266

A Project for the Safety of NAVIGATION.

for discovering where there is any
current, and what is the direction
and rapidity of that current. This
fubject has been, I find, propofed
by the academy of sciences at Paris,
and likewife by that at Bourdeaux ;
and to the latter, the following pro- A
ject has been prefented by father
Francis, a monk of the order of
Recolets. Whether it will be effec-
tual, or not, I fhall not answer, but
as the publifhing of it will make
fome ingenious gentlemen turn their
thoughts the fame way, I hope you B
will give it a place in your useful
Magazine, as follows:

"It is demonftrated by experi-
ence, fays father Francis, that when
two bodies float upon any gliding li-
quid, that which is moft immerged
will be carried with the greatest ve-
locity, and if it floats fo as to be in-
tirely under the furface of the liquid,
it will be carried along with a velo-
city equal to that of the liquid itself ;
because the bulk of the body which
floats juft under the furface of a li-
quid, and the bulk of that body or D
quantity of the liquid whofe place it
occupies, being equal, their velocity
muft neceffarily be the fame.

From hence the father concludes, that a body which is but half immerfed, and confequently prefents but half its circumference to the im- E pulfion of the current, will receive from it but a velocity proportionable to its immerfion, that is to fay, a moiety; and confequently, thefe two floating bodies (meaning one wholly, and the other half immerfed) being at the fame inftant exposed to the F current, will feparate, because they will be pushed with two momentums of force, which will be to each other as one is to two, that is to fay, in proportion to their immerfions in every cafe.

The father fays, that what he ad. G vances of the velocities and impulfions being to one another as the immersions, has not as yet been demonftrated; and that experiments aïe

June

neceffary for determining the true proportion between the velocities and immerfions; which may be eafily made.

But this, fays he, being supposed, if you faften by two cords to the ftern of a fhip A, two balls, B and C, of which B fhall be wholly, or almost wholly, immersed under the furface of the water (Fig. 1.) and C but half immersed, B will be more impelled by the current, and the cords AC and AB, to which the balls B and C are tied, will not remain parallel in any place where there is a current; but the two balls, B and C, will approach to or remove from each other, according to their fituation with respect to that part from whence the current comes; Cfor if it comes from the fide of B, which is the most immerfed, the balls will approach together; whereas the contrary will happen, if it comes from the fide of C, which is the least immersed.

This operation may be rendered ftill more fimple, if, instead of employing two cords, you put the balls B and C upon one and the fame cord (Fig. 2.) for then the fhip failing in feas where there is no current, the two balls will both follow her exactly in her line of direction; but if there is a current, the ball B, being more immerfed and impelled by the current, the card (Fig. 3.) on which the two balls are ftrung, will make an angle ABD, greater or lefler, according to the force with which the balls are impelled by the current. This experiment therefore will infallibly difcover the currents in the fea; but as they have directions different from the course of the,fhip, this experiment alone will not be fufficient, because the currents do not always make an impulfe upon the balls in the ratio of their velocities, but in that of the fines of the angle of their direction and the courfe of the fhip; for which reafon their impulfes may be often the fame,

Fig. 4.
B

An authentick Account of the Original
of the Titles of Prince of Wales,
Duke of Cornwall, and Earl of
Chester.

Let the ball A be prepared of fome fort of fubftance which imbibes no water; for example, of any fort of hollow metal, the weight of B A ̧· which to be increased fo as that it fhall float just below the furface of the water, that is to fay, fo as that it may be almost intirely immersed : Let this ball be fixed at one end of a very flexible cord, ABC (Fig. 4.) By the other end ftring the ball B, C which for that purpose must be pierced thro' the middle; and to prevent friction, you may make ufe of little wheels or pulleys. This ball, B, must be made fo as to be but half immersed.

D

These things being prepared, if you throw these two balls close together upon the cord or rope into a current, the ball A will be drawn along with more velocity than the ball B; and if the immersion of B be fuch, that it makes but half of A, it is evident that the balls will fepa- E rate; and that during the time that B feparates itfelf from A, if B be come to the distance of a yard from A, the ball A will then have gone two yards, while B has gone but

one.

This will fhew the rapidity of the current; and the cord itself, on F which are the two balls, will shew the direction.

You must proportion your cord, as near as poffible, to what the feparation of the balls and the course of the fhip may require."

This is the fubftance of what father Francis fays, and upon this I could G make several remarks, but shall leave them to fome other opportunity, or to fome of your more ingenious correfpondents. I am, &c.

