Dum stabat regno incolumis regumque vigebat as Cerda suggests, that Virg. may have been thinking of the early age at which the Romans were sent to war; and this perhaps may lead us, with Heyne and Wagn., to extend a similar reference to 'pauper,' war in Virgil's time being a lucrative calling. Weidner attempts to connect 'primis ab annis' with 'comitem,' which would be intolerably harsh. 88.] Stabat regno incolumis' is rightly explained by Heyne as a variety for "erat regno incolumi." Comp. 1. 268. Regno' is used for "regia dignitate" 9. 596. For regumque' Canon. originally and some inferior MSS. have 'regnumque,' the old reading, which is scarcely intelligible, as ' regnum' could not stand for the state of the Greeks at Troy, and with Palamedes' influence at home we have clearly nothing to do. Vigebat:' Lucr. 4. 1156, "Esse in deliciis, summoque in honore vigere." 89.] Conciliis' is the reading of Med. and Pal., 'consiliis' of the Verona palimpsest originally, and some others. The received distinction between the two words is that the former signifies an assembly in general, the latter a select deliberative body. The latter seems decidedly preferable, as the addition of regum' shows that the Homeric Bouλn Yepórτwv, not the ayoph, is meant, and deliberative ability was the special virtue of Palamedes. Besides, 'consiliis' enables us at once to account for the corruption regnum' in the previous line. 90.] Gessimus nomen decusque,' like "gerere honorem," "auctoritatem," &c. 'Pellacis,' Med., Gud. corrected, Serv., Donatus on Ter. Phorm. 1. 2. 17, Velius Longus, p. 2227 P. Fallacis,' Pal., Gud. originally, probably Verona palimpsest, Charisius, p. 52. Comp. G. 4. 443. Macleane on Hor. Od. 3. 7. 20, in resisting Bentley's unauthorized attempt to substitute "pellax" for "fallax," throws a doubt on the very existence of the former word, as not deducible from "pellicere;" Germanus however suggests that it may come 90 95 from "pello," the verb of which "appello," "compello," "interpello," are compounds, and quotes a legal term "virgines appellare." The word is also found in Auson. Epitaph. 12. 4, and Arnob. pp. 58, 231. 4 91.] Haud ignota loquor' seems to mean you doubtless know the story.' Concessit,' 10. 820. See also E. 10. 63. 92.] Adflictus:' dashed down from my prosperity, as Henry explains it; so 'tenebris," in obscurity, contrasts with 'nomenque decusque.' "Ipsi se in tenebris volvi caenoque queruntur," Lucr. 3. 77. Comp. Id. 2. 15, 54., 5. 11. The last passage might be quoted in support of a curious variety in the Verona palimp. here, fluctuque.' 93. "Casus insontis amici," 5. 350. 94.] Et' follows 'nec,' 'nec tacui' being taken as a positive statement. Tulisset' as 'ferebant,' v. 34. "Quidve ferat Fors," Enn. A. 203. The pluperfect is used on account of the oratio obliqua, as in v. 189., 3. 652., 9. 41, Livy 34. 6, which confirms the opinion that the so-called futurum exactum is really only the perf. subj. Wagn.'s other instances are not to the point. Tulisset' apparently for "se tulisset," i. e. "obtulisset." So the dictionaries quote "ferentem" from Nep. Datam. 4. 5. "Ferebant" v. 34 is not quite the same. "Fors" is often said "ferre" in a transitive sense, as in Enn. A. 203, "quidve ferat Fors." See on 11. 345. 95.] "Remeare proprie de victoribus dicitur. Vid. Cort. ad Lucan. 7. 256, et Burm. ad Val. Fl. 4. 589." Forb. 'Argos' for Greece: his real country of course was Euboea. Heyne rather prefers the reading of some inferior MSS. 'agros.' 96.] Promisi ultorem.' There is no occasion to understand "fore" here or in 4. 227. Comp. Sen. Contr. 4. 29. Quint. Decl. 1. 6. (Forc.) Verbis' opposed to tacui:' by speaking out I made myself a bitter enemy (in Ulysses).' Hinc mihi prima mali labes, hinc semper Ulixes 97.] Hinc,' from this time, as 'semper' seems to show. Labes:' the imitation of this passage in Justin 17. 1, "Haec prima mali labes, hoc initium impendentis minae fuit," shows that he took 'labes' in its primary sense of a downfall, as in Lucr. 2. 1145, "dabunt labem putrisque ruinas." We may paraphrase then "Hinc primum fortunae meae ruere incipiebant." So Serv. "ruinam significat, a lapsu." There is a passage immediately preceding this explanation of Serv., which has led to a suspicion that he had a different text from that before us: "Quia secuta sunt postea oraculum et adscita Calchantis factio: adscita sane dicitur adsumpta." From this Cunningham extracted "Hinc adscita mihi labes." But the gloss would be unintelligible without prima,' which it is evidently intended to explain, though the lemma seems to have fallen out. It would almost seem as if Serv. had used the word 'adscita,' and some later grammarian had explained it by adsumpta,' his note afterwards coming to be incorporated in Serv.'s text. 98.] With 'spargere voces,' comp. the Greek onepuoxoyos. In volgum' is in accordance with the representations of Ulysses in the Greek drama aς δημοχαριστ Ths (Eur. Hec. 134), тoû xλov μéra (Id. Iph. A. 526). 