vindication and fupport of which it will be need- Simple lines may be drawn four different ways; 1.fs to offer any arguments, when it is confidered perpendicular, horizontal, and with an angle of that brevity and expedit on are the chief objects, about 45 degrees to the right and left. An afcendif commitent with legibility; and the fubfequenting oblique line to the right, which will be perfecisiens in the orthography recommended will, we hose, be fuffernt to fhow that there is no real deficiency in the lift mentioned particular. feetly diftinct from the reft when joined to any o ther character, may likewife be admitted. Thefe characters being the fimpleft in nature, are aligned to those five confonants which most frequent. ly occur, viz. 1, r, t, c hard or k, and e foft or s. Every circle may be divided with a perpendi four diftinct chara&ers. Thefe being the next to lines in the limplicity of their tormation, we have appropriated them for b, d, n, and m. The characters exprening nine of the confonants are all perfectly diftinct from one another; eight only remain which are needful, viz. f, g or j, b, p, q, v, w, and x. To find characters for which we must have recourse to mixed curves and hoes. The characters which we have adopted are the fimpleft in nature after thofe already applied, admit of the ealieft joining, and tend to preferve lineality and beauty in the writing. He who md us mit be etral, grt, nd moptnt. It is ur dry, as rol bags, to fiv, lv, nd oby im. A man tht wd avd him, fhd be frkmfpk in ai hs axas, nd ndvr with al hs mt to pls evry hdy.cular and horizontal line, fo as to form likewife I wd it im any koxos wth a man who hd norgrd fr half; uthr wd I by a ma who hd ons td me a 1.-Our is of al thngs the mft di klt to priry nurudha, nd whn ous mpchid, ik the chitty of a wen, når fans wth its witd ltr.-Wth gmnrs, kmplies nd a cfy plt adrs, muy mk a igr in the wri, whs remti abis wd fkifly hv rsd thin aby the ruk of a funn.-luins is the prnt of a thind mshtu, wch ar nvr fit by the ndars: it is a pn ad a pachmut of itilf, nd brugs wat nd bgay in its trn.-Vitu is the fift thng tht fld be rgrad; it is a rwrd of itsif; mks a mn rípktbi ir, nd wi mk hm etrnly hpy Inft.-Prd is a mft prufs pfn, wch yt ws plotd by hen in untr, to rs ur emifh to imtt grind wrthy kikurs or agns, to xt in us a flf wht is rt nå grit, ud a lábi ndgufn goft oprfrs nd wkrs of any knd of nkty; in hit, to mk us ft a pror viu upa mflvs, nd dips a wrthis fio, hu evr xid. Ths fr prd is a vrtu, nd my gftly be kid a grtns of . Bi prd, Ik othr pfas, gurly fxs upn rng obgks, or is apid in rng prprins. Hu kmn is it to fe a rich whm evry vs bs rndrd mfrbl, nd evry fly kutmtbl, ving hmflf on hs hi brth, nd bang ths iftrs nsttrs, of whm he nhrts nthng bt the nm or ttl! usitrs who if thy nu hm, wd din thr dprdnt with kntmt. But al prd of ths fit is fly, nd evr to be avdd. SECT. III. Of the STENOGRAPHIC ALPHABET. As the whole of this art depends upon a regular method and a fimple alphabet, we have not only endeavoured to eftablish the former ou fatisfactory principles, but have been careful to appropriate, according to the comparative frequency of their occurrence, fuch characters for the let ters is, after repeated trials and alterations, were conceived to be the best adapted for dispatch. The ftenographic alphabet confifts of 18 diftinct characters (viz. two for the vowels and the reft for the confonants), taken from lines and femicircular curves; the formation and application of which we shall now explain, beginning with the vowels. For the three first vowels, a, e, and i, a comma is appropriated in different pofitions; and for the other three, o, u, and y, a point. The comma and point, when applied to a and o, is to be placed, as in Plate 321. at the top of the next character; when for e and, u, oppofite to the middle; and when for i and y, at the bottom. This arrangement of the vowels is the moft fimple and diftin&t that can easily be imagined. Places at the top, the middle, and the bottom of characters, which make three different pofitions, are as easily diftinguished from one another as any three feparate characters could be; and a comma is made with the fame facility as a point. It must be observed that we have no character for c when it has a hard found, as in caftle; or foft, as in city; for it always has the found of k or s, which in all cafes will be fufficient to fupply its place: ore being eaher written, might beʻuled in all cafes for the hard found. R like wife is reprefented by the fame character as ; only with this difference, r is written with an afcending ftroke and with a defcending; which is always to be known from the manner of its union with the following character; but in a few monofyllabies where r is the only confonant in the word, and confequently stands alone, it is to be made as is how in the alphabet for diftinction's fake. The character for b, when lineand inverted: (ice Plate 321.) And often 1⁄2 may ality requires it, may be made from the bottom be omitted entirely. Z, as it is a letter feldom employed in the Englifh language, and only a coarfer and harder expreffion of s, may be fupplied by s whenever it occurs; as for Zedekiab write Sedekiah, &c. or z itfelf may be used. SECT. IV. Of the PREPOSITIONS AND TERMI NATIONS. THE prepofitions and terminations in this fcheme are fo fimple, that the greatest benefit may be reaped from them, and very little trouble required to attam them; as the incipient letter or the incipient confonant of all the prepofitions and of feveral of the terminations is used to exprefs the whole. But although in Plate CCCXXI. fufficient fpecimens are given of the manner of their application, that the learner of lefs ingenu. ity or more flow perception may have every afliftance, we have fubjoined the following directions. RULE I. The prepofition is always to be written without joining, yet fo near as plainly to fhow what word it belongs to; and the best way is to obferve