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BOOK IV.

ARGUMENT.

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DIDO, enamored of Aeneas, consults her sister Anna, who advises her to consent to marriage with the Trojan prince (1-53). Her passion further described (54-89). Juno, alarmed, proposes to Venus the marriage of Aeneas and Dido, with the junction of the two nations, devising a plan by which to bring it about. Venus seemingly assents (90-128). The Carthaginians and Trojans go forth to hunt (129-159). In a violent thunder-storm, sent down by Juno, Aeneas and Dido accidentally take refuge in the same cave, and are married (160-172). Fame bears the tidings through Libya (173-197). King Iarbas, a rejected suitor of Dido's, complains to his father Jupiter of her preference for Aeneas (198-218). Jupiter sends Mercury to Aeneas with an authoritative command to leave Africa and make for Italy (219-278). In obedience to the will of heaven, Aeneas prepares for his departure, attempting to conceal his plans from Dido (279-295). The queen divines his intentions, and upbraids him, but in vain (296-449). Unable to bear up against her grief, she determines to die; urged to her fatal purpose by dire portents and bad dreams (450-473). Concealing her designs from her sister, she bids her erect a huge pyre, and pretends that it is intended for the celebration of magic ceremonies to cure her of her love (474-521). Her grief now increases to frenzy; but Aeneas has already weighed anchor, and stands out to sea in the middle of the night (522-583). In the morning Dido, maddened by the sight of the ships in the distant offing, breaks out in a paroxysm of love-sick sorrow, and imprecates calamities on her once cherished guest (584-629); and having dismissed all her attendants, after reviewing her life in a few words, and pronouncing it happy and glorious but for this last sorrow, she slays herself on the pyre (630-705).

"The subject of this book has made it the most attractive, perhaps the most celebrated, part of the poem." Virgil "has struck the chord of modern passion, and powerfully has it responded; more powerfully,

perhaps, than the minstrel himself expected." Our sympathies are all with Dido; and when Aeneas sets sail, he appears to us rather as the shameless deserter, than as the pious follower of the will of the gods.

1, 2. Dido has been wounded by Cupid. See Aen. I. 719-22.-Cura, i. e. the anxiety of love.-Venis, poetical abl. of place, where we shou'd have in venis in Ciceronian prose. H. 422, 1, 2), in fin.; A. & S. 254, Rem. 3, in fin. H. and C. make it instrumental abl.: with her veins. Caeco, hidden.

3. Multa virtus, the great valor (lit. the manifold valor, — proved by many deeds). Others take multa and multus as equivalent to multum adverbially, i. c. saepe.

4. Gentis, of his ancestry.-Vultus, his looks.

10. Quis novus hospes (est) hic, (qui) successit nostris sedibus?

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11. Quem qualem.-Ore. H. 429; A. & S. 250, 1.— Ar., deeds of - Forti pectore et armis, abl. of characteristic. H. 428; A. & S. 211, Rem. 6; A. 251; G. 402.

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12. I do indeed believe, nor is my confidence unfounded, that 'tis the race of the gods (i. e. that he is the offspring of the gods).

13. Cowardice betrays ignoble souls; but he is no coward.

17. Since my first passion disappointed me ("played me false." C.), cheated (and cheated me of my hopes) by death (the death of Sychaeus). 18. Pertaes. fuisset, sc. me. - Thalami taedaeque, H. 410, LII.; A. 221, b. Taedae. A torch was borne before a Roman bride, when she was conducted to the house of her husband.

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19. Potui suc., I might have yielded; the emphatic indic. in the apodosis instead of the subj. H. 511, II. 2; A. & S. 259, Rem. 4, (1), and (b); B. 1276; A. 308, c; G. 246, 3. — Culpae, i. e. a second marriage. 24. Optem, let me choose rather. — Dehiscat. H. 493, 2; A. & S. 262, Rem. 4; B. 1204 end; A. 331, f, Rem.; G. 546, 3.

27. Pudor, i. e. the respect due her former husband.

31. O dilecta (tuae) sorori (H. 388, 4; A. & S. 225, II.; B. 844, 845; A. 232, b; G. 352), magis luce (= vitâ).

32. Wilt thou waste away, pining alone, all (the days of) thy youth? 33. Norisnoveris. Fut. of novi.-Veneris praemia, the joys of wedded love.

