58 οὐκ ἀνηρπάσθη. ἐγὼ δὲ ἁπάντων ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν πολλὴν 10 εἰληφότων ἐπίδοσιν, καὶ οὐδὲν ὁμοίων ὄντων τῶν νῦν τοῖς πρότερον, οὐδὲν ἡγοῦμαι πλέον ἢ τὰ τοῦ πολέμου κεκινήσε θαι καὶ ἐπιδεδωκέναι. πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους τότε καὶ πάντας τοὺς Ἕλληνας τέτταρας μῆνας ἢ 59 πέντε, τὴν ὡραίαν αὐτὴν, ἐμβαλόντας ἂν καὶ κακώσαντας 15 τὴν τῶν ἀντιπάλων χώραν ὁπλίταις καὶ πολιτικοῖς στρατεύμασιν ἀναχωρεῖν ἐπ ̓ οἴκου πάλιν· οὕτω δ ̓ ἀρχαίως εἶχον, μᾶλλον δὲ πολιτικῶς, ὥστ ̓ οὐδὲ χρημάτων ὠνεῖσθαι παρ' οὐδενὸς οὐδὲν, ἀλλ ̓ εἶναι νόμιμόν τινα καὶ προφανῆ 60 τὸν πόλεμον. νυνὶ δ ̓ ὁρᾶτε μὲν δήπου τὰ πλεῖστα τοὺς 20 προδότας ἀπολωλεκότας, οὐδὲν δ ̓ ἐκ παρατάξεως οὐδὲ μάχης γιγνόμενον· ἀκούετε δὲ Φίλιππον οὐχὶ τῷ φάλαγγα ὁπλιτῶν ἄγειν βαδίζονθ ̓ ὅποι βούλεται, ἀλλὰ τῷ ψιλοὺς, ἱππέας, τοξότας, ξένους, τοιοῦτον ἐξηρτῆσθαι στρατόπεδον. 61 ἐπειδὰν δ ̓ ἐπὶ τούτοις πρὸς νοσοῦντας ἐν αὑτοῖς προσπέσῃ 25 καὶ μηδεὶς ὑπὲρ τῆς χώρας δι' ἀπιστίαν ἐξίῃ, μηχανήματ' 124 ἐπιστήσας πολιορκεῖ. καὶ σιωπῶ θέρος καὶ χειμῶνα, ὡς οὐδὲν διαφέρει, οὐδ ̓ ἐστὶν ἐξαίρετος ὥρα τις, ἣν διαλείπει.

οὐκ ἀνηρπάσθη] was not swept away from off the earth.' Comp. Aesch. c. Ctes. § 133 : Θῆβαι δὲ, Θῆβαι πόλις ἀστυγείτων, μεθ' ἡμέραν μίαν ἐκ μέσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀνηρπάσθη.

...

I

οὐδὲν ἡγοῦμαι ἐπιδεδωκέναι] think that nothing has been more altered and improved than the operations of war.'

ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους] I hear that the Lacedaemonians of that day, and all the Greeks, used for four or five months during the summer season only, to invade and lay waste the country of their adversaries with heavy-armed men and troops of their own nation, and then return home again.' Thucydides illustrates this system of campaigning in his account of the Peloponnesian war. The Lacedaemonians invaded Attica when the crops were nearly ripe, and after destroying all they could, they returned home, and repeated the operation in the year following. With τὴν ὡραίαν αὐτήν, Franke compares c. Dionys. § 33: ἐνταῦθα δ ̓ ἐπιδημήσαντας παραχειμάζειν ἔδει καὶ περιμένειν τὴν ὡραίαν.

οὕτω δ ̓ ἀρχαίως] and so old-fashioned were they, or rather national in their

νόμιμόν τινα] their warfare was of a legitimate and open kind.'

τὰ πλεῖστα] the traitors have caused most of the disasters.'

τῷ . . . ἐξηρτῆσθαι] ‘by his having attached to himself. On ἐξηρτῆσθαι Franke observes: “ non sine contemptu dictum: sed quod a se suspensum sibi adjunctum habet, quod . . . pone se trahit." Comp. Eurip. Alcest. 183: παῖδες δὲ πέπλων μητρὸς ἐξηρτημένοι. But some Mss. have ἐξηρτύσθαι, which Rüdiger adopts.

ἐπὶ τούτοις] “ with these forces, i. e. supported by, or relying on them.

ἐπιστήσας πολιορκεί] ' he puts his machines in position, and besieges then.

