with oxen or horses, and the rest with money; insomuch that there was five or six hundred pilgrims, to a man's estimation, that offered to the said image" the day before he wrote. The popular belief was, "that whosoever will offer anything to the said image of Darvell Gadarn, he hath power to fetch him or them that so offers out of Hell when they be damned." Llan Darfel, where this image stood, is a village in Merionethshire, a few miles to the westward of Bala, on the banks of the Dee.

Concerning the Blood of Hayles, there are two letters which are very much misplaced, as are also many others. The first, in time, is from Latimer, (iii. 250,) describing the appearance of the blood and of the vessel in which it was contained: the second from the abbot of Hales, requesting permission to "putt [pull?] down, every stick and stone" of the case, "in manner of a shrine" in which the relic used to be preserved. (iii. 223.)

The former of these letters has been lately published in the Collection of Latimer's Letters, contained in the volume of his Remains issued by the Parker Society under the editorship of Professor Corrie. The same volume contains the other letters of Latimer printed by Sir Henry Ellis (iii. 202205); in like manner the long letter of Cranmer (iii. 23-31) is printed in Jenkyns's Collection of Cranmer's Letters (Works, i. 167), and the letters of Bishop Grindal (iii. 349, 357, 364, 365,) are all printed in the Collection of his Remains published by the Parker Society. This printing over again of letters already printed in a collection of the letters of the writer is extremely inconvenient and unnecessary. It is bad enough to print, as Sir Henry Ellis has occasionally done, papers already printed in books which ought to be well known to every editor of original papers; this is needless, and ought to be avoided; but when

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man's letters have been collected, and published in a collected form, subsequent editors ought never to reprint them except for some very clear and sufficient reason. Complete collections of letters are amongst the most useful historical books, and an editor of letters who does not make himself acquainted with them, will find it difficult to de

fend himself against a charge of culpable remissness.

Amongst the letters of this period, one from Bale (iii. 151), written whilst in prison upon charges brought against him for words uttered in preaching; and one from Leland, written on Bale's behalf (iii. 154), are well worthy of notice. A letter of Rowland Lee, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield (iii. 47), exhibits the perverseness of jurors in returning false verdicts,* and the frequency of crimes accompanied by force, in spite of numerous capital punishments. The manner in which the administration of the law was interfered with by powerful persons is exemplified in the case of a dispute between the Dean of Westbury and a very fiery Lady Berkeley, occasioned by the Dean's interference with some of her ladyship's servants, who were "playing at the unlawful and forbidden game of tennis at divine service time in the morning." (iii. 144.)

Alexander Barclay, the author of the Ship of Fools, is brought before us as a quibbling friar in an amusing letter at iii. 114; Jack of Newbury and his son at iii. 239; and the Court of James V. of Scotland, with full particulars of an Epiphany interlude played before the king in 1540, at iii. 279. The interlude was a moral play which had for its object the furtherance of the Reformation, and is stated by Sir H. Ellis to have been the first draught of Sir David Lindsay's Satire on the Three Estates. A full note of its contents is given by the writer, to which we would direct the attention of dramatic historians, suggesting only the correction of what seems to be a mistake. The writer mentions the entry of a king who sat upon a throne and had no speech until the end of the play," and then to ratify and approve, as in playne Parliament, all things done by the rest of the players which represented the three esces. With the exception of Solace, who was the fool of the play, there does not seem to have been any character in it whose name began with S, and it is evident that the

But pray omit the comma in p. 48 between pregnante" and "evidence." It was the evidence that was pregnant, not the widow.

writer meant the Three Estates, represented by the Bishop, the man of arms, and the burgess. Probably the MS. reads estes, being a contraction for

estates.

In a later part of the same volume (iii. 373) is an amusing letter from George Buchanan to Randolph the English ambassador; full of jokes against matrimony and its dangers, with some interesting tidings about his own literary labours and those of John Knox.

The letters of the reigns of Edward VI. and Mary are few in number, and of no great moment. Those of the time of Elizabeth carry us nearly into the middle of the fourth volume, whence we pass on with rapid strides to the end of the last century. The newest and perhaps the most attractive part of the fourth volume consists of letters of Sir Samuel Luke, the Hudibras of Butler, extracted from his letter book now in the British Museum. The first of them is addressed to an "honest Sam," who "may have been Butler himself," and makes mention of a "Ralph Norton," who may have been The squire he had whose name was Ralph,

That in th'adventures went his half.

