readily consented to what Sanballat desired, and the Samaritans presently began their building of the temple of Gerizim, which from that time they have always frequented, and still frequent as the place where the Lord intended to receive the adoration of his people. It is of this mountain, and of this temple, that the Samaritan woman of Sychar spoke to our Saviour. (John iv. 20). See GERIZIM. Josephus adds that the Samaritans did not long continue subject to Alexander; they revolted the very next year, and he drove them out of Samaria, put Macedonians in their room, and gave the province of Samaria to the Jews. This preference that Alexander gave to the Jews contributed not a little to increase that hatred that had already obtained between these two people. When an Israelite had deserved punishment, for the violation of some important point of the law, he took refuge in Samaria. When the Jews were in a prosperous condition, and affairs were favorable to them, the Samaritans called themselves Hebrews, and pretended to be of the race of Abraham. But, when the Jews fell under persecution, the Samaritans disowned them, and acknowledged themselves to be Phonicians originally. This was their practice in the time of Antiochus Epiphanes. The Samaritans, having received the Pentateuch from the priest that was sent by Esarhaddon, have preserved it to this day, in the same language and character it was then, that is, in the old Hebrew or Phoenician character which we now call the Samaritan, to distinguish it from the modern Hebrew character, at present used in the books of the Jews. These last, after their captivity, changed their old characters, and took up those of the Chaldee, which they had been used to at Babylon, and which they continue to use. It is wrong, says F. Calmet, to give this the name of the Hebrew character, for that can be said properly only of the Samaritan text. The critics have taken notice of some variations between the Pentateuch of the Jews and that of the Samaritans; but these chiefly regard the word Gerizim, which the Samaritans purposely introduced to favor their pretensions, that mount Gerizim was the place in which the Lord was to be adored. The religion of this people was at first the Pagan. Every one worshipped the deity they had been used to (2 Kings xvii. 29.-31). The Babylonians worshipped Succoth-benoth; the Cuthites, Nergal; the Hamathites, Ashima: the Avites, Nibhaz and Tartak; the Sepharvites, Adrammelech and Anammelech. Afterwards, the Samaritans added that of the Lord, the God of Israel (ibid. 32, 33). But they gave a proof of their little regard to the worship of the true God, when, under Antiochus Epiphanes, they consecrated their temple at Gerizim to Jupiter Argivus. In the time of Alexander the Great, they celebrated the sabbatical year, and consequently the year of jubilee also. Under the kings of Syria they followed the epoch of the Greeks, or that of the Seleucidæ. After Herod had re-established Samaria, and given it the name of Sebaste, the inhabitants, in their medals, and all public acts, took the date of this new establishment. But the old inhabitants of Samaria, of whom the greater part were Pagans or Jews,

were no rule to the other Samaritans, who probably reckoned their years by the reigns of the emperors they were subject to, till they fell under the Mahometans, under whom they live at this day; and they reckon their year by the Hegira, or according to the era of the Ishmaelites. Such as desire to be further acquainted with the history of the ancient Samaritans, we refer to the works of Josephus. As to their religion, it is said that they receive only the Pentateuch, and reject all the other books of scripture, chiefly the prophets, who have expressly declared the coming of the Messiah. They have also been accused of believing God to be corporeal, of denying the Holy Ghost, and the resurrection of the dead. Jesus Christ says (John iv. 22) they worship they know not what. The Samaritan woman is a sufficient testimony that the Samaritans expected a Messiah, who they hoped would clear up all their doubts (John iv. 25). Several of the inhabitants of Shechem believed at the preaching of Jesus Christ, and several of Samaria believed at that of St. Philip. The modern Samaritans are not numerous. Joseph Scaliger, being curious to know their usages, wrote to the Samaritans of Egypt, and to the high-priest of the sect who resided at Neapolis in Syria. They returned two answers to Scaliger, dated in the year of the Hegira 998. These were preserved in the French king's library, and were translated into Latin by Morin, and printed in England in the collection of that father's letters, in 1682, under the title of Antiquitates Ecclesiæ Orientalis. By these it appears that they believe in God, in Moses, the holy law, the mountain of Gerizim, the house of God, the day of vengeance and of peace; that they value themselves upon observing the law of Moses in many points more rigidly than the Jews themselves. They keep the sabbath with the utmost strictness, without stirring from the place they are in, but only to the synagogue. They go not out of the city, and abstain from their wives on that day. They never delay circumcision beyond the eighth day. They still sacrifice in the temple on mount Gerizim, and give to the priest what is enjoined by the law. They do not marry their nieces as the Jews do, nor do they allow a plurality of wives. Their hatred for the Jews is testified by Josephus, as well as in the New Testament. (See John iv. 9). The Jewish historian says that one passover night, when they opened the gates of the temple, some Samaritans had scattered the bones of dead men there, to insult the Jews, and to interrupt their devotions. And the Samaritan woman of Sychar was surprised that Jesus talked with her, and asked drink of her, being a Samaritan. When our Saviour sent his apostles to preach in Judea, he forbad them to enter into the Samaritan cities (Matt. x. 5); because he looked upon them as schismatics. One day, when he sent his disciples to provide him a lodging in one of the cities of the Samaritans, they would not entertain him, because they perceived he was going to Jerusalem (Luke ix. 52, 53). And, when the Jews were provoked at the reproaches of Jesus Christ, they told him he was a Samaritan (John viii. 48). Josephus relates that some Samaritans having killed several