οὐδ ̓ ἐστὶν ἐξαίρετος] ' nor is there any

62 ταῦτα μέντοι πάντας εἰδότας καὶ λογιζομένους οὐ δεῖ προσέσθαι τὸν πόλεμον εἰς τὴν χώραν, οὐδ ̓ εἰς τὴν 5 εὐήθειαν τὴν τοῦ τότε πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους πολέμου βλέποντας ἐκτραχηλισθῆναι, ἀλλ ̓ ὡς ἐκ πλείστου φυλάττεσθαι τοῖς πράγμασι καὶ ταῖς παρασκευαῖς, ὅπως οἴκοθεν μὴ κινήσεται σκοποῦντας, οὐχὶ συμπλακέντας διαγωνί 63 ζεσθαι. πρὸς μὲν γὰρ πόλεμον πολλὰ φύσει πλεονεκτή- 10 μαθ ̓ ἡμῖν ὑπάρχει, ἂν περ, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, ποιεῖν ἐθέλωμεν ἃ δεῖ, ἡ φύσις τῆς ἐκείνου χώρας, ἧς ἄγειν καὶ φέρειν ἔστι πολλὴν καὶ κακῶς ποιεῖν, ἄλλα μυρία· εἰς δὲ ἀγῶνα ἄμεινον ἡμῶν ἐκεῖνος ἤσκηται.

64 Οὐ μόνον δὲ δεῖ ταῦτα γιγνώσκειν, οὐδὲ τοῖς ἔργοις 15 ἐκεῖνον ἀμύνεσθαι τοῖς τοῦ πολέμου, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ λογισμῷ καὶ τῇ διανοίᾳ τοὺς παρ ̓ ὑμῖν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ λέγοντας μισῆσαι, ἐνθυμουμένους ὅτι οὐκ ἔνεστι τῶν ἔξω τῆς πόλεως ἐχθρῶν κρατῆσαι, πρὶν ἂν τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ πόλει 65 κολάσητε ὑπηρετοῦντας ἐκείνοις. ὃ μὲ τὸν Δία καὶ τοὺς 20 ἄλλους θεοὺς οὐ δύνασθε ὑμεῖς ποιῆσαι οὐδὲ βούλεσθε. ἀλλ ̓ εἰς τοῦτο ἀφῖχθε μωρίας ἢ παρανοίας ἢ οὐκ ἔχω τί λέγω (πολλάκις γὰρ ἔμοιγ ̓ ἐπελήλυθε καὶ τοῦτο φοβεῖ

season of intermission during which he reposes.'

ἐκτραχηλισθῆναι] to be unhorsed.' So Xenophon, Cyrop. i. 4. 8: μικροῦ κἀκεῖνον ἐξετραχήλισεν, scil. ὁ ἵππος.

οὐχὶ συμπλακέντας] ' and not to come to close quarters with him, and so fight it out.' The infinitive depends on the previous de. The advice here given was the same as that of Pericles in the Pelopon. nesian war.

ἄν περ . · · ἐθέλωμεν] if we are will. ing to do our duty.' To the illustrations of the difference in meaning between 0éλw and βούλομαι, p. 19, add Eurip. Alces. 231:

*Αδμηθ ̓ (δρᾷς γὰρ τἀμὰ πράγμαθ' ὡς ἔχει) λέξαι θέλω σοι, πρὶν θανεῖν, ἃ βούλομαι, where Alcestis uses θέλω to signify what was in her own power during her lifetime, and βούλομαι for what she wished, but could not herself perform or secure after death. In fact, λέξαι θέλω σοι is the French Je vais vous dire. And the line (Iliad i. 399) :

ὁππότε μιν ξυνδῆσαι Ολύμπιοι ἤθελον ἄλλοι,

proves that Homer does not always (as Butmann implies) " use βούλομαι of the gods, where ἐθέλω would be used for other persons."

ἧς. . . . ἔστι πολλήν] Namely, the seacoast. The Latin phrase for φέρειν καὶ ἄγειν is ' ferre, agere. Thus Livy xxxiii. 13: “ Aequum censebat, ut belli praeda, rerumque quae ferri agique possent, Romanos: ager urbesque captae Aetolos sequerentur." It is also used metaphorically thus : “ Hi ferre agere plebem plebisque res." Livy iii. 37.

culation and principle. Franke observes τῷ λογισμῷ καὶ τῇ διανοία] ' upon calhere" odium ratione, non temere significat; μισῆσαι enim est odium concipere, μισεῖν odisse

πρὶν ἄν] With a subjunctive, after the negative in οὐκ ἔνεστι.