the fame order as if the whole was to be connected. RULE II. A prepofition, though the fame lettera that conftitute it may be met with in the midEea die dle or end of a word, is never to be used, because found fully adequate to every purpose for which it would expofe to obfcurity. they were intended, and are far fuperior in the facility of their application to any which we have feen. RULE III. Obferve that the prepofition omni is expreffed by the vowel o in its proper pofition; and for anti, anta, ante, by the vowel a, which the radical part of the word will eafily diftingu from being only fimple vowels. The first rule for the prepofitions is (allowing fuch exceptions as may be be feen in the Plate) to be observed for the termination; and alfo the fecond mutatis mutandis; except that whenever fis, fus, fys, cious, tious, and ces occur, they are to be expreffed as directed in the fourth rule for the confonants, whether in the beginning, middle, or End of words. But in a few words where three horizontal characters meet, it will be better to ex. prefs the fis, &c. by the femielliptical character in Plate 321. oppofite tious. RULE IV. The terminative character for tian, hon, cion, cian, gian, is to be expreffed by a fmall Circle joined to the neareft letter, and turned to the right; and the plurals tions, fons, ciens, cians, tians, tience, by a dot on the fame fide. RULE V. The terminative character for ing, is to be expreffed likewife by a Enall circle, but drawn to the left hand; and its plural ings by a dot. In horizontal characters, by the left hand is meant the top, and by the right the space below the letter (fee ing joined, Plate 321.) In all other characters the right and left pofitions cannot be iniflaken. RULE VI. The plural fign is to be added to the terminative characters when neceffary. KULE VII. The fparated terminations are neyer to be used but in polyfyllables or words of more fyllables than one. Thefe rules duly obferved will point out a method as concise and elegant as can be defired, for expreffing the most frequent and longest prepofi. fions and terminations in the English language. If it should be thought neceffary to increase their number by the addition of others, it will be an cafy matter for any one of the leaft difcernment to do fo, by proceeding on the principles before laid down. SECT. V. RULES for ABBREVIATIONS. THOUGH a more concife method of writing, or more numerous abbreviations, may not be indifpenfably neceflary, if the foregoing directions be actifed for a confiderable time, yet contractions will be found extremely useful and convenient to thofe who have attained a proper knowledge of the fubject, and lead to a greater degree of expedition, at the fame time that they diminish the labour of writing. It has been'oh'erved in the introduction, that abbreviations are only to be cm. ployed by proficients in this art; because expedition is not the firit, though the ultimate, object in view and that an eafy legibility is of the utmoft conféquence to the learner; which, how ever, cannot be preferved, if he'adopts too toon thofe very rules which in time will afford him the greateft cafe when applied with judgment. The following fhort and practical Tules will be RULE I. The ufual abbreviations in longhand are always to be followed; as Mr for Mafter, M. D. for Doctor of Phyfic, and Abp. for Arch bishop, &c. RULE II. Substantivės, adjestives, yerbs, and participles, when the fenfe will direct to the meaning, are to be expreffed by their initial confonant with the diftinguishing marks exhibited in Plate 321; viz. a fubitantive must have the dot exactly over its initial confonant, an adjective must have a dot under it; a verb is to be exprefied by a comma over its initial confonant; and a participle by a comina under. The dot or comma being placed thus will never occafion them to be mif taken for vowels, becaufe they should always be on one fide or other; whereas the mark for partą of speech muft conftantly be placed exactly over or under. Thefe being the four principal parts of fpeech will be fufficient; and an adept will never be at a lofs to know when he can with fafety apply this rule to them. RULE III. To render the writing more legible, the laft letter of the word may be joined to the fi ft, and the proper mark applied. RULE IV. The conftituent or radical part of words, especially if they are long, will often ferve for the whole, or fometimes the first fyllable; as, we ought to moderate our ex. by our circumi.; a man's man. commonly fhape his for. RULE V. All long words without exception may have their prepofitions or terminations expreffed by the incipient confonant of fuch prepofition or termination. RULE VI. When there is a great dependence between the parts of a fertence, the initial etter will often fuflice; as L. is the capital of Great B.; the eldest S. of the king of G. B. is tyled P. of H ́, Every one, it is prefumed, will allow this to be perfectly legible either in long or short hand. RULE VII. The terminations nefs and le's may be omitted as faithfulness is only to be written faithful; forwardness, forward; Deedless, bood i Hubbornness, tubborn, &c. RULE VIII. The fecond and third perfons of verbs, ending in eth and e, may be expreffed by ; as, he lavet, thou teaches; inftead of he loveth, thou teachest: or even without ; as, he love, &c. RULE IX. Words naturally fupplied by the fenife may often be entirely omitted, and yet no ambiguity enfue; as, In beginning God created Zeaven and earth, for In the beginning God creatEd the heaven and the earth. RULE X. When there is an immediate repetition of a sentence or word, a line is to be drawn under the fentence or word to be repeated; as, Amen, Amen, is to be written Amen; but if any words intervene before a word or fentence is to be repeated, the line must be drawn as before, and a A or mark of omiffion placed where the repetition hould begin; as, Is it just the innocents fhould be condemned & reviled? THE |