Jews, as they were going to the feast at Jerusalem, this occasioned a kind of war between them. The Samaritans continued their fealty to the Romans, when the Jews revolted; yet they did not escape from being involved in some of the calamities of their neighbours. There were, in very modern times, Samaritans at Shechem, otherwise called Naplouse. They had priests of the family of Aaron, as they stated: a highpriest, who resided at Shechem, or at Gerizim, who offered sacrifices there, and who declared he feast of the passover, and all the other feasts, to all the Samaritans. Some of them are said still to be found at Gaza, some at Damascus, and some at Grand Cairo.

SAMBALLAS, a name given to a cluster of islands near the coast of America, in the Spanish Main, of which three groupes are called Cavesas, Mulatas, and Sagua. These islands are scattered at very unequal distances, some only one, some two, some three, and some four miles from the shore and from one another, extending a very considerable distance along the northern shore of the isthmus of Darien.

SAMBUCUS (John), a learned physician, born: at Ternau, in Hungary, in 1531. After studying in several universities, his abilities recomInended him to the emperors, Maximilian II. and Rodolph II., who successively appointed him counsellor and historiographer. He wrote the Lives of the Roman Emperors, and other works. He died at Vienna, in 1584.

SAMBUCUS, in botany, elder, a genus of the trigynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order forty-third, dumosæ: CAL. quinquepartite: COR. quinquefid; berry trispermous. The most remarkable species are these:

1. S. Canadensis, the Canada shrubby elder, rises with a shrubby stem, branching eight or ten feet high, having reddish shoots, somewhat bipinnated leaves, often ternate below; the other composed of five, seven, or nine oval lobes; and towards the ends of the branches cymose quinquepartite umbels of flowers, succeeded by blackish-red berries.

2. S. nigra, the common black elder tree, rises with a tree stem, branching numerously into a large spreading head, twenty or thirty feet high; pinnated leaves, of two or three pairs of oval lobes and one odd one; and large five-parted umbels of white flowers towards the end of the branches, succeeded by bunches of black and other different colored berries, in the varieties; which are, common black-berried elder-tree, white-berried elder, green-berried elder, laciniated, or parsley-leaved elder, having the folioles much laciniated, so as to resemble parsley-leaves, gold-striped leaved elder, silver-striped elder, and silver-dusted elder.

5. S. racemosa, racemose, red-berried elder, rises with a tree-like stem, branching ten or twelve feet high, having reddish-brown branches and buds; pinnated leaves of six or seven oval deeply-sawed lobes, and compound, oval, racemous clusters of whitish-green flower, succeeded by oval clusters of red berries. It is common to the mountainous parts of the south of Europe, and is retained in our gardens as a flowering shrub, having a peculiar singularity in

its oval-clustered flowers and berries. All the sorts of elder are of the deciduous kind, very hardy, and grow freely any where; are generally free shooters, but particularly the common elder and its varieties, which make remarkably strong jointed shoots, of several feet in length, in one season; and they flower mostly in summer, except the racemose elder, which generally begins flowering in April; and the branches being large, spreading, and very abundant, are exceedingly conspicuous; but they emit a most disagreeable odor. The flowers are succeeded, in the most of the sorts, by large bunches of ripe berries in autumn, which, though very unpalatable to eat, are in high estimation for making that well known cordial called elder wine, particularly the common black-berried elder. The merit of the elder in gardening may be both for use and ornament, especially in large grounds. SAME, adj. Sax. ram; Goth. and Teut. SAMENESS, n. s. same. Identical; not different; not another; being of the like sort or degree : the noun substantive corresponding.

