Lloyd, M. Pearl, Ohio Wesleyan University.
Langdon, Anny Y., Seattle, Washington.

Schmace, Lucie J., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Lichtenfels, Paul J., Washington C. H., Ohio.
Lockwood, Olive E., Mount Clemens, Michigan.

Lowry, Corienne, St. Mary's College.

Lyon, Clarence E., University of South Dakota.

Lull, P. Emerson, Purdue University.

Luther, Martin, Boston, Massachusetts.

Lotze, Frieda A., Walnut Hills High School, Cincinnati, Ohio. Lean, Delbert G., Wooster, Ohio.

Lynch, Evangeline, Chicago, Ill.

Lacy, Mrs. Mabel V., Teachers College, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Lane, Mrs. Etta, Plain City, Ohio.

McGee, J. A., Purdue University.

McKinney, Marjorie S., Cincinnati, Ohio.

McCarty, Leon, University of Cincinnati.

McGurk, Anne, Highland Park, Michigan.

McKay, F. B., Michigan State Normal College.
McNobb, L. C., Ohio Wesleyan University.

Marshman, John T., Delaware, Ohio.

Mattis, Norman W., Oberlin College.

Miller, Orville Crowder, University of Michigan.

Monroe, Alan H., Purdue University.

Morgan, Howard C., Central High School, Kansas City, Kansas.

Murphy, Richard, University of Pittsburgh.

Murray, Elwood, Purdue University.

Marino, Teresina, Smith, W. Va.

Menser, C. L., Knox College.

Miller, M. Oclo, Mount Holyoke College.

Mabie, E. C., University of Iowa.

Menchhofer, Jos. D., East Lansing, Michigan.

Miller, Miss Marvel, Illinois Wesleyan University.

Mote, Olema, Evansville, Indiana.

May, Anna Loy, Dayton, Ohio.

Mosher, Joseph A., College of the City of N. Y.

Niles, R. D., University of Colorado.

Nykerk, J. B., Hope College.

O'Brien, Angela Mae, Dayton, Ohio.

Pelsma, J. R., Pittsburg, Kansas.

Perry, Edith M., Waukesha, Wisconsin.

Paget, Edwin H., Purdue University.

Pflaum, Geo. R. R., Emporia, Kansas.

Parrish, W. M., University of Pittsburgh.

Phillips, Erna, Dayton, Ohio.

Phelps, J. Manley, Northwestern University.

Prentiss, Henrietta, Hunter College.

Read, Lillian F., Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Roberts, Forest A., Graceland College.
Robbins, Samuel D., Boston, Massachusetts.
Rahskopf, Horace, Wesleyan University.
Raines, Lester, Ohio State University.
Ray, H. M., N. C. State College.

Rose, Forrest H., Park College.

Ross, Herald T., DePauw University.

Rowell, Virginia, Roosevelt High School, Los Angeles, California. Ryan, J. P., Grinnell College.

Shaw, Warren C., Knox College.

Stoddard, Clara B.,. Detroit, Michigan.

Simon, Clarence T., Northwestern University.

Stump, E. T., Marshall College.

Sands, Mary K., Dillon, Montana.

Spadino, Egbert J., Berea College.

Sorrenson, Fred S., Normal, Illinois.

Smith, John F., Westerville, Ohio.

Stinchfield, Sara M., Mt. Holyoke College.

Simpson, N. Overton, Huntington, W. Va.

Sifritt, Claude, Buhler College.

Shaver, John, Kirksville, Missouri.

Shepherd, A. W., Southern College.

Scanlan, Ross, Washington University.

Scott, Preston H., College of City of Detroit.

Saunders, Mary Evans, Union University.

Smith, Earl H., Lincoln Memorial University.

Smith, Marjorie G., Detroit, Michigan.

Secrest, R. T., Senecaville, Ohio.

Savich, Ramon, Little Theatre Guild, Nashville, Tenn.

Swisher, Florence, Albion, Michigan.

Tallcott, Rollo A., Ithaca Conservatory

Templer, Chas. S., Hamline University

Trueblood, E. P., Earlham College.

Trumbauer, W. H., Montevallo, Alabama.

Teal, Lois, Emerson College.

Thomas, C. K., Cornell University.

Tilroe, H. M., Syracuse University.

Thompson, Florence L., University of Iowa.

Utterback, Wm. E., Oberlin, Ohio.

Van Wye, B. C., University of Cincinnati.