H1

IS late royal highness being the eldest fon of our moft gracious fovereign George II. king of Great Britain, &c. was not only prince of Wales and earl of Chefter, but duke of Cornwall; (fee p. 148 G, 150.) and had precedence, not only by feveral charters, but by act of parliament, of all dukes, the king's fons, the king's brothers, the king's uncles, the king's nephews, or the king's brothers or fifters fons, who have precedency before all other dukes, and are princes of the royal blood of England.

The earldom of Chefter, by king Henry III. was annexed to the crown for ever, by letters patent, dated the 31st of his reign, 1247, together with the caftles of Cannock and Diffard; and prince Edward, his eldest fon, was made earl thereof, whofe fucceffors have been the eldest fons of our kings; and the earldom of Chefter was united to the principality of Wales, by act of parliament, in 21 Richard II.

The principality of Wales, being brought under fubjection to king Edward I. that monarch, by a flàtute made at Ruthlan, in the 12th year of his reign, united it to England; in which statute there are many laws concerning the division of L12

Wales

268 Of the Titles Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, &c. June

Wales into counties, &c. yet he could ne-
ver win the good will and efteem of the
common people of the country, to accept
him for their prince, and be obedient to
fuch as he should appoint, unless he would
remain amongst them; neither could he
bring them to yield obedience to any other
prince, except he were of their own na- A
tion; for the Welchmen having experi-
ence of the English, and knowing that the
king would rule by his deputies, would
pay no obedience to any Englishman, and
oftentimes anfwered, "That they were
content to take for their prince, any man
whom his majesty would name, fo that he
were a Welchman ;" and no other answer

could the king get. Whereupon the king
fent for queen Eleanor, when great with
child, to the caftle of Carnarvon, and be-
ing near her lying in, he went to Ruth-
Tan, and fummoned all the barons, and
men of note in Wales, to confult about
the publick good of their country. At
their meeting he deferred their confulta-
tion, until he was certified that the queen C
was delivered of a fon: Then he called
the Welchmen together, and told them,
4 That as they were oftentimes fuitors to
him to appoint them a prince, he would
now name one, if they would obey whom
he should name;" to which they an-
fwered, "They would, if he would ap
point one of their own nation;" where-
upon the king replied, "He would name
one born in Wales, who could speak never
a word of English, whofe life and conver-
fation no man was able to ftam."
when they all had agreed, "such a one
they all would obey ;" he named his own
fon Edward, born in Carnarvon castle, a
few days before, viz. April 25, 1284.
Yet, notwithstanding this prince obtained E
this title of prince of Wales, as our fum-
mons to parliament fhews; Edward his
fon, king of England (by the name of
Edward III.) never had the title of prince
of Wales, otherwife than by courtesy, as
our two famous antiquaries, Camden and
Selden, have obferved.

And

D

victorious prince Edward, before he was feven years of age, in the parliament held at Westminster, 11 Edward III. as allo by charter, bearing date 17 March the fame year, being the first precedent for the creation of the title of a duke in England;

to hold to himself, and his heirs, kings of England, and to their first-born sons."* But on the death of prince Henry, eldeft fon of king James I. fome doubt arose concerning this title; but that king in council heard the mafter of the Rolls, and the council of prince Charles, his fecond fon, and other great men ; and after grave and ferious deliberation, we find it fettled; as may be feen in the Proceedings B and precedents on baronies by writ, and other bonours, where the cafe of the duchy of Cornwall is mentioned at large: The chief doubt arofe out of "a literal conftruction of the words, filius primogenitus, contained in that fingular form of limitation of the faid duchy made by patent, enacted by parliament 11 Edward III. whereby the king did give the faid duchy and large poffelfions, &c. to have and to hold, &c. to the faid duke, and to the first-begotton fon of him, and his heirs, kings of England and dukes of the faid place, that hereditarily fucceed in the kingdom of England; fo as they may in no wife be separated from the faid duchy, nor be given, or any way granted by us, or our heirs, to any other or others, than dukes of the said place ;" yet it appeareth in the cafe of Richard, (after Richard II.) eldeft fon of the fame prince Edward, who died in the life-time of king Edward III. his father; by means whereof, he became lineal heir male to the king, that because he was not the eldest fon of a king, but of a king's fon, he was not duke of Cornwall by right of that grant and limitation, but was made dukeby king Edward III. by letters patent, and not by parliament. Henry VII. in the 10th of his reign, with the consent of the prelates, dukes, earls, and barons, in parliament, did make and create his fon Henry, prince of Wales and earl of Chefter; but did not create him duke of Cornwall, which he would have done, if he bad not been duke of Cornwall before by birth, without creation: Yet the king filed him his dearest second begotten fon, Henry duke of Cornwall, &c. for his elder brother Arthur died without iffue in his father's life-time; and by ftatute made a Henry V. it is expreffed, that the eldest fons of the kings of England, that should be next heirs to the crown of England, fhould be dukes of Cornwall; fo that in James the it's time, it was unanimoufly agreed and declared, that prince Charles, being next heir to the realm of England,

Edward the Black Prince (fo furnamed F by the French, from his dreadful deeds in war) the eldest fon of Edward III. was the first invested in the principality of Wales, 16 Edward III. with these enfigns of honour, viz. a chaplet of gold, made in the manner of a garland; a gold ring, and a feepter of filver; to hold to himself, and his heirs, kings of England; from which time the heirs apparent of our G kings, have borne the title of prince of Wales, fome having been created in like form, others not.