οὐ . . . βούλεσθε] Dindorf reads οὐ δυ νήσεσθε (from the codex S), omitting οὐδὲ βούλεσθε.

σθαι, μή τι δαιμόνιον τὰ πράγματ' ἐλαύνῃ), ὥστε λοιδορίας ἢ φθόνου ἢ σκώμματος, ἧστινος ἂν τύχητε ἕνεκ ̓ αἰτίας 25 ἀνθρώπους μισθωτοὺς, ὧν οὐδ ̓ ἂν ἀρνηθεῖεν ἔνιοι ὡς οὐκ εἰσὶ τοιοῦτοι, λέγειν κελεύετε, καὶ γελᾶτε, ἄν τισι λοιδορηθώσιν. 125 66 καὶ οὐχί πω τοῦτο δεινὸν, καίπερ ὂν δεινόν· ἀλλὰ καὶ μετὰ πλείονος ἀσφαλείας πολιτεύεσθαι δεδώκατε τούτοις ἢ τοῖς ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν λέγουσιν. καίτοι θεάσασθε ὅσας συμφορὰς παρασκευάζει τὸ τῶν τοιούτων ἐθέλειν ἀκροᾶσθαι. λέξω δ ̓ ἔργα ἃ πάντες εἴσεσθε.

67

Ἦσαν ἐν Ολύνθῳ τῶν ἐν τοῖς πράγμασι τινὲς μὲν Φιλίππου καὶ πάνθ' ὑπηρετοῦντες ἐκείνῳ, τινὲς δὲ τοῦ βελτίστου καὶ ὅπως μὴ δουλεύσουσιν οἱ πολῖται πράττοντες. πότεροι δὴ τὴν πατρίδ ̓ ἐξώλεσαν; ἢ πότεροι 10 τοὺς ἱππέας προὔδοσαν, ὧν προδοθέντων Ολυνθος ἀπώ· λετο ; οἱ τὰ Φιλίππου φρονοῦντες καὶ ὅτ ̓ ἦν ἡ πόλις τοὺς τὰ βέλτιστα λέγοντας συκοφαντοῦντες καὶ διαβάλλοντες οὕτως ὥστε τόν γ' ̓Απολλωνίδην καὶ ἐκβαλεῖν ὁ δῆμος ὁ τῶν Ολυνθίων ἐπείσθη.

15

68 Οὐ τοίνυν παρὰ τούτοις μόνοις τὸ ἔθος τοῦτο πάντα κακὰ εἰργάσατο, ἄλλοθι δ ̓ οὐδαμοῦ· ἀλλ ̓ ἐν Ἐρετρίᾳ, ἐπειδὴ ἀπαλλαγέντος Πλουτάρχου καὶ τῶν ξένων ὁ δῆμος εἶχε τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὸν Πορθμὸν, οἱ μὲν ἐφ' ὑμᾶς ἦγον τὰ πράγματα, οἱ δ ̓ ἐπὶ Φίλιππον. ἀκούοντες δὲ τούτων τὰ 20

μή τι δαιμόνιον] lest some evil genius is driving the state (to ruin).' ἧστινος ἂν τύχητε] ' any object that takes your fancy.'

οὐχί πω . . . δεινόν] ' and this, bad as it is, is not yet the worst of all.' Comp. De Chers. § 30 : δεινὸν ὃν οὐ δεινόν ἐστιν. πολιτεύεσθαι] ' to follow their politics. Ἦσαν ἐν Ὀλύνθῳ] In Olynthus some of the statesmen were in the interest of Philip, and serving him in every thing; some on the patriotic side, and labouring that their fellow-citizens should not be enslaved.'

τοὺς ἱππέας προὔδοσαν] When Philip was besieging Olynthus, several successful sorties were made from the town. But the treachery of Lasthenes proved its ruin, for he led 500 men into an ambus. cade, as concerted between Philip and himself, and Olynthus was soon afterwards

captured in B. c. 348. F. L. § 300. Diod.

xvi. 53.

Απολλωνίδην] This person afterwards became an Athenian citizen (c. Neaer. § 121). Apollonides of Cardia (de Halon. § 40), in the Chersonese, was a different person.