Miso, as spitefully as her rotten voice could utter it, set forth the same sins of Amphialus. Sidney.

Difference of persuasion in matters of religion may easily fall out, where there is the sameness of duty, allegiance, and subjection. King Charles. Do but think how well the same he spends, Who spends his blood his country to relieve.

Daniel.

If itself had been coloured, it would have transmitted all visible objects tinctured with the same colour, as we see whatever is beheld through a coloured glass appears of the same colour with the glass. Ray on the Creation.

The same plant produceth as great a variety of juices as there is in the same animal. Arbuthnot.

If all courts have a sameness in them, things may be as they were in my time, when all employments went to parliamentmen's friends. Swift.

SAMIEL, the Arabian name of a hot wind peculiar to the desert of Arabia. It blows over the desert in July and August from the northwest quarter. Some years it does not blow at all, and in others it appears six, eight, or ten times, but seldom continues more than a few minutes at a time. It often passes with the apparent quickness of lightning. The Arabs and Persians have warning of its approach by a thick haze arising out of the horizon: when they instantly throw themselves with their faces to the ground, and continue in that position till the wind has passed, which happens almost instantaneously; but if they are not brisk enough to take this precaution, and they get the full force of the wind, it generally produces death. The Arabs say that this wind always leaves behind it a very strong sulphureous smell, and that the air at these times is quite clear, except about the horizon in the north-west, which gives warning of its approach. See ARABIA

SAM'LET, n. 8. A little salmon.

Fr. salmonet, or salmonlet.

A salmon, after he is got into the sea, becomes from a samlet, not so big as a gudgeon, to be a salmon, in as short a time as a gosling becomes a goose. Walton's Angler.

SAMNITES, an ancient nation of Italy, who inhabited the country situated between Picenum, Campania, Apulia, and Latium. They distinguished themselves by their implacable enmity against the Romans, in the early ages of that republic; but were at last totally subdued, and, according to some, extirpated, about A. A. C. 272, after a war of seventy-one years. See ROME.

SAMOGITIA, or SZAMAIT, a tract of Russian Lithuania, forming the north-west part of that great province, and bearing the title of county. It lies to the south of Courland, and to the north of Prussia Proper, having part of its western boundary along the Baltic, but without any harbour of consequence.

SAMOLUS, in botany, round-leaved water pimpernel, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order twentyfirst, preciæ: COR. salver-shaped; stamina surrounded by small scales at its throat: CAPS. unilocular inferior. Species four, one of which, S. valerandi, is common to the marshes of our country.

SAMON, an island in the eastern seas, lying off Timor to the north-west. It is woody, hilly land, but not mountainous, and towards the south end low. A woody island, called Tios in the charts, lies off the south-west point, which is the only thing like danger on the west side; but the tides run strong here, and make formidable riplings.

SAMOS, in ancient geography, an island of Asia, in the Egean Sea, near the promontory Mycale, opposite to Ephesus; in compass eightyseven miles according to Pliny, or 100 according to Isidorus; famous for a temple of Juno, with a noted asylum, whence their coin exhibited a peacock. It was the country of Pythagoras, who, to avoid the oppression of its tyrants, retired to Italy. Samos was first governed by kings, afterwards became a democracy, and at last an oligarchy. It was most flourishing under Polycrates. The Samians assisted the Greeks against Xerxes. They were conquered by Pericles A. A. C. 441: afterwards by Eumenes king of Pergamus; but restored to liberty by Augustus. Samos was reduced to a Roman province under Vespasian.

SAMOS, an island of the Grecian archipelag, separated only by a narrow strait from the oposite continent of Asia Minor. See GREECE.