The other letters bear date in 1644

and 1645, and give tidings of the progress of the civil war. That dated 4th June, 1644, and printed at iv. 221, cannot refer to Venetia Lady Digby, as Sir Henry Ellis supposes, for she died on the 1st May, 1633. She is described at p. 256 as "a most desperate dangerous woman, animating both her neighbours and the soldiers against the Parliament." Luke sent some soldiers to her with a warrant for lead, and tells the result thus :

"When they came to her and shewed her the warrant, she gave both you and the soldiers such language as was not fit to be indured, and told them she had no lead, and none they should have there. Walking up and down the house they found spouts, which they told her they must have. Then she intreated them to forbear, and promised that she would furnish them otherwise, and thereupon sent her servant to dig in a muck-hill, where she found seven or eight hundred of lead, and sent it hither." (iv. 256.)

him by Oliver Cromwell, short, sharp, business-like communications. Although they are of little moment, it is a pity that Mr. Carlyle was not apprised of their existence.

The best of Sir Samuel Luke's letters is a report of the military events of the year 1645, terminating with the battle of Naseby, (iv. 248,) and the most interesting in this part of the book are the report of a citizen-volunteer of the taking of Colchester, (iv. 268,) an account of Dunkirk in 1662, (iv. 277,) and a long statement of services during the rebellion addressed to Charles II. by Sir John Hinton, His Majesty's Physician in Ordinary. (iv. 296-311.)

In the reign of Queen Anne occur a long and valuable letter of Archbishop Tenison's upon pluralities, and the following from the great Duke of Marlborough :—

"Sir, I beg pardon for troubling you with this, but I am in very odd distress, too much ready money; I have now 105,000l. dead, and shall have 50 more next week; if you can employ it any way it will be a very great favour to me." (iv. 331.)

An interesting letter of Washington's will furnish us, as a closing extract, with a passage which strikingly exhibits the clearness with which that illustrious man foresaw the rising greatness of his country. Fifty years have no where made more wonderful changes than in America; but the clear vision of the illustrious president seems to have anticipated their results.

"To administer justice to, and receive it from, every power with whom they are connected, will, I hope, be always found the most prominent feature in the administration of this country; and I flatter myself that nothing short of imperious necessity can occasion a breach with any of them. Under such a system, if we are allowed to pursue it, the agriculture and mechanical arts, the wealth and population of these states, will increase with that de gree of rapidity, as to baffle all calculation, and must surpass any idea your lordship can hitherto have entertained on the occasion." (iv. 396.)

Amongst these papers of Sir Samuel

ditti of the fiercest description. We soon discovered they were not Turks, and concluded therefore they must be Greeks; they were about twenty in number, and armed cap-a-pie. What was our little corps compared to this formidable junta? We found them to be a party of Russian peasantry, who had settled in Anatolia, and were then on their way to Constantinople to form a part of the cavalry of the Sultan. My friend spoke a little Russ, and this was their report of themselves: that when Russia took possession of the Crimea, some hundreds of them emigrated into Anatolia, and, receiving the protection of the Porte, they had now been summoned to do military service.

We soon arrived at the station where we had to pass the night; it was literally a stable, and such a one as in England we should scarcely assign to our beasts of burthen. Our fellow lodgers were donkeys and horses at one end, whilst at the other, before a large fire, lay six or eight Turks on the ground across each other. The agha of the village had been applied to, and here he assigned us a lodging; but to ameliorate our fate he came to pay us a visit. There was a small portion of a filthy rug laid down on one side of the fire, to which we invited him, and there he and his attendants squatted themselves, bare-legged, smoking, and seemingly in much enjoyment. It was a frosty night, and the door was partly broken down, so that we had the heat and cold upon us at the same time, and the filth of the place was extreme. Neither straw nor milk was to be had, and of provisions not a mouthful; luckily we had brought a small store from Sedicia. On looking wistfully round this wretched place, to which we were consigned for the night, I felt in the midst of these trivial sufferings some abatement of my zeal for Ephesus. The Turks supped heartily on their barley pottage my friend threw himself on the ground and was asleep; I arranged myself as well as I could next to a Turk with the saddle for my pillow, but of sleep I found none; at our feet lay five or six camel drivers, snoring in noisy confusion: such were our night arrangements. At about 11 the donkeys brayed, the

