8. Quo numine læso: what divinity being offended.' D. Considerable doubt attends the interpretation of these words. Servius proposes, first, quo, i. e. in quo, for what cause;' numine læso, some divinity being offended;' second, or what divinity being offended;' or, third, as the divinities, and in particular Juno, had many distinct attributes and offices, the poet may inquire in which of her characters she is offended. Subsequent commentators suggest no other interpretation. Heyne adopts the first, the Delphin the second.

9. Tot volvere casus: to struggle with so many calamities.' Volvere casus, velut molem quandam. Serv. This seems preferable to volvi casibus, by hypallage, as the Delphin explains it. 10. Tot adire labores: to brave so many hardships.' presses the fortitude with which the hero bore his trials. v. 379, audet adire virum.

13. Carthago, Italiam contra: by referring to the map, it will be seen that ancient Carthage was situated on the African shore, nearly opposite to the mouth of the Tiber in Italy. By following the dotted line on the map from Carthage, the various wanderings of Eneas in his voyage may be retraced to the harbour near Antandros, where his fleet was prepared, after his flight from the ruins of Troy; and from Carthage, likewise, the remainder of his voyage to Italy may be followed.

16. Posthabita.... Samo: even Samos being held in less esteem.' So great was Juno's regard to Carthage, that she preferred it to the island Samos, where she had been educated and married, and where she still had a magnificent temple, with a statue representing her as a bride.

18. Si quá: se. ratione understood.-Fata sinant: Juno and the deities in general were subordinate to fate, which was represented as immutable and eternal. D.

19. Sed enim sed appears to refer to the preceding sentence, hoc regnum dea gentibus esse. . . . tendit enim refers to audierat, which follows. Juno had designed Carthage to be the ruling power; but the fates interposed.-Enim.... audierat: for she had heard that a race would come of Trojan descent, which would at some future day overthrow the power of Carthage.'-Olim: 'hereafter,'' at some future day.'

21. Regem: for regnantem.

:

23. Id metuens.... Saturnia sc. audierat, according to the greater number of commentators; but Heyne, with others, considers the four

verses, Necdum.... honores, as a parenthesis, and makes Saturnia the nominative to arcbat.

24. Prima: she is 'principal agent.'

26. Repostum: Lucretius and Horace have also in the same manner syncopated this part. ciple.

27. Judicium Pariis: the decision of Paris in awarding the golden apple to Venus. See Class. Dictionary.

28. Rapti Ganymed's honores: and the honours of Ganymedes, which had been taken from her daughter.' Ganymedes, a boy of great beauty, and a favourite of Jupiter, had been taken up into heaven, and made cup-bearer to the gods in the place of Hebe, the daughter of Juno, who was thereby turned out of office. Rapti may refer to honores, or it may agree with Ganymedis, who was caught up to heaven by an eagle.

29. Super: for insuper; as well as for the reasons just stated.' 30. Reliquias Danaum: who had escaped the Greeks.'

33. Tanta molis erat: so much difficulty attended.'

35. Vela dabant: here, as in the Odyssey, the reader finds the narration commence as if in the middle. Eneas makes his first appearance here. The preceding parts of the voyage are related by way of episode, in the second and third books.

35. Spumas salis: the foam of the sea.'-re: with coppered beaks.' En. v. 198.-Ruebant: an active verb; were dashing through.' 37. Mene incepto desistere: sc. decet. Adam's Latin Grammar, R. xxx. Obs. 2.

40. Argivûm of the Loerians.' D.

41. Unius for the penult of genitives of this form, ipsius, illius, &c. see Adam's Lat. Gram. Prosody, R. i. Ex. 3.

41. Ajacis: there were two of the name of Ajax; this one was the son of Ofleus, king of the Locrians; the other was the son of Telanion, king of Salamis. D.-Orlei: sc. filius.

46. Incedo: move majestic.'

52. Eoliam: not the country in Asia Minor of that name; but one of the islands called Vulcanian, on the coast of Sicily. D.

61. Molemque et montes: that is, molem montium; as, pateris et auro, Geo. ii. 192.

62. Fœdere certo: by fixed laws.'

77. Explorare: to consider.-Capessere fas est: nefas non implere quæ jusseris. Serv.

80. Potentem: 'the ruler.' Sic te, diva potens Cypri. Hor. Carm. i. 3. 92. Frigore: 'with terror.' Under similar circumstances Ulysses, Odys. 8. 297, has the same sensations; and even Achilles, Il. q. 270, is represented aviator. Weeping and fear, it seems, were not thought unbecoming a hero of antiquity; still it may be the ignoble species of death by drowning, joined with the danger of remaining unburied, which in this instance may be supposed to excite peculiar horror. 96. Oppetere: sc. mortem; 'to die.'