West, Madge, Battle Creek College.

Wright, Bess Sanders, George Washington H. C., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Woehl, Arthur L, Cornell University.

Miller, Emerson W., Wooster College.

Wood, Harry Thomas, Michigan St. Normal College.

Wilner, Geo. S., Wichita, Kansas.

Weaver, A. T., University of Wisconsin.

Williams, Robert E., De Pauw University.

Weiss, N. J., Albion College.

Weldon, C. W. T., Thomas Jefferson High School, Brooklyn, N. Y. Weller, Herbert C., University of Illinois.

West, Robert, Madison, Wisconsin.

Williamson, A. B., New York University.

Wiley, Earl W., Ohio State University.

Wilke, Walter H.

Willsea, Mary A., Denver, Colorado.

Winans, J. A., Hanover, N. H.

Woodward, Howard S., Western Reserve University.

Woolbert, C. H., University of Iowa.

Work, James A., Brown University.

Wright, Julia M., Denver, Colorado.

NEW BOOKS

[New books are sent to staff reviewers, but voluntary contributions are gladly considered. Manuscripts should be sent to Hoyt H. Hudson, Re view Editor, Princeton University.]

Speech: Its Function and Development. BY GRACE ANDRUS DE LAGUNA. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927. Pp. xii, 363. $5.

Speech, as it has appeared in the light of traditional psychology, Mrs. de Laguna believes, is an inexplicable mystery. Even those writers who have largely adopted more recent psychological theories have failed to free themselves from the traditional conception of language as a means of expressing or communicating ideas. What is needed for a successful study of the psychology of speech is an abandonment of the metaphysical dualism which can conceive speech only as an external physical manifestation of inner psychical processes, and the adoption of a fresh conception of speech as an essential activity of human life. The causes and the course of development of speech must be sought in a study of the function of speech in the economy of life. Such a study, Mrs. de Laguna holds, not only throws light on the nature and evolution of speech, it gives a deeper insight into the nature and place of conceptual thought by showing its relation to speech.

Mrs. de Laguna makes a behavioristic approach to her problem, but her behaviorism differs in essential respects from that of the Watson school; it is more closely allied to the position formulated by Edgar Arthur Singer in his Mind As Behavior. She recognizes, however, that her behaviorism is so far from being generally accepted, or even understood, that it would be unsafe for her to assume it in her book without explicit formulation. Part two of the volume is devoted to this task; under the general title of "Aspects of Mental Evolution" she discusses behaviorism and the problem of cognition, some features of animal behavior, the learning process, the objectification of the environment, the social factor,

and the use of tools. Part one discusses the rôle of speech in society. This, Mrs. de Laguna believes, inevitably comes first, for speech is essentially a social phenomenon. The habit of regarding speech as a phenomenon of individual life, to be treated from the standpoint of individual psychology, is one of the chief reasons for the futility of much of the study of speech. It is, to be sure, the individual who speaks; but it is the individual who observes a custom, yet we have no hesitancy in saying that custom is a social phenomenon. Part three, which analyses speech as a form of individual behavior, is based upon the earlier treatment of speech as a social function, and upon the evoluntionary account of the development of mind generally. Mrs. de Laguna finds that as far as the higher mental faculties-conception and purpose, memory and imagination, belief and thought—are distinctly human, they are closely dependent upon speech. They have developed from conversation, which has the primitive function of preparing for concerted group action, and which has a characteristic structure that makes possible the organized activity of thought.

Although a similar point of view has been adopted by Pierre Janet in Les medications psychologiques, by Malinowski in the supplementary essay appended to Ogden and Richard's Meaning of Meaning, and by John Dewey in Experience and Nature, Mrs. de Laguna believes her book to be the first persistent and systematic attempt to apply the conception of speech as a mode of action, and not merely of expression, to the problems presented by the evolution of language structure, on the one hand, and of human intelligence, on the other. As such an attempt, the book is too important to be neglected: the destructive analysis of previous theories of language, the constructive theory of the evolution of speech through differentiation and specialization from the simple cry, the behavioristic statement of the learning proces together with its comparison and contrast with Gestalttheorie, the speculations upon the relationship of speech to the use of tools, the development of the significance of conversation for thought, the dependence of the higher mental processes upon speech-all these are significant contributions to thought upon highly debatable topics. Future discussions of these problems will have to take account of Mrs. de Laguna's theories, whether her views gain general acceptance or not.