35. Esto, grant that; (taken with what follows.) — Mariti = proci. 36. Libyae, Tyro, defining mariti; gen. of source and abl. of source. 38. Amori. H. 385, and 5; A. 229, c; G. 344, 3; B. 831. 39. Consederis, subj. in an indirect question. — Arvis in arvis. 43. Tyro, from Tyre. Abl. of source.—Quid dicam, why need I speak?

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48. Conjugio tali. Abl. absolute of condition.
56. Per aras, at the various altars. "Per," lit. among.

59. Cui - curae.

Cf. H.

H. 390; A. & S. 227; B. 848; A. 233; G. 350. 66. Est, from edo. H. 291; A. & S. 181; B. 431; A. 140; G. 187. 68. Tota urbe. Even in prose "the abl. is usually put without a prep. when the adj. totus is subjoined, to denote an extension over something, as urbe tota, through the whole city." M. 273, c. 422, 1, 1); A. & S. 254, Rem. 2, (b); B. 937, 3; A. 258, ƒ; G. 386. 69. Conjecta sagitta, abl., cerva, nom.; as shown by the metre. 74. Media per moenia=per mediam urbem. H. 441, 6; A. & S. 205, Rem. 17; B. 662; A. 193. — 75. Paratam, already prepared.

77. Eadem convivia: i. e. a banquet like yesterday's. 80. Digressi (sunt), sc. the guests.

82. Stratis rel., on the couch (at the table) left (by Aeneas).

85. Si possit, (to see) whether she may be able to beguile, etc. H. 525, 1; A. & S. 265; 198, 11, Rem. (e) in fin.; A. 334, f. Indirect question. 89. Machina, enginery. Pile (of building). H. Turret. W. Crane. C. 94. Mag. et. mem. numen, sc. erit vestrum (thine and Cupid's). 98. Quotanto, whither, i. e. to what end (will you go on) now, in so great a strife?

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102. Communem, in common. - Parib. ausp. with joint authority. 103-4. Liceat Didonem servire. - Dotales, as her dowry (to Aeneas). 106. Quo (ut eo) in order that thus. — L. or., to the Libyan shores. 109. If only (good) fortune follow the deed of which thon speakest. 110-11. Fatis, by the fates. (Some translate, in regard to the fates.) -Si, whether. - Profectis, sc. iis. Cf. I. 732.

115-16. Iste, that thou speakest of. — Paucis, sc. verbis.

117. Venatum, sup. from venor. H. 569; A. & S. 276, II.; B. 1360;

A. 302. A terminal acc.

121. Alae, the mounted huntsmen, riding on either side of Dido and Aeneas. Trepidant, are hurrying hither and thither.

124. Speluncam, terminal acc. H. 379, 4; A. 258, n. 2; G. 342, 1. 125. Tua, etc., if I can rely on thy compliance. Certa, predicate. 126. Propriam (eam) dicabo, I will make her forever his. 127. Hymen (the god of marriage) shall be here.

128. Dolis repertis. Abl. absolute of cause.

130. Portis. H. 422, 2; A. & S. 255, Rem. 3, (b.); B. 948; A. 258, n. 2. 131-2. Lato ferro, abl. of characteristic.-Odora-vis, lit. the keenscented strength of hounds, a periphrase for the keen-scented hounds. Cf. Homer's βίη 'Ηρακληείη.

133. Thalamo, poetical abl. of place. — Cunctantem, at her toilet. (Naturally.)- Ad limina, at the palace door.

137. Circumdata, attired in. Chlamydem. H. 374, 7; A. 240, c. n.; G. 332, 2.- Picto limbo, abl. of characteristic. H. 428; A. & S. 211, Rem. 6; B. 888; A. 251; G. 402.

138. In aurum. Her hair gathered into a knot, is bound either by a fillet of gold, or by a net of golden threads.

150--1. Tantum, i. e. quantum Apollinis. Aeneas is compared with Apollo, in respect, first, of the grace and ease of his movements, sccondly, of his beauty. C.--Ventum, sc. est.

152. Dejectae, driven by the attendants. C. Others, "having thrown themselves down," (pass. as middle,) i. e. leaping.

153. Decurrere, perf. ind., as shown by the metre. Cervi transmittunt (se) cursu (=transcurrunt) patentes campos, atque fuga (in flight) gl. pulv. agm., etc.

