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ib.; alliance of Victor Amadeus
with Austria, 541; French inva-
sion, ib.; the Cantons resist annex-
ation to France, 542; negotiations
in 1704, ib.; origin of the idea of
neutralisation, ib.; French aggres-
sion in 1792, ib.; partition of, in
1814, at the Treaty of Paris, 543;
importance of neutralising Chab-
lais and Faucigny, 544; passes
entrusted to Switzerland, 545;
article of the Congress of Vienna,
ib.; second treaty of Paris, 546;
topographical details, ib.; decla-
ration of neutrality in 1815 dis-
regarded by France, 548; and by
Sardinia, 549

Sawtree (W.), execution of, for
heresy, cxxxiv. 163

Saxe (Maurice, Count de, Marshal,

1696-1750), Dr. Weber's life of,
cxx. 500; romance attached to his
memory, ib.; his illegitimate birth,
502; his early life, ib.; joins the
army, 505; abrupt close of his
autobiography, 506; his first taste
of warfare, 507; his schooling
renewed, ib. 508; rejoins the allied
army in Flanders, ib.; receives a
royal pension, ib.; his marriage,
509; his extravagancies, 510; ac-
cusations against his wife, 511;
divorced, 512; his sentiments on
marriage, 513; his gambling habits,
ib.; instance of his courage, 514;
received into the French service,
515; story of him at Paris, ib.
516; his visit to England, ib. ; elec-
ted Duke of Courland, 517,518; in-
terview with Prince Menschikow,
519; anecdote of his offending
the Duchess Anna, 520; his escape
from the Russians, ib.; his inti-
macy with the actress Adrienne
Lecouvreur at Paris, 521 and note;
his work Mes Rêveries, 522;
praised by Frederick the Great as
a tactician, ib.; joins the Duke of
Berwick at Ettling, 523; made

Lieutenant-General, ib.; his ex-
ploit at the taking of Prague, 524;
his meeting with Brühl at Dres-
den, ib. 525; captures Egra, 525;
failure of his mission to the
Czarina, 526; named to command
Charles Edward's intended descent
on England, 527; at Fontenoy,
528; his equipage of actors, 532;
anecdote of, at Péronne, 533; his
victory at Lawfeld, 534; a retired
officer after the peace, ib.; his
death, 535; his military genius,
536, 537

Saxon, original definition of, as ap-

plied to England, cxxi. 37 note
Saxon Chronicle, the, unique value
of, cxxi. 10, 11; absence of na-
tional feeling in its account of the
Conquest, 30, 31

Saxony, introduction of silk manu-
factures into, cxvi. 179

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Saxony, ducal house of, its connexion
with the Royal family of England,
cxxxii. 92
Scandinavia, early poetry of, cxiv.
429; its enigmatic character, 432;
alliterative verse, 434; the Woof
of War,' 435
Scandinavian kingdoms, future of,
discussed, cxxxiv. 236; Union
movement of 1864 commenced by
Sweden, 244; the Union of Cal-
mar, 245; causes of its failure, ib.
247; present difficulties to the
scheme, ib.; position of Slesvig,
ib.; possible solutions of the ques-
tion, 248; Russian and German
designs, 249; English interests,
ib.
Scarabæus, or beetle-stone, the,
cxxiv. 534, 544

Scarron (Madame). See Maintenon,
Madame de

Scharf (Mr. G.), his services to the
National Portrait Gallery, cxxiv.

350

Scharnhorst (Gerhard, 1756-1813),
life of, by G. H. Klippel, cxl. 287;

his early life, 292; enters Count
William of Lippe's military aca-
demy, 293; his commission from
George III. as cornet, 294; his
career in the Hanoverian service,
ib. 298; his teaching at the Artil-
lery School at Hanover, 296;
brilliant exploits against the
French, 298; masterly night-
march from Menin, 300; accepts
service on the Prussian Staff, 303;
jealousies at his appointment, 305;
his artillery teachings at Berlin,
306; promotions by the king, ib.;
his labours for the Military Society,
307; letter to his son on war with
France, 310; his services recog-
nised by Blücher, 312; his labours
with Stein and Hardenberg, 315;
reorganisation of the Prussian
army after Jena, 319; later im-
portance of his military studies,
ib.
Schaumburg (Lippe, Count William

of, d. 1777), patronage of, by
George II., cxl. 288; his service in
the Seven Years' War, b.; suc-
cess in Portugal, 289; his maxims
of military study, ib. ; his reforms
in Hanover, 290; his military
school on the Steinhuder Lake,
291; his pupil Scharnhorst's esti-
mate of him, 292