ἀπαλλαγέντος] By Phocion, after the battle of Tamynae (Β. c. 350-349). See De Pace, § 5, p. 118. Clinton, Fast. Hell. ii. 134.

ἐφ' ὑμᾶς ἦγον] ' were for bringing the government over to you.' Comp. Herod. ν. 70 : ὁ Κλεομένης ἐξέβαλλε Κλεισθένεα, and the amusing illustration of this use of the imperfect quoted by Mr. Blakesley on v. 77, from Aristoph. Nubes, v. 60. Also below, § 73: οἱ μὲν ἠμύνοντο, οἱ δὲ προσδίδοσαν.

ἀκούοντες δὲ τούτων] and listening to them generally or rather exclusively.'

πολλὰ, μᾶλλον δὲ τὰ πάντα οἱ ταλαίπωροι καὶ δυστυχεῖς Ερετριεῖς τελευτῶντες ἐπείσθησαν τοὺς ὑπὲρ αὑτῶν λέγον69 τας ἐκβάλλειν. καὶ γάρ τοι πέμψας Ιππόνικον ὁ σύμμαχος καὶ φίλος αὐτοῖς Φίλιππος καὶ ξένους χιλίους, τὰ τείχη περιεῖλε τοῦ Πορθμοῦ καὶ τρεῖς κατέστησε τυράν- 25 νους, Ιππαρχον, Αὐτομέδοντα, Κλείταρχον· καὶ μετὰ ταῦτ ̓ ἐξελήλακεν ἐκ τῆς χώρας δὶς ἤδη βουλομένους σώζεσθαι, 70 τότε μὲν πέμψας τοὺς μετ ̓ Εὐρυλόχου ξένους, πάλιν δὲ 126 τοὺς μετὰ Παρμενίωνος.

Καὶ τί δεῖ τὰ πολλὰ λέγειν; ἀλλ ̓ ἐν ̓Ωρεῷ Φιλιστίδης μὲν ἔπραττε Φιλίππῳ καὶ Μένιππος καὶ Σωκράτης καὶ Θόας καὶ ̓Αγαπαῖος, οἵπερ νῦν ἔχουσι τὴν πόλιν (καὶ 5 τι ταῦτ ̓ ᾔδεσαν ἅπαντες), Εὐφραῖος δέ τις, ἄνθρωπος καὶ παρ' ἡμῖν ποτ' ἐνθάδ' οἰκήσας, ὅπως ἐλεύθεροι καὶ μηδενὸς δοῦλοι ἔσονται. οὗτος τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ὡς ὑβρίζετο καὶ προὐπηλακίζετο ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ τῶν Ωρειτῶν, πόλλ ̓ ἂν εἴη λέγειν· ἐνιαυτῷ δὲ πρότερον τῆς ἁλώσεως ἐνέδειξεν 10 ὡς προδότην τὸν Φιλιστίδην καὶ τοὺς μετ ̓ αὐτοῦ, αἰσθόμενος ἃ πράττουσιν. συστραφέντες δ ̓ ἄνθρωποι πολλοὶ 72 καὶ χορηγὸν ἔχοντες Φίλιππον καὶ πρυτανευόμενοι παρ' ἐκείνου, ἀπάγουσι τὸν Εὐφραῖον εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον ὡς συνταράττοντα τὴν πόλιν. ὁρῶν δὲ ταῦθ ̓ ὁ δῆμος ὁ τῶν 15 Ωρειτῶν, ἀντὶ τοῦ τῷ μὲν βοηθεῖν, τοὺς δ ̓ ἀποτυμπανίσαι, τοῖς μὲν οὐκ ὠργίζετο, τὸν δ ̓ ἐπιτήδειον εἶναι ταῦτα παθεῖν ἔφη καὶ ἐπέχαιρεν. μετὰ ταῦθ' οἱ μὲν ἐπ ̓ ἐξουσίας ὁπόσης