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horses snorted, and I may well say that I had never found myself in such society before. As I turned upon my hard pillow, thinks I, "This is coming out to see the world;" but no matter, Ephesus is almost in view. We quitted our shed at an early hour, and the agha came to take leave of us; in four hours we arrived, through very interesting ground, at the ruins which I took to be those of Ephesus. On our approach I was much interested by a pile of ruins having many columns, in the Plain, at least fifty in number, with good masonry, arches of excellent construction, and still in good preservation. As I was looking out in all directions for the remains of the temple of Diana, my imagination caught at this as once belonging to that of the heathen goddess. As we approached on the marshy ground, the curling smoke betrayed the existence of some cottages, and I could easily imagine the malaria which must arise from this low spot, partially covered with water. The remains of a large castle on neighbouring hill we first visited, climbing over heaps of marble rubbish, amongst which were many exquisite specimens of fallen greatness. A fine gateway was standing, consisting of an arch above sixty feet high, with some exquisite sculpture, and very rich in the arts of antiquity. Mounting still higher to a great ascent, we found remains of baths and tombs which bespoke their ancient grandeur; there was a very large mosque which had been the church of St. John; one side of it was of polished marble. There were likewise some remains of fallen columns, the style of which was beyond my architectural knowledge; some inscriptions we could trace to the Arabic character. The roof was supported by large granite columns, ornamented with marble facings; the whole denoting a building of much by-gone magnificence. Near to it were some minarets of fallen mosques, and a large fountain in the front has served the good Mussulmen for their ablutions. On ascending the castle walls the view of the sea breaks upon the eye, about three miles distant; the intervening space, a sort of morass, had been evidently a harbour, the mouth of the Cyasta, formerly called the Bay of the gean, near which the

original city was said to have been built. From this point the view is magnificent of the varieties of nature and the crumbling remains of art; they impose on the mind the reflection of the instability of all human grandeur. I descended into the state prison of the castle, now a vault, from whence sprung a fig-tree in much luxuriance, enjoying the voluntary imprisonment of its own tendrils; the tombs, the reservoirs, the baths forming an immense heap of rubbish crumbling into the lap of earth, as if in mockery of their former existence. On returning through the gateway, we discovered some fine pieces of ancient sculpture, the workmanship of which was in alto-relievo. The subject was the death of Patroclus, whose body is being brought to Achilles. There was another piece of sculpture in basso-relievo: a corpse is extended, over which two females are leaning in a seeming agony of grief; a man, deeply interested in the passing scene, leads away a little boy, whilst soldiers are bearing off the deceased to be laid on his funeral pile. I understood this to refer to the history of Hector. I paused at this beautiful specimen of the arts at the gate of "Persecution," as it is called by the natives of the country, and the city was known to them by the name of Aiasabick. We descended the plain to examine the line of pillars already alluded to: so far from these pillars having formed any part of the Temple of Diana, I found them to be the ruins of an aqueduct for conveying the water to that part of the city which we had just visited; fifty arches were now standing, and I could trace the remains of twenty-four more; there was a mixture of the modern and ancient architecture in the building; some of the stones were beautifully worked with Greek inscriptions, whilst others were rough and unhewn, evidently used as repairs to the modern fabric. We were yet some distance from the city of Ephesus; but, when we arrived there, I could discover nothing so perfect in the way of ruins as those which I have already described.

The origin of this once renowned capital, which Pliny described as the "ornament of Asia," is involved in much obscurity. Ephesus I under

stood to have been the name of the founder of the original city, which being destroyed by an earthquake, a second city was founded by Lysimachus, which in the time of the Romans was called "the metropolis of all Asia." The approach to it was very interesting, Mount Pison on the left hand, and the remains of the Stadium, said to be more than 700 feet long.

On the sides of the rocks appear a great number of catacombs, or a continuation of archways. On making our way through a narrow road which divides Mount Pison from Corissus, we noticed some small remains of a church, having broken columns of granite of immense length and size, with marble fragments richly chiseled. I compute the ground on which this renowned city stood, to be about seven miles in length. It began to decline about the eleventh century.

numerous

Wending our way through the valley, there were some vestiges of an edifice which I imagined to have been the Gymnasium, with an arcade, the top of which had some good sculpture, difficult to decipher. Fragments of pedestals and bases of columns, scattered in great confusion, bespoke some original buildings of much importance, but I could not glean their names. A once gorgeous theatre on the right of the stadium was supposed to have existed near it. The wreck of a bason of coloured marble once attached to a fountain, and some pillars, with their heads peeping above ground just sufficient to bespeak their imprisonment, lie buried in the earth. There was a large quadrangle, which I knew not how to appropriate, unless it had been a market or a bazaar, as it is now called in this country.

The city made an angle at this point, and here a magnificent gateway was in good preservation, with its rich frieze and entablature. This building is attributed to Claudius Cæsar; it is about a hundred and fifty feet long, and eighty feet wide; some very fine fluted columns were near, of ponderous dimensions, richly ornamented, but going rapidly to decay. This must have been a sumptuous edifice, judging from its remains,