ib.; alliance of Victor Amadeus with Austria, 541; French inva- sion, ib.; the Cantons resist annex- ation to France, 542; negotiations in 1704, ib.; origin of the idea of neutralisation, ib.; French aggres- sion in 1792, ib.; partition of, in 1814, at the Treaty of Paris, 543; importance of neutralising Chab- lais and Faucigny, 544; passes entrusted to Switzerland, 545; article of the Congress of Vienna, ib.; second treaty of Paris, 546; topographical details, ib.; decla- ration of neutrality in 1815 dis- regarded by France, 548; and by Sardinia, 549
Sawtree (W.), execution of, for heresy, cxxxiv. 163
Saxe (Maurice, Count de, Marshal,
1696-1750), Dr. Weber's life of, cxx. 500; romance attached to his memory, ib.; his illegitimate birth, 502; his early life, ib.; joins the army, 505; abrupt close of his autobiography, 506; his first taste of warfare, 507; his schooling renewed, ib. 508; rejoins the allied army in Flanders, ib.; receives a royal pension, ib.; his marriage, 509; his extravagancies, 510; ac- cusations against his wife, 511; divorced, 512; his sentiments on marriage, 513; his gambling habits, ib.; instance of his courage, 514; received into the French service, 515; story of him at Paris, ib. 516; his visit to England, ib. ; elec- ted Duke of Courland, 517,518; in- terview with Prince Menschikow, 519; anecdote of his offending the Duchess Anna, 520; his escape from the Russians, ib.; his inti- macy with the actress Adrienne Lecouvreur at Paris, 521 and note; his work Mes Rêveries, 522; praised by Frederick the Great as a tactician, ib.; joins the Duke of Berwick at Ettling, 523; made
Lieutenant-General, ib.; his ex- ploit at the taking of Prague, 524; his meeting with Brühl at Dres- den, ib. 525; captures Egra, 525; failure of his mission to the Czarina, 526; named to command Charles Edward's intended descent on England, 527; at Fontenoy, 528; his equipage of actors, 532; anecdote of, at Péronne, 533; his victory at Lawfeld, 534; a retired officer after the peace, ib.; his death, 535; his military genius, 536, 537
Saxon, original definition of, as ap-
plied to England, cxxi. 37 note Saxon Chronicle, the, unique value of, cxxi. 10, 11; absence of na- tional feeling in its account of the Conquest, 30, 31
Saxony, introduction of silk manu- factures into, cxvi. 179
Saxony, ducal house of, its connexion with the Royal family of England, cxxxii. 92 Scandinavia, early poetry of, cxiv. 429; its enigmatic character, 432; alliterative verse, 434; the Woof of War,' 435 Scandinavian kingdoms, future of, discussed, cxxxiv. 236; Union movement of 1864 commenced by Sweden, 244; the Union of Cal- mar, 245; causes of its failure, ib. 247; present difficulties to the scheme, ib.; position of Slesvig, ib.; possible solutions of the ques- tion, 248; Russian and German designs, 249; English interests, ib. Scarabæus, or beetle-stone, the, cxxiv. 534, 544
Scarron (Madame). See Maintenon, Madame de
Scharf (Mr. G.), his services to the National Portrait Gallery, cxxiv.