SAMOTHRACE, or SAMOTHRACIA, in ancient geography, an island in the Ægean Sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, thirty-two miles from the coast of Thrace. It was also called Dardania, Electria, Leucania, Leucosia, Melitis, and Samos; and hence Samothrace, or Thracian Samos, to distinguish it from Samos in Asia Minor. Pliny makes it thirty-eight miles in circumference, but modern travellers say it is only twenty. Before the age of the Argonauts it was deluged to the top of the highest mountains by a sudden inundation of the Euxine. It was anciently go

The

verned by kings, but, like most other states in Greece, became afterwards democratic. people enjoyed all their rights and privileges under the Romans till the reign of Vespasian. By him it was reduced, with the other islands in the Ægean Sea, to the form of a Roman province. It is now under the Turks, and by them named Samandrachi.

SAMOYEDES, a savage race who traverse the immense and frozen deserts extending along the northern coast of Asia. They do not recognise themselves by this name, which has been given to them by the Russians, but call them selves Khasova. They extend, on the European side, as far as the river Mesen, which falls into the White Sea; while they inhabit the shores of Asia, eastward to the Olenek, and almost to the Lena: thus filling up the space between 40 and 120° of E. long., a line of upwards of 2000 miles. The whole of this vast extent is not supposed to contain a population of more than 20,000. They are divided into three great tribes: the Vanoites, who inhabit the banks of the Petchora and the Obi, in the vicinity of Obdorsk; the Tysia-Igoley, who are found on the Mesen, and in the interior of the government of Archangel; and the Khirutches, who fill the remoter and interior parts of Siberia. The rude traditions concerning their origin seem to support the conjecture that they were driven hither, by war and oppressson, from happier climates.

Like other tribes of these ungenial climates, they are a small and stunted race, commonly between four and five feet high. They have a flat, round, broad face, large thick lips, a wide and open nose, little beard, and black and rough_hair in small quantity, carefully arranged. The dress of the men differs little from that of the Ostiaks; but they are reckoned more savage, and are very superstitious.

SAMP, a dish said to have been invented by the savages of North America, who have no corn mills. It is Indian corn deprived of its external coat by soaking it ten or twelve hours in a lixivium of water and wood-ashes. This coat or husk, being separated from the kernel, rises to the surface of the water, while the grain, which is specifically heavier than water, remains at the bottom of the vessel; which grain, thus deprived of its hard coat of armour, is boiled, or rather simmered, for two days, in a kettle of water near the fire. When sufficiently cooked, the kernels swell to a great size and burst open; and this food, which is uncommonly sweet and nourishing, may be used in a variety of ways; but the best way is to mix it with milk, and with soups and broths, as a substitute for bread. It is even better than bread for these purposes; for, besides being quite as palatable as the very best bread, it is less liable than bread to grow very soft when mixed with these liquids.

SAMPHIRE, n. s. Fr. saint Pierre; Lat. crithmum. A plant preserved in pickle. Half way down Methinks he seems no bigger than his head. Hangs one that gathers samphire: dreadful trade!

Shakspeare

This plant grows in great plenty upon the rocks near the sea-shore, where it is washed by the sait

Translation of Horace, with Remarks, in 2 vols. 4to., Paris, 1727; best edition Amsterdam, 1735, in 8 vols. 12mo.; with the notes of M. Dacier. Sanadon translated with elegance and taste; but his version is rather a paraphrase than a faithful translation. 3. A collection of Discourses; and 4. Prieres et Instructions Chretiennes.

SAN'ATIVE, adj. ? Lat. sano. Powerful SANATION, n. s. to cure; healing: the act of curing.

The vapour of coltsfoot hath a sanative virtue towards the lungs. Bacon's Natural History. Consider well the member, and, if you have no probable hope of sanation, cut it off quickly.

Wiseman's Surgery.

SANBALLAT, the governor of the Samaritans, a great enemy to the Jews. He was a native of Horon, or Horonaim, a city beyond Jordan, in the country of the Moabites. He lived in the time of Nehemiah, who was his great opponent, and from whose book we learn his history. There is one circumstance related of him by Josephus which has occasioned some dispute among the learned. According to that author, when Alexander the Great came into Phoenicia, and sat down before the city of Tyre, Sanballat quitted the interests of Darius king of Persia, and went at the head of 8000 men to offer his services to Alexander. This prince readily entertained him, and, at his request, gave him leave to erect a temple upon mount Gerizim, where he constituted his son-inlaw Manasseh the high-priest. But this is a flagrant anachronism; for 120 years before this, that is, in A. M. 3550, Sanballat was governor of Samaria; wherefore the learned Dr. Prideaux (in his Connexion of the Histories of the Old and New Testament) supposes two Sanballats, and endeavours to show it to be a mistake of Josephus, in making Sanballat to flourish in the time of Darius Codomannus, and to build his temple upon mount Gerizim by license from Alexander the Great; whereas this was performed by leave from Darius Nothus, in the fifteenth year of his reigu.