Scheffer (Ary, 1795–1858), his mar-

vellous power of expression, cxii.
161; his contemplative tempera-
ment, 162; his conduct in the
Revolution of 1830, 164; his
attachment to the Orleans family,
166; disgusted with the coup
d'état, 170; growth of his talent
indicated by his paintings, 172;
religious influences, 173; character

of his portraits, ib.
Schelling (Frederick William Joseph,
1775-1854), his lectures at Munich,
cxl. 233; his scheme of teaching
Latin in England, 234
Scheuchzer (of Zurich), his earliest

theory of glacier motion, cxiii.
227

Schiaparelli (Professor), director of
the Milan observatory, his memoir
on meteoric showers, cxl. 416
Schiller (John Christopher Frede-
rick von, 1759–1805), his literary
character by Sir A. Alison, exi.
160

Schirren (Professor), his conclusive
pamphlet on the Baltic provinces,
cxxxii. 66
'Schisme. Treatise of,' work sup-

pressed by Elizabeth, cxxxiv. 174
Schlegel (August Wilhelm von,
1767-1845), his essay on Fra
Angelico's Coronation of the Vir-
gin, cxxii. 80, 81

on the mechanical and organ-
ical forms of translation, exxiii.
367
Schlegel (Frederick von, 1772-1829),
on the Indo-Germanic tribe of
languages, cxv. 85
Schliemann (Dr. Heinrich), his
works on ancient Troy, cxxxix.
506; his excavations described
therein, 507; his praiseworthy
labour and zeal, 508; question of
the site of Homeric Ilium before
his researches, 512; state of
things at his arrival, 513; his
ardent study of Homer, ib.; his
'Ithaca, Peloponnese, and Troy,'
ib.; excavations on Hissarlik, 514;
stone implements discovered, 516;
layers of debris, 517; discovery of
the 'great tower,' and Scæan gates,
518; of Priam's treasures,' 519:
female ornaments, 520; his belief
in the literal accuracy of Homer's
account, 521; non-Hellenic cha-
racter of relics, as judged from
photographs, 522; owl-headed
vases, 523; hasty deductions,
524 ; on the δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον οf
Homer, 526; argues from Greek
customs to Trojan, ib.; are the
relics pre-Hellenic? 527; architec-

tural monuments, 528; the Ho-
meric Troy limited to Pergamus,
529; his claims open to dispute,
531; summary of his conclusions,
ib.; historical truth of Trojan war
not proved by his discovery of
remains, 532; topographical con-
jectures, 534; the Homeric account
criticised, 535; the inscriptions
disappointing, 538; terra-cotta
fusaioli or carrousels, 539; imple-
ments of the stone-age, 540; and
of bronze, 543

Schnorr (Professor), his frescoes at
Munich, cxxiii. 11; his rate of
workmanship, 19

Schomberg (Frederic, Duke of,
1619-1690), his campaign in
Ireland, cxxi. 514; his death at
the Boyne described, 515
School-Boards, creation of, by the
Act of 1870, cxxxix. 214; their
duties and conduct, ib. 233; recent
charges against the London School-
Board, ib. 238; the Birmingham
Board, 244
Schools.

See Education
Schoolcraft (H. R.), his information
respecting the Indian tribes of the
United States, cxxv. 332; on the
foreign origin of the Mexicans, 355
Schulenburg (General von, 1661-
1747), his masterly retreat across
the Oder, cxx. 505; Voltaire's
remark on, ib.; his advice to
Maurice, Count of Saxe, 506
Schwabe, on certain spots on the
planet Jupiter, cxl. 420
Schwarzenberg (Prince), his anti-
Prussian policy as premier, cxxx.
422; opposed by Bismarck, ib.
Sciarra (Marco di), brigandage of,
cxxxii. 302