Scharnhorst (Gerhard, 1756-1813), life of, by G. H. Klippel, cxl. 287;
his early life, 292; enters Count William of Lippe's military aca- demy, 293; his commission from George III. as cornet, 294; his career in the Hanoverian service, ib. 298; his teaching at the Artil- lery School at Hanover, 296; brilliant exploits against the French, 298; masterly night- march from Menin, 300; accepts service on the Prussian Staff, 303; jealousies at his appointment, 305; his artillery teachings at Berlin, 306; promotions by the king, ib.; his labours for the Military Society, 307; letter to his son on war with France, 310; his services recog- nised by Blücher, 312; his labours with Stein and Hardenberg, 315; reorganisation of the Prussian army after Jena, 319; later im- portance of his military studies, ib. Schaumburg (Lippe, Count William
of, d. 1777), patronage of, by George II., cxl. 288; his service in the Seven Years' War, b.; suc- cess in Portugal, 289; his maxims of military study, ib. ; his reforms in Hanover, 290; his military school on the Steinhuder Lake, 291; his pupil Scharnhorst's esti- mate of him, 292
Scheffer (Ary, 1795–1858), his mar-
vellous power of expression, cxii. 161; his contemplative tempera- ment, 162; his conduct in the Revolution of 1830, 164; his attachment to the Orleans family, 166; disgusted with the coup d'état, 170; growth of his talent indicated by his paintings, 172; religious influences, 173; character
of his portraits, ib. Schelling (Frederick William Joseph, 1775-1854), his lectures at Munich, cxl. 233; his scheme of teaching Latin in England, 234 Scheuchzer (of Zurich), his earliest
theory of glacier motion, cxiii. 227
Schiaparelli (Professor), director of the Milan observatory, his memoir on meteoric showers, cxl. 416 Schiller (John Christopher Frede- rick von, 1759–1805), his literary character by Sir A. Alison, exi. 160
Schirren (Professor), his conclusive pamphlet on the Baltic provinces, cxxxii. 66 'Schisme. Treatise of,' work sup-
pressed by Elizabeth, cxxxiv. 174 Schlegel (August Wilhelm von, 1767-1845), his essay on Fra Angelico's Coronation of the Vir- gin, cxxii. 80, 81
on the mechanical and organ- ical forms of translation, exxiii. 367 Schlegel (Frederick von, 1772-1829), on the Indo-Germanic tribe of languages, cxv. 85 Schliemann (Dr. Heinrich), his works on ancient Troy, cxxxix. 506; his excavations described therein, 507; his praiseworthy labour and zeal, 508; question of the site of Homeric Ilium before his researches, 512; state of things at his arrival, 513; his ardent study of Homer, ib.; his 'Ithaca, Peloponnese, and Troy,' ib.; excavations on Hissarlik, 514; stone implements discovered, 516; layers of debris, 517; discovery of the 'great tower,' and Scæan gates, 518; of Priam's treasures,' 519: female ornaments, 520; his belief in the literal accuracy of Homer's account, 521; non-Hellenic cha- racter of relics, as judged from photographs, 522; owl-headed vases, 523; hasty deductions, 524 ; on the δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον οf Homer, 526; argues from Greek customs to Trojan, ib.; are the relics pre-Hellenic? 527; architec-
tural monuments, 528; the Ho- meric Troy limited to Pergamus, 529; his claims open to dispute, 531; summary of his conclusions, ib.; historical truth of Trojan war not proved by his discovery of remains, 532; topographical con- jectures, 534; the Homeric account criticised, 535; the inscriptions disappointing, 538; terra-cotta fusaioli or carrousels, 539; imple- ments of the stone-age, 540; and of bronze, 543
Schnorr (Professor), his frescoes at Munich, cxxiii. 11; his rate of workmanship, 19
Schomberg (Frederic, Duke of, 1619-1690), his campaign in Ireland, cxxi. 514; his death at the Boyne described, 515 School-Boards, creation of, by the Act of 1870, cxxxix. 214; their duties and conduct, ib. 233; recent charges against the London School- Board, ib. 238; the Birmingham Board, 244 Schools.
See Education Schoolcraft (H. R.), his information respecting the Indian tribes of the United States, cxxv. 332; on the foreign origin of the Mexicans, 355 Schulenburg (General von, 1661- 1747), his masterly retreat across the Oder, cxx. 505; Voltaire's remark on, ib.; his advice to Maurice, Count of Saxe, 506 Schwabe, on certain spots on the planet Jupiter, cxl. 420 Schwarzenberg (Prince), his anti- Prussian policy as premier, cxxx. 422; opposed by Bismarck, ib. Sciarra (Marco di), brigandage of, cxxxii. 302
Science, the term defined, cxiv. 464
utilitarian views of, cxv. 75 popular treatment of, cxxii.
