his name. What American landscape will you look on; what subject of American interest will you study; what source of hope or of anxiety, as an American, will you acknowledge, that it does not recall him? . . .

4. But it is time that this eulogy was spoken. My heart goes back into the coffin there with him, and I would pause. I went -it is a day or two since-alone, to see again the home which he so dearly loved, the chamber where he died, the grave in which they laid him—all habited as when

"His look drew audience still as night,
Or summer's noontide air "-

till the heavens be no more. Throughout that spacious and calm scene all things to the eye showed at first unchanged. The books in the library; the portraits; the table at which he wrote; the scientific culture of the land; the course of agricultural occupation; the coming-in of harvests, fruit of the seed his own hand had scattered; the animals and implements of husbandry; the trees planted by him in lines, in copses, in orchards, by thousands; the seat under the noble elm, on which he used to sit to feel the southwest wind at evening, or hear the breathings of the sea, or the not less audible music of the starry heavens, all seemed at first unchanged. The sun of a bright day, from which, however, something of the fervors of midsummer were wanting, fell temperately on them all, filled the air on all sides with the utterances of life, and gleamed on the long line of ocean. Some of those whom on earth he loved best still were there. The great mind still seemed to preside; the great presence to be with you; you might expect to hear again the rich and playful tones of the voice of the old hospitality. Yet a moment more, and all the scene took on the aspect of one great monument, inscribed with his name, and sacred to his memory.

5. And such it shall be in all the future of America! The sensation of desolateness and loneliness and darkness with which you see it now will pass away; the sharp grief of love and friendship will become soothed; men will repair thither as they are wont to commemorate the great days of history; the same glance shall take in, and the same emotions shall greet and bless, the harbor of the Pilgrims and the tomb of Webster.

FROM THE SPEECH IN REPLY TO HAYNE.

[INTRODUCTION.-The speech of which the first of the subjoined extracts forms the exordium, and the second the peroration, is known as Webster's Second Speech on Foot's Resolution. In the latter part of 1829, Senator Foot, of Connecticut, moved in the Senate a resolution in relation to the disposal of the public lands in the West. On this subject Webster delivered a brief speech, to which Senator Hayne, of South Carolina, responded. In his speech Hayne departed widely from the subject of the resolution, opening up a variety of political and constitutional questions. This course rendered a response incumbent upon Webster, who acquitted himself in the magnificent speech delivered before the United States Senate, January 26, 1830.]

I.

1. When this debate, sir, was to be resumed, on Thursday morning, it so happened that it would have been convenient for me to be elsewhere. The honorable gentleman, however, did not incline to put off the discussion to another day. He had a shot,

he said, to return, and he wished to discharge it. That shot, sir, 5 which he thus kindly informed us was coming, that we might stand out of the way or prepare ourselves to fall by it and die with decency, has now been received. Under all advantages, and with expectation awakened by the tone which preceded it, it has been discharged, and has spent its force. It may become me 10 to say no more of its effect than that, if nobody is found, after all, either killed or wounded, it is not the first time in the history of human affairs that the vigor and success of the war have not quite come up to the lofty and sounding phrase of the manifesto.*

2. The gentleman, sir, in declining to postpone the debate, told the Senate, with the emphasis of his hand upon his heart, that

LITERARY ANALYSIS.-I-3. When... elsewhere. What kind of sentence grammatically? Rhetorically?

4. He had a shot, etc. What is the figure of speech? (See Def. 20.) 5-10. That shot... force. To what use does Webster in these sentences turn Hayne's metaphor ?-Point out any ironical expression.

10-15. It... manifesto. What kind of sentence rhetorically?

16-48. The gentleman... aimed. It will be noted that, as in paragraph 1 Webster occupies himself with tossing his antagonist on the point of his own metaphor, so in paragraph 2 he takes up another of Hayne's remarks and adroitly turns the edge of it against him.

15

there was something rankling* here, of which he wished to rid himself by an immediate reply. In this respect, sir, I have a great advantage over the honorable gentleman. There is noth-20 ing here, sir, which gives me the slightest uneasiness; neither fear, nor anger, nor that which is sometimes more troublesome than either-the consciousness of having been in the wrong. There is nothing either originating here or now received here by the gentleman's shot. Nothing originating here, for I had not 25 the slightest feeling of unkindness towards the honorable member. Some passages,* it is true, had occurred since our acquaintance in this body which I could have wished might have been otherwise; but I had used philosophy and forgotten them. I paid the honorable member the attention of listening with re- 3o spect to his first speech; and when he sat down, though surprised, and I must even say astonished, at some of his opinions, nothing was farther from my intention than to commence any personal warfare. Through the whole of the few remarks I made in answer, I avoided, studiously and carefully, everything which 35 I thought possible to be construed into disrespect. And, sir, while there is thus nothing originating here, which I have wished at any time, or now wish, to discharge, I must repeat, also, that nothing has been received here which rankles, or in any way gives me annoyance. I will not accuse the honorable member of vio- 4° lating the rules of civilized war; I will not say that he poisoned his arrows. But whether his shafts were, or were not, dipped in that which would have caused rankling if they had reached their destination, there was not, as it happened, quite strength enough in the bow to bring them to their mark. If he wishes now to 45

LITERARY ANALYSIS.