164. Amnes, torrents made by the shower; a striking and frequent phenomenon in Italy and Greece.

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168. Connubiis, dat. after conscius. II. 399, 5, 1); A. & S. 213, Rem. 7. 174-6. Fame, (i. e. Rumor,) than whom there is no other pest (malum) more swift.—(176.) At first small from feur. — Metu, abÌ. of cause. 178. Terra was enraged with anger at the gods who had thrust the Titans, her sons, down to Tartarus. Deorum, objective genitive. 179. Coeo (pr. Ceo), see Index of Proper Names.

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182-4. Oculi, sc. sunt.-C. medio t. que inter caelum et terram. 185. Somno. H. 384; A. & G. 225. "Nor bows to sleep her eyes." Con. 191-2. Oratio obliqua. The principai clauses, (venisse Aenean, (eos) fovere hiemem,) acc. with inf.; and the subordinate relative clause (dignetur Dido), subj.-Viro, (as her) husband.

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193. Quam longa (sit), as long as it is, - the whole winter long. 195. Dea foeda (i. e. Fame) diffundit haec in ora virâm. 198. Ham. satus, Iarbas, son of Hammon or Ammon and Garamantis; an unsuccessful suitor for Dido's hand. Ham., abl. of source. 200. Posuit, he erected a hundred temples, etc., but previously (sacraverat) he had consecrated the ever-burning light.

202. Pingue fuit solum; from the sacrifices: A. fuerunt lim. Cf. I. 639. 203. Animi, strictly a locative, but often called gen. of specif. 204. Media inter numina divum, in the midst of the statues (lit. powers and presence) of the gods.

205. Multa Jovem orasse. H. 374; A. & S. 231; B. 734; A. 239, c. 206. Nunc, now (and never before. Thy worship was introduced by me.)

209. Caeci, i. e. aimless; blind as not striking those they ought to strike. 211-12. Sec Aen. I. 365-8.

213. Loci leges

dominion over the place. - 214. As her lord.

215. Aen. is called "that Paris" contemptuously. The reproach of effeminacy is made against the Trojans by poets later than the Homeric

times.

216. Maeonia, an old name of Lydia which bordered on Phrygia. — Mentum, acc. of specification (with subnixus). — Mitra, a cap “fastened below the chin by ribbons, which partly covered the jaws and temples." On essenced hair as a reproach, cf. XII. 110.

217. Rapto, perf. part. of rapio used as noun: his prey.

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Fam. inanem, an idle fame;

218. Quippe, forsooth, in sarcasm. either "the reputation of Jove as a god" (C.), or his reputed relation to Iarbas (line 198).

219. Suppliants laid hold of the altars with their hands.

225. Exspectat, lingers. — F. datas, assigned by the futes.

228. Bis. First, from Diomede (Il. 5, 311 sqq.), and finally from the Greeks at the sack of Troy (Aen. II. 589 sqq.).

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229 Sed (promisit illum) fore.—Grav.imperiis, teeming with empire. 230. Qui regeret, prod., mit. H. 501, I.; A. & G. 319; G. 633.— Genus proderet, should hand down a line. C. Qui, talem ut is. 232-3. Accendit, sc. eum.- -Nec, etc., and he undertakes no enterprise himself for (super) his own renown.

237. Summa. Noun, not adjective.- Hic-esto, be thou our herald of this message. W. and C. Hic de hac re.

244. Lum. m. resignat, opens their eyes in death. Hen., Forb., C. In accordance with the Roman custom of closing a friend's eyes at the moment of death, and afterwards opening them again when the body was laid on the funeral pile, this action is attributed to Mercury, the conductor of souls, the object being that the dead might see their way to the lower world. Others, either with the same translation, or taking morte as abl. of separation, explain it, brings the dead to life. Other tr. of resignat: "relaxes;" "seals again;" "seals fast;" "closes." 247. Duri, the much-enduring. — 251. Senis, the ancient one. 252. Nitens, poising himself on.

257. Litus governed by ad. An unusual post-position of the prep. 258. Avo. Atlas was the father of Maia, the mother of Mercury. 283. Quid agat, what can he do? H. 486, II.; A. 268; G. 251. 289-94. A good example of the oratio obliqua. The imperatives of direct discourse are put in the subj. (aptent, cog., par., dissim.); the principal declarative clause has the acc. with the inf.,: - sese temptaturum (esse),—and the subordinate clause introduced by quando takes the subj. For sit (290), inasmuch as it would be subj. in direct discourse as well, the rule of indirect question must be given. - Aditus, the

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