Science, the term defined, cxiv. 464

423

utilitarian views of, cxv. 75
popular treatment of, cxxii.

its alleged discrepancy with
Scripture, cxl. 69

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Science (Modern), principles and
methods of, cxxxiii. 146; recent
strides in, ib.; insoluble questions
in, 147; obscure definitions ap-
plied to physics, 148; tyranny of
words in, ib.; mystery as to mo-
tive cause of matter, 150; relations
of matter and force, ib.; gravita-
tion, 152; vital forces and volition,
153; functions of chemistry in
regard to matter, 155; the atomic
theory, 156; spectrum analysis,
157; new methods of analysis,
158; synthetical branch of, 161;
complexity of chemical systems,
162; phenomena of electricity, ib.
166; relations of man with the
lower animals, 170, 175

inroads of speculation on,
cxxxvii. 493, 499
Science (Natural), its evidences li-
mited to probabilities, cxvi. 311
Science (Physical), principle of the
conservation of energy, cxxx. 138,
142

Scientific Education. See Education,
Scientific

'Sconce,' the word in Shakspeare
explained, cxxxvi. 369, 373
'Score,' Northern origin of the word,
cxl. 248

Scotland, Silurian discoveries in,
cxii. 89; Old Red Sandstone de-
posits, 97; Permian formations,
101; dearth of Jacobite accounts
of the two rebellions, 332; early
prejudice against the Act of Union,
338; position of the Covenanters,
345; feelings of the Highlanders
towards the Stuarts, 349; military
incapacity of the insurgents in '15,
355; County histories of, 489;
labours of Scott, Gordon, and
Sibbald, 491; editions of literary
clubs, 495 and note; early affinity
of the Lowlanders and Northern
English, 502; Flemish colonisa-
tion of, 503; appointment of
Sheriff's in. 504; ancient duties of

coroners, 507; social differences
between the east and west of,
514
Scotland, wealth of popular poetry
in, cxiii. 108

Mr. Buckle's views of Scot-
tish history, cxiv. 200; his charge
of national superstition, 204;
growth of the Sabbatarian theory
in, 539; the present observance
condemned, 542

share of, in the Darien ex-
pedition, cxv. 6; proportional in-
crease of national wealth, 15; poor-
laws in, 34

restoration of Episcopacy
in, cxviii. 6; persecution of the
Conventiclers, 8; Declarations of
the Cameronians, 14; the rebellion
justifiable, 15; murder of John
Brown, 14; case of the Wigton
Martyrs, 17-33; alliance of, with
France, 230; preservation of
French habits in, ib.; origin of the
league, 231; links of national
sympathy with France, ib.; Scot-
tish mercenaries abroad, 234; the
higher classes attracted to Paris,
236; French emigrants to, 237;
early Flemish colonies in, 240;
Scotch colleges abroad, 243; Scho-
larly knight-errants,' 246; home.
connexion preserved by emigrants
to France, 248; ecclesiastical ties
before the Reformation, 249; resi-
dent French embassies in, 251;
designs of IIenry II. of France
upon, 253

unpopularity of Roman
Catholicism at the Reformation,
cxix. 185; Protestant intolerance,
187; influence of clanship on re-
ligion, 189; disguised missionaries
in, 190; inroads of the Jesuits,
191; state of the nobility of, un-
der Elizabeth, 267

office of heritable Baillie in,
cxx. 321 note; deplorable state of,
under Bruce, 323; establishment

of the middle class, 327 (see Re-
formation, Scottish); linen manu-
facture in, 336, 344
Scotland, account of, in 1498, cxxi.
212, 213; features of feudalism in,
337; baronial jurisdiction, ib.; per-
manency of old families, ib.; sub-
infeudation, 338; local surnames,
ib.; Highland coats of arms, 340;
legendary pedigrees in, ib. 341
(see Heraldry); origin of family
names in, 343; early use of seals
in, 348

