilumnus is variously called 'avus,' quartus pater,' and 'parens' of Turnus.

161-215.] Aeneas and Latinus swear to the treaty. If Turnus prove victorious, Aeneas and his men will give up all claim to Latin territory: if the reverse, the two shall join in one, the supreme authority in war remaining in the hands of Latinus.'

161.] Continuo' for 'interea' Donatus (Ars 3. 5. 2), Charisius 250, Diomedes 438 P. Rex ingenti de mole' for 'reges ingenti mole' Med. a m. p., but Serv. confirms the latter. Reges' is properly nom. to 'procedunt' v. 169, but Turnus, Aeneas, and Ascanius intervene and break up the regular construction of the sentence. So Hom. Od. 12. 73 foll., Οἱ δὲ δύω σκόπελοι, ὁ μὲν οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ináve followed nearly thirty lines lower by τὸν δ ̓ ἕτερον σκόπελον, &c.: comp. Thuc. 1. 89, Οἰκίαι αἱ μὲν πολλαὶ ἐπεπ. τώκεσαν, ὀλίγαι δὲ περιῆσαν. Virg. has a similar constr. 11. 690, "Protinus Orsilochum et Buten, duo maxuma Teucrum Corpora: sed Buten aversum cuspide fixit" (quoted with the passage in Hom. by Macrob. Sat. 6. 6), and v. 277 below, "At fratres . . . Pars gladios stringunt," &c. Rex' in Virg. includes both kings and subordinate princes. "Ingenti mole,' pompa, ambitu," Serv. and so Heyne: comp., with Gossr., Claudian in Eutrop. 2. 101,"Unde tamen tanta sublimes mole redibant, Ceu vinctos traherent Medos Indumque bibissent." Wagn., with less pro

See Heyne's note here and Exc. 5 on Bk. 7. With 'aurati radii . . . Solis avi specimen Heyne well comp. the description of Circe in Apoll. R. 4. 727 foll., Πᾶσα γὰρ Ηελίου γενεὴ ἀρίδηλος ἰδέσθαι Ηεν, ἐπεὶ βλεφάρων ἀποτηλόθι μαρμαρυ γῆσιν Οἷόν τε χρυσέην ἀντώπιον ἵεσαν alyλny. It may be, as Gossr. thinks, that Virg. had in his mind the rayed crown which, as the symbol of royalty, was given after their death to the deified emperors (see Dict. Corona,' Florus 4. 2. 91, Sueton. Aug. 94). 'Specimen,' a thing that proves or shows: see G. 2. 241 foll., "Tale dabit specimen . . . aqua eluctabitur omnis," &c. Here the meaning is that the crown of rays indicates Latinus's descent from the Sun. Bigis in albis :' so 7. 26, "in roseis bigis;" Ov. F. 4. 714, "Memnonis in roseis lutea mater equis."