The title and dignity of duke of Cornwall was likewife conferred on the fame

1

1751.

Subftance of the Spirituous Liquors BILL.

and the king's eldest fon (after his bro-
ther's death) was in right, and by virtue
of the ftatute 11 Edward III. duke of
Cornwall.

By thefe acts, &c. the titles of prince of
Wales, duke of Cornwall, and earl of
Chefter, came to his late royal highness
Frederick-Lewis, &c.

The NEW BILL for preventing the
exceffive Drinking of Spirituous Liquors,
contains in Subfiance as follows, viz.
EVERAL additional duties are laid
on fpirituous liquors, to commence
from July 1, 1751.

269

ble the value of the liquors fold. And if the perfon to whom the fame is fold, fhall profecute fuch perfon for fuch offence, he fhall be entitled to a fhare of the penalty, and be alfo indemnified against all penalties and forfeitures incurred by him, for felling fpirituous liquors without a li A cence, before the commencement of fuch profecution,

The act of the 20th year of his majesty's reign, for granting licences to diftillers B within the weekly bills of mortality, is repealed from Midfummer, 1751.

And, in lieu thereof, an additional duty of 20s. per ann. is granted to his majesty, to commence from Lady-Day, 1752, to be paid by all perfons taking out licences to fell fpirituous liquors by retail.

Jnftices of the peace are empowered to
C
convict perfons felling fpirituous liquors
without a licence, and recover penalties
within the limits of the head office of
Excife in London, as well as the commif-
fioners of Excife, who are not to mitigate
any penalty to a lefs fum than 51.

No perfon, after July 1, 1751, is to
fell any fpirituous liquors within the limits
aforefaid, unless he rents a house of 10l. a D
year, nor in any other part of the king-
dom, unless fuch perfon pays to the rates
to the church and poor in the parish where
he lives.

All perfons felling spirituous liquors after
July 1, 1751, without a licence, are for
the first offence to be subject to all the pe-
nalties now impofed by law, and all the
fpirituous liquors found in their cuftody
within thefe 3 kalendar months after, may
be feized and destroyed; and for the fe-
cond offence fuch perfons are to be com-
mitted to the house of correction, and
kept to hard labour for any time not ex-
ceeding 3 months, and be whipt if the
juftices think fit; and for the third offence
they are to be transported for seven years.

E

No perfon fhall, after July 1, 1751, recover any debt contracted for (pirituous liquors, unless contracted at one time to the amount of zos. or upwards; nor fhall any item be allowed in any account for fuch liquors, where the liquors delivered at one time shall not amount to 20s. at the least.

If any retailers of fpirituous liquors, with or without a licence, fhall, after July 1,751, receive or take any pledge or pawn by way of fecurity for payment of any fum of money owing for fuch liquors, they fhall forfeit 40s. for fuch offence and the owners of fuch pledges or pawns may recover the fame, or the value thereof.

No licence is to be granted after July 1, 17:1, for felling fpirituous liquors in any goal, prifon, houle of correction, workhoufe, or house of entertainment for parish poor: Nor fhall any goaler, keeper, or officer of any of the faid places, fell, or permit any fpirituous liquors to be fold therein, on pain of forfeiting, for the first offence, the fum of 100l. and for the fecond offence his office or place.

Juftices of the peace are empowered, upon information upon oath, to enter and fearch, or to authorize any peace officer to fearch any of the faid goals, or other places, and, if any fpirituous liquors are found therein, to feize and destroy the fame.

If any perfon fhall bring any fpirituous liquors into any of the places aforesaid, the officers thereof, or their fervants, may apprehend fuch person, and carry him before a juftice of the peace; and if fuch perfon is convicted of fuch offence, he is to be committed to prifon, or the house of correction, for 3 months, unless he pays F.down 201. and not less than tol. for fuch offence.

The commiffioners of Excife, and justices
of the peace, within their respective jurif-
dictions, may, upon oath made before
them, grant warrants to any peace or pa-
rish officer to fearch any house or place,
where any offences are (worn to be com-
Imitted, and, if need be, to break open
doors, and feize all spirituous liquors there G

found, and stave and defiroy the fame.