its alleged discrepancy with Scripture, cxl. 69
Science (Modern), principles and methods of, cxxxiii. 146; recent strides in, ib.; insoluble questions in, 147; obscure definitions ap- plied to physics, 148; tyranny of words in, ib.; mystery as to mo- tive cause of matter, 150; relations of matter and force, ib.; gravita- tion, 152; vital forces and volition, 153; functions of chemistry in regard to matter, 155; the atomic theory, 156; spectrum analysis, 157; new methods of analysis, 158; synthetical branch of, 161; complexity of chemical systems, 162; phenomena of electricity, ib. 166; relations of man with the lower animals, 170, 175
inroads of speculation on, cxxxvii. 493, 499 Science (Natural), its evidences li- mited to probabilities, cxvi. 311 Science (Physical), principle of the conservation of energy, cxxx. 138, 142
Scientific Education. See Education, Scientific
'Sconce,' the word in Shakspeare explained, cxxxvi. 369, 373 'Score,' Northern origin of the word, cxl. 248
Scotland, Silurian discoveries in, cxii. 89; Old Red Sandstone de- posits, 97; Permian formations, 101; dearth of Jacobite accounts of the two rebellions, 332; early prejudice against the Act of Union, 338; position of the Covenanters, 345; feelings of the Highlanders towards the Stuarts, 349; military incapacity of the insurgents in '15, 355; County histories of, 489; labours of Scott, Gordon, and Sibbald, 491; editions of literary clubs, 495 and note; early affinity of the Lowlanders and Northern English, 502; Flemish colonisa- tion of, 503; appointment of Sheriff's in. 504; ancient duties of
coroners, 507; social differences between the east and west of, 514 Scotland, wealth of popular poetry in, cxiii. 108
Mr. Buckle's views of Scot- tish history, cxiv. 200; his charge of national superstition, 204; growth of the Sabbatarian theory in, 539; the present observance condemned, 542
share of, in the Darien ex- pedition, cxv. 6; proportional in- crease of national wealth, 15; poor- laws in, 34
restoration of Episcopacy in, cxviii. 6; persecution of the Conventiclers, 8; Declarations of the Cameronians, 14; the rebellion justifiable, 15; murder of John Brown, 14; case of the Wigton Martyrs, 17-33; alliance of, with France, 230; preservation of French habits in, ib.; origin of the league, 231; links of national sympathy with France, ib.; Scot- tish mercenaries abroad, 234; the higher classes attracted to Paris, 236; French emigrants to, 237; early Flemish colonies in, 240; Scotch colleges abroad, 243; Scho- larly knight-errants,' 246; home. connexion preserved by emigrants to France, 248; ecclesiastical ties before the Reformation, 249; resi- dent French embassies in, 251; designs of IIenry II. of France upon, 253
unpopularity of Roman Catholicism at the Reformation, cxix. 185; Protestant intolerance, 187; influence of clanship on re- ligion, 189; disguised missionaries in, 190; inroads of the Jesuits, 191; state of the nobility of, un- der Elizabeth, 267
office of heritable Baillie in, cxx. 321 note; deplorable state of, under Bruce, 323; establishment
of the middle class, 327 (see Re- formation, Scottish); linen manu- facture in, 336, 344 Scotland, account of, in 1498, cxxi. 212, 213; features of feudalism in, 337; baronial jurisdiction, ib.; per- manency of old families, ib.; sub- infeudation, 338; local surnames, ib.; Highland coats of arms, 340; legendary pedigrees in, ib. 341 (see Heraldry); origin of family names in, 343; early use of seals in, 348
customary leases of moor- lands, etc., in, cxxv. 199