102. Jactanti: whilst uttering these words;' 2s aga μiv sinovт' Odyss. ε. 313.

104. Avertit: for avertit se, or avertitur.

106. Hi.... pendent, his unda.... aperit: this Heyne applies to the pitching of the vessel of Æneas; that those in the bow, for instance, were at the top of the wave; whilst the stern nearly touched the bottom. But the description may also apply to the crews of different vessels.

109. Saxa. . Aras: these detached rocks, in the midst of the

sea, the Italians call the Altars.' Heyne suspects this line to be spuricus. For the order of the words, see Fig. Synchesis, in Adam's Lat. Gram.

110. Dorsum immane: vara Jahaoons. Some of the rocks might surmount the waves considerably, whilst others were latentia.

111. Brevia: 'shoals.'

114. A vertice pontus: 'a towering wave. Tempestas a verticn, Geo.

ii. 310.

116. Ast illam.... vortex: but the eddying water whirls the vessel round three times in the same place, and the furious whirlpool swallows it in the deep abyss.'

119. Gaza: wealth;' a Persian word, used not for the precious metals exclusively, but for any thing valuable.

123. Inimicum: fatal.'-Imbrem: Ennius had before applied this term to salt water.' Ratibusque fremebat imber Neptuni. Serv.

126. Stagna: properly, standing waters; here, the depths of the ocean,' ' undisturbed but in the most violent storms.-Graviter commoplacidum caput: how are these epithets to be reconciled? Though enraged with the winds, Neptune was to the Trojans peaceful and propitious. Serv.

tvs....

135. Quos ego: sc. castigam, or some such word; am aposiopesis of a similar nature, Ecl. iii. 25. Neptune's wrath, and the necessity for immediate action, may here be supposed to interrupt his threats. 139. Sorte: by lot.'

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155. Aperto: serene.'

156. Curru in the dative, for currui. Ecl. v. 29.

162. Hinc atque hinc: this is on the continent, not in the small island; the description is principally borrowed from the Odyssey.

164. Silvis scena coruscis: the embowering canopy of the wood.' 170. Septem: Eneas left Troy, or rather Antandros, with twenty vessels; see verse 381. One had just been lost; verse 117. Twelve had been separated from the fleet, and scattered by the storm, but afterwards returned in safety, verse 390. Seven, therefore, were all that remained with Eneas.

drenched in salt water.'

173. Sale tabentes: 177. Tum Cererem: corn;' by metonymy.--Arma: the implements of any art are so termed. Agrestibus arma, Geo.i.160.-Cerealia: those necessary for converting grain into meal, and then into bread. D. 179. Torrere: previous to grinding corn, it was commonly scorched by our own ancestors; hence the term bran, from brennen, to burn; the burnt part.

183. Arma: the shields and other armour were placed at the stern. Præfigere puppibus arma, En. x. 80. D.

196. Trinacrio: deinde, bonus que vina cadis onerarat Acestes, dividit. D. The Trojan fleet had been driven into Drepanum in Sicily, En. iii. 707. In that neighbourhood Acestes had established himself. Eneas was received by him a second time, En. v. 36, seqq.

198. Antè malorum: of former evils;' a Greek construction: Tov πρὶν κακῶν· ὄντων, understood.

201. Accêstis: for accessistis ad. So extinxêm, for extinxissem, En. iv. 606. Direxti: for direxisti, Æn. vi. 57. D.

207. Durate: 'persevere.'

211. Viscera: the flesh.' This word does not always mean the intestines; but frequently the flesh between the skin and the bones; thus visceratio, Cic. Off. i. means the distribution of flesh. It sometimes means the whole carcass when flayed, En. vi. 253.

213. Ahena: it does not appear that, in the heroic times, flesh was ever prepared by boiling. This water may have been heated for the purpose of ablutions, as customary before meals. Serv. Compare Æn. vi. 218, 219.

215

whi

is

lentur. ... Bacchi: according to the Greek idiom; by of filling govern a genitive. D.

a pati: whether they had perished.'-Exaudire vocatos: eral ceremonies of the Romans, the dead were loudly hence the phrase, conclamatum est, to signify that all e remains.

at the genitive, contracted from Orontei; as, Achillei, used in the second and third declension.

233. Ob Italiam: 'on account of Italy;' because there they seek an establishment, gods and men combine against them, and they are every where repelled.

234. Hinc from these Trojans.-Volventibus annis: this verb, in its active form, has sometimes an intransitive signification; volventia plaustra, Geo. i. 163; volvenda dies en attulit ultro, En. ix. 7.

235. Revocato a sanguine Teucri: 'from the re-established family of 'Teucer.'

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237. Qua te.... vertit? what new plan has changed your mind?' 238. Hoc equidem.... rependens: with this promise, indeed, I was consoling myself for the fall and melancholy destruction of Troy, balancing with these adverse fates the more auspicious ones to come.'