ἠβούλοντ ̓ ἔπραττον ὅπως ἡ πόλις ληφθήσεται, καὶ κατεσκευάζοντο τὴν πρᾶξιν· τῶν δὲ πολλῶν εἴ τις αἴσθοιτο, 20 ἐσίγα καὶ κατεπέπληκτο, τὸν Εὐφραῖον οἷα ἔπαθε μεμνη73 μένοι. οὕτω δ ̓ ἀθλίως διέκειντο ὥστε οὐ πρότερον ἐτόλ μησεν οὐδεὶς τοιούτου κακοῦ προσιόντος ῥῆξαι φωνὴν, πρὶν διασκευασάμενοι πρὸς τὰ τείχη προσῄεσαν οἱ πολέ μιοι· τηνικαῦτα δ' οἱ μὲν ἠμύνοντο, οἱ δὲ προὐδίδοσαν. 25 74 τῆς δὲ πόλεως οὕτως ἁλούσης αἰσχρῶς καὶ κακῶς οἱ μὲν ἄρχουσι καὶ τυραννοῦσι, τοὺς τότε σώζοντας αὐτοὺς καὶ 127 τὸν Εὐφραῖον ἑτοίμους ὁτιοῦν ποιεῖν ὄντας τοὺς μὲν ἐκβαλόντες, τοὺς δ ̓ ἀποκτείναντες, ὁ δ ̓ Εὐφραῖος ἐκεῖνος ἐπέσφαξεν ἑαυτὸν, ἔργῳ μαρτυρήσας ὅτι δικαίως καὶ καθαρῶς ὑπὲρ τῶν πολιτῶν ἀνθειστήκει Φιλίππῳ.

75

5

Τί οὖν ποτ' αἴτιον, θαυμάζετ ̓ ἴσως, τοῦ καὶ τοὺς Ολυνθίους καὶ τοὺς Ερετριεῖς καὶ τοὺς Ωρείτας ἥδιον πρὸς τοὺς ὑπὲρ Φιλίππου λέγοντας ἔχειν ἢ τοὺς ὑπὲρ ἑαυτῶν ; ὅπερ καὶ παρ ̓ ὑμῖν, ὅτι τοῖς μὲν ὑπὲρ τοῦ βελτίστου λέγουσιν οὐδὲ βουλομένοις ἔνεστιν ἐνίοτε πρὸς 10 χάριν οὐδὲν εἰπεῖν· τὰ γὰρ πράγματ ̓ ἀνάγκη σκοπεῖν 76 ὅπως σωθήσεται· οἱ δ ̓ ἐν αὐτοῖς οἷς χαρίζονται Φιλίππῳ συμπράττουσιν. εἰσφέρειν ἐκέλευον, οἱ δ ̓ οὐδὲν δεῖν ἔφασαν· πολεμεῖν καὶ μὴ πιστεύειν, οἱ δ ̓ ἄγειν εἰρήνην, ἕως ἐγκατελήφθησαν. τἄλλα τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον οἶμαι πάνθ', 15 ἵνα μὴ καθ ̓ ἕκαστα λέγω· οἱ μὲν, ἐφ ̓ οἷς ἤδη χαριοῦνται, ταῦτ ̓ ἔλεγον καὶ ἐλύπουν οὐδὲν, οἱ δ ̓ ἐξ ὧν ἔμελλον 77 σωθήσεσθαι, προσῆσαν δ ̓ ἀπέχθειαι. πολλὰ δὲ καὶ τὰ

κατεσκευάζοντο τὴν πρᾶξιν] * were arranging their plot.'

οὐ πρότερον ... προσῄεσαν] Though a negative clause precedes, πρίν is here fol. lowed by an Indic. Comp. § 64, where a Subjunctive follows, and the cause of the difference will be self-evident.

ῥῆξαι φωνήν] So Herod. v. 93: ἅπας τις αὐτῶν φωνὴν ρήξας.

διασκευασάμενοι] in battle array,' i.e. having broken up their camp.

τοὺς τότε σώζοντας] having banished some, and killed others, of those who formerly rescued themselves, and were ready to do any thing whatever to Euphraeus. See § 71. I prefer αὐτούς, with

VOL. 1.

Rüdiger and Schäfer, to αὑτούς with Bek-
ker. Philip's partisans had been saved from
the attack of Euphraeus by a rising of the
populace, συστραφέντες ἄνθρωποι πολλοί.

ἥδιον . . . ἔχειν] • being more favourably
disposed towards.'

ἢ τοὺς ὑπὲρ ἑαυτῶν] “ Plene, ἡ πρὸς τοὺς ὑπὲρ ἑαυτῶν.” Schäfer.

οἱ δ ̓ ἐν αὐτοῖς] while the others by the very means whereby they gratify their hearers, co-operate with Philip.'

ἕως ἐγκατελήφθησαν] ' until they were taken in the snare.'

οἱ μὲν . . . χαριοῦνται] ' the one advised measures of immediate gratification.' προσῆσαν δ ̓ ἀπέχθειαι] • but of which