English claims to early feu- dal superiority in, cxxvi. 241; re- lations of, with the Normans, 242; turbulent condition after the death of Bruce, 244; defects of the Par-. liament, 245; results of the War of Independence, ib.; prosperity under the Alexanders, 246; de- cline in the seventeenth century, 247; independence purchased at the cost of freedom, ib. ; real nature of the war shown by Mr. Burton, 248; Norman tyranny, 249; po- licy of Edward, 250; romantic eulogy of the Highlanders, ib.; use of Gaelic in, 251; power of the nobility under the Stuarts, 253; services of the middle class, 254; struggles between the Crown and nobles, 255; altered relations with France, 256; chance of concilia- tion neglected by Henry VIII., 257
early commendation of, to England, denounced, cxxx. 206, 210; views of Mr. Freeman and Mr. Burton thereon, ib.; marriage laws of, 268, 276 (see Marriage, Laws of)
the Union of, compared with that of Ireland, cxxxiii. 527, 528
her liberties twice saved by the middle-class, cxxxiv. 104, 105; Mr. Burton's account of the Re-
formation, 108; early Reformation Acts, ib.; the Huguenot system repudiated by the Estates, ib.; triumph of Presbyterianism over Episcopacy, 109; struggle for church-lands, ib. ; conduct of Mary end Knox, ib.; Episcopacy re- stored, 110; Articles of Perth, 111; moderation of English Church polity contrasted there- with, 112; fear and hatred of Popery, 113; the crisis of 1640, 114; Presbyterian system recon- structed, 115; grievances under Charles I., 118; tyrannous conduct of Charles II., 119; Prelacy estab- lished, ib.; base conduct of Lau- derdale and Sharp, 121; depravity of the nobles, 122; increased power of the clergy, 124; bad effects of the struggle of the seven- teenth century, 125; good effects of Presbyterianism, 126; position of Dissenting bodies, ib.; wise le- gislation of Cromwell, 127; growth of municipal law, 129 Scotland, modern progress of social fusion with England, cxl. 261
Church of, absence of priestly exclusiveness in, cxiv. 206; its democratic character, 207; Mr. Cunningham's history of, 394; de- fects of previous historians, ib.; effects of the Reformation, 397; early missionary period, 398; character of the Culdees, 400; their degeneracy and overthrow, 401; establishment of Roman Catholicism, ib.; development of Roman influence, 402; French education of the clergy, ib.; sub- version of Catholicism, 403; the parochial system its legacy, 404; Archbishop Hamilton's Cate- chism,' 406; liturgical service of the early Reformed Church, 407; Morton's Tulchan Episcopacy, 408; opposition of Melville, ib.; Episcopacy restored by James,
410; Spottiswoode and the 'Five Articles of Perth,' ib.; Laud's new liturgy resisted, ib.; Presbyterian- ism under Cromwell, 412; tyran- nical Episcopacy of Sharp at the Restoration, 413; oppressed con- dition of the Presbyterians, ib.; theology of the Covenanters, 414; effects of the Revolution, 415; Presbyterianism newly established, 416; its contact with English Puritanism, 417; the General Assembly excused the Oath of Allegiance, 418; new career in the last century, 419; rise of Mo- deratism, 420; uniformity of be- lief more apparent than real, ib.; accusations of heresy, ib. 421; in- tellectual spirit of theology, 422; decline of the moderate party in the present century, ib. ; accessions to the Evangelical party, 423; the disruption of 1843, ib. 424 Scotland, Church of, controversy respecting patronage, cxl. 273; the Confession of Faith and Shorter Catechism, 274; the Auch- terarder dispute, 277; secession from, and establishment of the Free Church, 279; Lord Aber- deen's Act, 282; difficulties of reunion, 284
Scotland, Free Church of, claims of, to spiritual authority, cxxviii. 262; its extra-legal pretensions illus- trated in the Cardross case, 277
establishment of, cxl. 281 Scotland-yard, formerly a royal resi- dence, cxxxi. 178
Scott (Sir Walter, 1771-1832), his ballad of the Battle of the Harlaw a unique imitation of ancien phraseology, cxi. 462
his account of the Darien ex pedition, cxv. 4; his partialities as an historian, 5; his monument at Edinburgh, 546
his talent for anecdote ill
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