244. Foniem superare Timavi: to sail along the shore at the mouth of the Timavus.'-Fontem Timavi: poetically, for the river itself. 248. Armaque fixit: 'consecrated in peace.' Those, to whom arms ceased to be useful, suspended them in some temple. Armis Herculis ad postem fixis, Hor. Ep. I. i. 4. Serv.

250. Nos: identifying herself with her son, she shows the tender interest she takes in his welfare.--Annuis arcem: 'to whom you have promised deification;' verse 259.

251. Unius: of Juno alone.'

254. Olli for illi; see Adam's Lat. Gram. Fig. of Diction; Antithesis.-Subridens: smiling.'

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255. Cælum tempestatesque: for tempestates cali; as molemque et montes, are used for montium molem.

256. Oscula libavit: lightly touched the lips of his daughter;' i. e. 'gently kissed.-Fatur; under the semblance of a prophecy, the poet displays the future greatness of Rome, and the splendour of the reign of Augustus.

257. Metu: the ancient dative for metui. D.

259. Feres: in order that she may view with more satisfaction the deification of Æneas, Jupiter represents it as her own act.

260. Neque me sententia vertit: nor is my purpose altered;' verse 237.

261. Quando remordet: 'since this apprehension distresses you.'

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264. Mores: laws.' Serv.

265. Dum: for donec. Serv.

267. Cui nunc cognomen Iülo: this circumstance is mentioned to show the origin of the Julian family, and the important occasion for changing its founder's name from Ilus to Iulus, or Julius. Davidson.

268. Additur: the authenticity of this line is suspected; or, at least, of the words within the parenthesis.

269. Magnos. orbes: long;' compared with the revolutions of

the moon

273. Regina of royal parentage.'

274. Ilia: Rhea Silvia, so called because of Trojan descent.

275. Tegmine lætus: dressed in the skin of a wolf;' not of the iden tical she-wolf which suckled him, but of an animal of the same species. 276. Excipiet gentem: will receive the rule of that nation

279. Sine fine in medals and inscriptions, Rome is styled terna urbs.

280. Metu from the dread she entertains of the impending struc tion of Carthage; id metuens, verse 23.

282. Togatam: the Romans were distinguished by the flowing toga, as the Greeks were by the pallium. The poet here distinguishes his countrymen as excelling in the arts of peace.

290. Secura: without opposition.-Vocabitur.... votis: to him also shall vows and invocations be addressed.' Votis jam nunc assuesce vocari, Geo. i. 42.

291. Positis.... bellis : the temple of Janus was closed A. U. C. 725. 292. Cana fides: to fides, as if a divinity, the epithets cana, antiqua, or prisca, were given on account of the reputation for good faith which the Romans attributed to their ancestors. Peace, justice, religion, and good faith, are promised, by Jupiter, to shed their blessings on the period when the poet's patron bears rule.

297. Maiû genitum: Mercury.'

309. Exacta: the result of his search.

310. Convexo: for concavo; 'in a hollow,' or 'recess: these words are by poets used promiscuously for a curve; tædet cæli convexa tueri, En. iv. 451.

316. Spartana: by the institutions of Lycurgus, females were trained to manly exercises, in particular to riding and hunting.-Threissa... Harpalyce: the Thracian Harpalyce.' This was a famous Amazon, who is said to have bravely rescued her father from the Getæ, by whom he was taken prisoner in war. D.

320. Genu: in the accusative, according to the Greek idiom.-Nodo: this word is used for a girdle of any kind. H.

327. Quam te memorem: 'how may I address you?' i. e. by what

name.

329. An Phabi soror: Diana, the goddess of hunting.

330. Sis felix: be propitious.' Ecl. v. 65.-Quæcumque: 'whatever divinity you may be.'

338. Agenoris: Agenor was one of the ancestors of Dido; some say, her great-grandfather.

339. Fines Libyci: sunt understood; 'the country itself, on the boundary, is Libyan." Geo. i. 493.

343. Sychæus in proper names poets sometimes assume a license of making a syllable long or short. Serv. The first syllable, long here, is short in verses 348, 720.

346. Ominibus: first nuptial rites.' Auspices were taken on the marriages of the Romans: veniet cum signatoribus auspex, Juv. x.336. 347. Immanior: the comparative, according to a Greek idiom, for the superlative. Adam's Lat. Gram. R. lxi. Obs. 1.

348. Furor: instead of a period after omnes, Servius places a comma, joining in construction the two sentences. The interpretation would then be, that the crime co:nmitted by Pygmalion was more atrocious than any committed by persons under the influence of furious passion. According to the present punctuation, the sense is, that a deadly feud arose between Sychæus and Pygmalion.

350. Securus: 'regardless' Securi pelagi, atque mei, En. vii. 304.