20-23. There is... wrong. How is the general statement in the first part of the sentence enforced by the latter part?

24, 25. There is... shot. In this sentence a double denial is made: show what sentences carry out the first denial, and what the second.

31, 32. though surprised. Supply the ellipsis.

40. I will not, etc. What is there in the form of statement that adds great force to this sentence?-Point out the metaphor.

42-45. But whether... mark. Where is the sting in this sentence? 45-48. If he ... aimed. Compare the last sentence of paragraph 2 with the last of paragraph I: note that the former is, in a modified form, an iteration of the latter; but, as hurled forth in paragraph 2, what prodigious increase of momentum the statement has gained!

gather up those shafts, he must look for them elsewhere they will not be found fixed and quivering in the object at which they were aimed.

3. The honorable member complained that I had slept on his speech. I must have slept on it, or not slept at all. The mo- 50 ment the honorable member sat down, his friend from Missouri rose, and, with much honeyed commendation of the speech, suggested that the impressions which it had produced were too charming and delightful to be disturbed by other sentiments or other sounds, and proposed that the Senate should adjourn. 55 Would it have been quite amiable in me, sir, to interrupt this excellent good feeling? Must I not have been absolutely malicious, if I could have thrust myself forward to destroy sensations thus pleasing? Was it not much better and kinder, both to sleep upon them myself, and to allow others also the pleasure of sleeping 60 upon them? But if it be meant, by sleeping upon his speech, that I took time to prepare a reply, it is quite a mistake. Owing to other engagements, I could not employ even the interval between the adjournment of the Senate and its meeting the next morning in attention to the subject of this debate. Neverthe-65 less, sir, the mere matter of fact is undoubtedly true. I did sleep on the gentleman's speech, and slept soundly. And I slept equally well on his speech of yesterday, to which I am now replying. It is quite possible that in this respect, also, I possess some advantage over the honorable member, attributable, doubt- 70 less, to a cooler temperament on my part; for, in truth, I slept upon his speeches remarkably well.

4. But the gentleman inquires why he was made the object of

LITERARY ANALYSIS.-49-72. In paragraph 3, Webster pursues the same tactics as in the two previous paragraphs; that is, he seizes upon an observation of his opponent and presses it back upon him.—Divide this paragraph into its three principal parts.

51. his friend. Senator Benton. 56-61. Would... them?

What is the effect of the use of the interrogative

form in these three sentences?

62. it is quite a mistake. Note the temperance of the statement. A frothy orator would have "hurled back the imputation," etc.

71. I slept, etc. What inference does Webster wish to be drawn from this statement?

such a reply? Why was he singled out? If an attack has been made on the East, he, he assures us, did not begin it; it was made 73 by the gentleman from Missouri. Sir, I answered the gentleman's speech because I happened to hear it; and because, also, I chose to give an answer to that speech which, if unanswered, I thought most likely to produce injurious impressions. I did not stop to inquire who was the original drawer of the bill. I found a responsible endorser* before me, and it was my purpose to hold him liable, and to bring him to his just responsibility, without delay. But, sir, this interrogatory of the honorable member was only introductory to another. He proceeded to ask me whether I had turned upon him, in this debate, from the con- 85 sciousness that I should find an overmatch if I ventured on a contest with his friend from Missouri. If, sir, the honorable member, modestia gratia, had chosen thus to defer to his friend. and to pay him a compliment, without intentional disparagement to others, it would have been quite according to the friendly cour- 90 tesies of debate, and not at all ungrateful to my own feelings. I am not one of those, sir, who esteem any tribute of regard, whether light and occasional, or more serious and deliberate, which may be bestowed on others, as so much unjustly withholden from themselves. But the tone and manner of the gentleman's ques- 95 tion forbid me thus to interpret it. I am not at liberty to consider it as nothing more than a civility to his friend. It had an air of taunt and disparagement, something of the loftiness of asserted superiority, which does not allow me to pass it over without notice. It was put as a question for me to answer, and so 100 put as if it were difficult for me to answer, whether I deemed the member from Missouri an overmatch for myself in debate here. It seems to me, sir, that this is extraordinary language, and an extraordinary tone, for the discussions of this body.

LITERARY ANALYSIS.—80. drawer of the bill. What is the figure of speech? (See Def. 20.)—Show how this figure is carried out in the subsequent part of the sentence.

87-91. If... feelings. What kind of sentence rhetorically?

88. modestiæ gratia, for modesty's sake.

94. withaolden. Why does Webster use this form?