SANCHES (Anthony Nunes Ribeiro), M. D., a learned physician, born at Penna-Macor in Portugal, in 1699. His father, an opulent merchant, gave him a liberal education, intending him for the law, and, on finding him prefer physic, withdrew his protection; on which his maternal uncle, Dr. Nunes Ribeiro, a physician at Lisbon, furnished him with the means of prosecuting his studies, at Coimbra and Salamanca; where he took his degree in 1724. In 1725 he was appointed physician to the town of Benevente. About 1727 he came over to London, where he spent two years; after which he studied at Leyden under Boerhaave; who, in 1731, recommended him to the empress Anne of Russia. On his arrival at Petersburg Dr. Bidloo, then first physician to the empress, gave him an appointment in the hospital at Moscow, where he continued till 1734, when he was appointed physician to the army, and was present at the siege of Asoph. In 1740 he was appointed one of the physicians to the empress, who had labored eight years under a disease which he asserted to be a stone in the kidney. His opinion was confirmed at her death, six months after, upon open

ing her. The regency that succeeded appointed him first physician; but the revolution of 1742, which placed Elizabeth on the throne, deprived him of all his employments. Hardly a day passed that he did not hear of some of his friends being executed; and it was with difficulty that he obtained leave to retire from Russia. In 1747 he went to Paris, where he continued till October 14th, 1783, when he died. His printed works, on the Origin of the Venereal Disease, and other subjects, are well known to the faculty. He was a member of the Royal Medical Society at Paris, and of the Royal Academy of Lisbon, to the establishment of which he had contributed.

SANCHEZ (Francis), in Latin Sanctius, was of Las Brocas in Spain. He wrote, 1. An excellent treatise entitled Minerva, or De Causis Lingua Latina, which was published at Amsterdam in 1714, in 8vo. The authors of the Portroyal Methode de la Langue Latine have been much indebted to this work. 2. The Art of Speaking, and the Method of Translating Authors. 3. Several other learned pieces on gramHe died in 1600, in his seventy-seventh

mar.

year.

SANCHEZ (Francis), a Portuguese physician, who settled at Toulouse, and, though a Christian, was born of Jewish parents. He is said to have been a man of genius and a philosopher. His works have been collected under the title of Opera Medica. His juncti sunt tractatus quidam philosophici non insubtiles. They were printed at Toulouse in 1636; where Sanchez died in 1632.

SANCHONIATHO, or SANCHONIATHON, a Phoenician philosopher and historian, who is said to have flourished before the Trojan war, about the time of Semiramis. Of this most ancient writer the only remains extant are fragments of cosmogony, and of the history of the gods and first mortals, preserved by Eusebius and Theodoret; both of whom speak of Sanchoniatho as an accurate and faithful historian; and the former adds that his work, which was translated by Philo Byblius from the Phenician into the Greek language, contains many things relating to the history of the Jews which deserve great credit, both because they agree with the Jewish writers, and because the author received these particulars from the annals of Hierombalus, a priest of the god Jao. Several modern writers, however, of great learning, have called in question the very existence of Sanchoniatho, and have contended that the fragments which Eusebius adopted as genuine, upon the authority of Porphyry, were forged by that author, or the pretended translator Philo, from enmity to the Christians, that the Pagans might have something to show of equal antiquity with the books of Moses. These opposite opinions have produced a controversy that has filled volumes. We can, however, only refer such of our readers as are desirous of fuller information to the works of Bochart, Scaliger, Vossius, Cumberland, Dodwell, Stillingfleet, Mosheim, Cudworth, and Warburton. The controversy respects two questions, 1. Was there in reality such a writer? 2. Was he of the very remote antiquity which his translator claims for him?

That there was really such a writer, and that