customary leases of moor-
lands, etc., in, cxxv. 199

English claims to early feu-
dal superiority in, cxxvi. 241; re-
lations of, with the Normans, 242;
turbulent condition after the death
of Bruce, 244; defects of the Par-.
liament, 245; results of the War
of Independence, ib.; prosperity
under the Alexanders, 246; de-
cline in the seventeenth century,
247; independence purchased at
the cost of freedom, ib. ; real nature
of the war shown by Mr. Burton,
248; Norman tyranny, 249; po-
licy of Edward, 250; romantic
eulogy of the Highlanders, ib.; use
of Gaelic in, 251; power of the
nobility under the Stuarts, 253;
services of the middle class, 254;
struggles between the Crown and
nobles, 255; altered relations with
France, 256; chance of concilia-
tion neglected by Henry VIII., 257

early commendation of, to
England, denounced, cxxx. 206,
210; views of Mr. Freeman and
Mr. Burton thereon, ib.; marriage
laws of, 268, 276 (see Marriage,
Laws of)

the Union of, compared
with that of Ireland, cxxxiii. 527,
528

her liberties twice saved by
the middle-class, cxxxiv. 104, 105;
Mr. Burton's account of the Re-

formation, 108; early Reformation
Acts, ib.; the Huguenot system
repudiated by the Estates, ib.;
triumph of Presbyterianism over
Episcopacy, 109; struggle for
church-lands, ib. ; conduct of Mary
end Knox, ib.; Episcopacy re-
stored, 110; Articles of Perth,
111; moderation of English
Church polity contrasted there-
with, 112; fear and hatred of
Popery, 113; the crisis of 1640,
114; Presbyterian system recon-
structed, 115; grievances under
Charles I., 118; tyrannous conduct
of Charles II., 119; Prelacy estab-
lished, ib.; base conduct of Lau-
derdale and Sharp, 121; depravity
of the nobles, 122; increased
power of the clergy, 124; bad
effects of the struggle of the seven-
teenth century, 125; good effects
of Presbyterianism, 126; position
of Dissenting bodies, ib.; wise le-
gislation of Cromwell, 127; growth
of municipal law, 129
Scotland, modern progress of social
fusion with England, cxl. 261

Church of, absence of priestly
exclusiveness in, cxiv. 206; its
democratic character, 207; Mr.
Cunningham's history of, 394; de-
fects of previous historians, ib.;
effects of the Reformation, 397;
early missionary period, 398;
character of the Culdees, 400;
their degeneracy and overthrow,
401; establishment of Roman
Catholicism, ib.; development of
Roman influence, 402; French
education of the clergy, ib.; sub-
version of Catholicism, 403; the
parochial system its legacy, 404;
Archbishop Hamilton's Cate-
chism,' 406; liturgical service of
the early Reformed Church, 407;
Morton's Tulchan Episcopacy,
408; opposition of Melville, ib.;
Episcopacy restored by James,

410; Spottiswoode and the 'Five
Articles of Perth,' ib.; Laud's new
liturgy resisted, ib.; Presbyterian-
ism under Cromwell, 412; tyran-
nical Episcopacy of Sharp at the
Restoration, 413; oppressed con-
dition of the Presbyterians, ib.;
theology of the Covenanters, 414;
effects of the Revolution, 415;
Presbyterianism newly established,
416; its contact with English
Puritanism, 417; the General
Assembly excused the Oath of
Allegiance, 418; new career in
the last century, 419; rise of Mo-
deratism, 420; uniformity of be-
lief more apparent than real, ib.;
accusations of heresy, ib. 421; in-
tellectual spirit of theology, 422;
decline of the moderate party in
the present century, ib. ; accessions
to the Evangelical party, 423; the
disruption of 1843, ib. 424
Scotland, Church of, controversy
respecting patronage, cxl. 273;
the Confession of Faith and
Shorter Catechism, 274; the Auch-
terarder dispute, 277; secession
from, and establishment of the
Free Church, 279; Lord Aber-
deen's Act, 282; difficulties of
reunion, 284

Scotland, Free Church of, claims of,
to spiritual authority, cxxviii. 262;
its extra-legal pretensions illus-
trated in the Cardross case,
277

establishment of, cxl. 281
Scotland-yard, formerly a royal resi-
dence, cxxxi. 178

Scott (Sir Walter, 1771-1832), his
ballad of the Battle of the Harlaw
a unique imitation of ancien
phraseology, cxi. 462

his account of the Darien ex
pedition, cxv. 4; his partialities as
an historian, 5; his monument at
Edinburgh, 546

his talent for anecdote ill

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