Diftillers, or other perfons felling fpirituous liquors, after July 1,1751, to any perfon, to be unlawfully fold, or to any unlicensed retailer thereof, are to forfeit zol, and tre

Goalers and other officers are to cause printed or written copies of the three prececing claufes, to be hung up in the most publick places in the goals and other places aforefaid, on pain of forfeiting 40s.

All perfons who now are, or fhall, from and after July 1, 1751, become diftillers,

shall enter with the officers of Excife, all -stills, tuns, cafks, and other utenfils used by them, on pain of forfeiting sol.

And fhall fhew the fame to the said officers to be marked, on pain of forfeiting 201, And

270

The Remembrancer's Farewel to the Publick.

And shall give notice to the faid officers before they receive any wine, cyder, or fermented liquors into their cuftody, on pain of forfeiting 501.

And fhall permit the faid officers to take famples of low wines and fpirits, and other liquors, paying for the fame, on pain of forfeiting sol.

A drawback is allowed on the exportation of British made fpirits.

No brewer, or diftiller, can act as a juftice of the peace in any cases relating to fpirituous liquors, or to the licences for retailing thereof.

All perfons concerned in refcuing any person offending against this bill, or any other act now in force relating to fpiritu

A

June

ous liquors, or the licences for retailing thereof, are declared felons, and are to be tranfported for feven years.

Justices of the peace are to make monthly returns to the clerks of the peace of the county, or place where they act, of all perfons convicted before them, within that time, for felling fpirituous liquors without a licence; which are to be kept with the other records of fuch county, or place.

And for the encouragement of informers, the commiffioners of Excife are to pay each of them 51. in cafe the pecuniary penalty, payable upon the conviction of any perfon for felling fpirituous liquors without a licence, is not paid within one month.

Anfwer to the Mathematical Queftion proposed in our Magazine for April, 1751. p. 176.

C

Conftruction. 1. Draw BD, then upon A as a center defcribe the femicircle BCD; then fet the radius from D to E, and draw the line ED; alfo draw BE, conftituting the triangle BED, right-angled at E.

Solution. From the fquare of the chord of 180° BD, fubftract the fquare of the chord of 60° ED, equal to the given radius A; and the of the remainder will D be the leg BE, the chord of 120°, or the fide of an infcribed equilateral triangle. Which was required.

From the Remembrancer, June 1.
This Weekly Paper, which bad fubfifted three
Years and a balf, was laid down on this
Day; when Mr. Cadwallader took Leave
of the Publick in a Letter to the following
Purpose.

URIOSITY feems to be the only
principle that agitates any mind at
prefent, in matters regarding the commu-
nity And as from thence it may happen
to be enquired, how a private man came
to charge himself with an employment fo
hazardous in the purfuit, and fo doubtful
in the operation? or, having charged him-
felf with it, how he comes to diveft him-

felf of it, when the measures of govern.
ment are understood to be the fame; and
if fo, are like to produce the fame effect?
It may not be altogether impertinent or
unufeful, to prepare a sufficient answer.

C

In fuch cafe then, the author would take
leave to fay, that the democratical or po-
pular part of the British conftitution, has
three ways of interfering in the admini-D
ftration of government; either for the re-
drefs of grievances;
the prevention of
mifchiefs apprehended; or the attainment
of any rational or needful purpose: Name-
1y, by the choice of fit perfons to be their
reprefentatives: By petitions and remon-
frances to the king, or either house of
parliament: And by the use, or, as it is

W. B.

ufually called, the liberty of the prefs. Of thefe ways, the first, when practicable, is only fo to freeholders, free citizens, and the rabble of fools and mercenaries, which, under the prescription of their lords-paramount, in the general conftitute our burother pofitive reftraint but that of the geffes. The fecond (tho' not under any number of presenters, and which, in the reigns of the Stuarts, was not only often exercifed by corporations and grand juries, but was alfo found to be an engine of great utility) feems to be worn out of the fyftem: And the third (which is haftening to the fame period) was the resource of to the publick for the publick good." individuals, who had any thing to propose

Tho' but a private man, therefore, Mr. Cadwallader having a birthright in the Britifh conftitution, was fo far privileged to make the best use of his faculties in the defence of it.

But when he commenced Rememindividual: On the contrary, he had the brancer, it was not merely as a private honour of a call, which carried a fort of authority along with it: A call of fuch a nature, as he could not refufe obedience to; and a commiffion as large, as generous, and as publick-fpirited as that fuperlative degree of philanthropy which conftitutes patriotifm, could dictate: For, all that in general was required of him, was, to in