99.]Quaerere conscius arma,'' to seek allies as a conspirator,'-nearly equivalent to " quaerere arma consciorum," or quaerere conscios," as Wagn. gives it. Quaerere arma' occurs in this very sense 11. 229. That Ulysses sought for allies appears from the introduction of Calchas, and from the anticipation of the event, v. 124, which argues that his designs were not entirely a secret. 100.] Nec requievit enim,' nor indeed did he rest. Enim' as G. 2. 104. The words at the end of Serv.'s explanation of 'ministro' are to be read "quasi non ex veritate responsuro." 100 105 575, 583. The expression appears colloquial, being peculiar to the comic writers. Revolvo,' seemingly a metaphor from thread, 9. 391., 10. 61. 102.] The old punctuation made the question end at moror,' regarding 'si omnis' as the protasis to 'sumite.' Wagn., who changed it, might have urged that 'quidve moror,' standing alone, would come in rather tamely after the previous line, that the contrast between moror' and ‘iamdudum' is better brought out by the alteration, and that the use of iamdudum' with the imperative, as in other passages, implies a vehemence hardly compatible with the precedence of a conditional clause. An argument, too, may perhaps be drawn from a slight verbal similarity in one of these passages, Stat. Theb. 1. 268, "quo tempore tandem Terrarum furias abolere et saecula retro Emendare sat est ? Iamdu dum a sedibus illis Incipe," which looks as if Statius had found the interrogation after 'sat est' in his copy of Virg. Ordine habetis,' like "honestatem eo loco habet," Cic. Fin. 2. 15. 103.] Id,' that I am a Greek, v. 79. Iamdudum' with the imper. or subj. (Ov. M. 2. 482, A. A. 2. 457) is to be explained as a violation of logical congruity, for the sake of emphasis, iamdudum' belonging to past, sumite' to a future time, so that the Trojans are bidden to punish long since, because they have long since had the right to do so. 104.] Magno mercentur? 10. 503, "magno cum optaverit emptum Intactum Pallanta," perhaps a Grecism. Virg. probably thought of II. 1. 255, † kev ynghoai Πρίαμος Πριάμοιό τε παῖδες. 105-144.] Pressed to enter into detail, he relates that the Greeks were enjoined by an oracle to offer a human victim before their departure, and that he was singled out for the purpose by the machinations of Ulysses, but escaped.' 105.] Tum vero' emphatic, as in E. 6. 27, A. 1. 485. Ardemus' with inf. 1. Ignari scelerum tantorum artisque Pelasgae. 110 Mittimus, isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat : 115 515, 581., 4. 281. The words themselves 106.] 'Pelasgae:' see on 1. 624, where it should have been mentioned that the epithet Pelasgic is applied to Argos II. 2.681, and associated with Dodona Il. 16. 233, so that Mr. Gladstone's statement (vol. iii. pp. 516, 517) is a little overstrained. See Dic. G. Pelasgi. 107.] Prosequitur,' G. 3. 340, where an object is supplied. Ficto pectore fatur,' like "pollenti pectore carmen condere," Lucr. 5. 1, "divino cecinerunt pectore," Catull. 62 (64). 383. ་ 110, 111.] Fecissentque utinam' par. enthetical, like "mansissetque utinam fortuna," 3. 615. Fecissent' is used idiomatically to express the general result of 'moliri' and 'discedere: comp. 1. 58, E. 2. 44. 'Saepe,' as often; referring to 'sacpe,' v. 108. Ponti' we might have expected 'ponto,' but the MSS. give no variation, except that one of the later has 'portum,' as a correction, which might possibly point to 'illis-pontum.' Serv. explains 'ponti hiemps' as distinguished from "hiemps temporis" ("hiemps anni," Suet. Caes. 35) and so the genitive is put with hiemps" in other writers to denote that the word is used analogically, "hiemps montis," Stat. Silv. 3. 5. 73, "rerum," Claud. Bell. Get. 151, "amoris," Ov. Her. 5. 34. Here it seems most natural to interpret the stormy state of the deep,' like "hiemat mare," Hor. 2 Sat. 2. 17 (Macleane's note), not exactly the stormy season,' like "pelago desaevit hiemps," 4. 52, which could not have come unforeseen on the Greeks, much less the winter, though the expression in 3. 285 rather resembles the present line. Euntis,' not for 'ituros,' as Forb., but a rhetorical exaggeration. 112.] Hic' the pronoun, not the adverb, v. 150, " molem hanc equi." "Contextus:' see on v. 16. 'Acernis' need not be pressed against "abiete," v. 16, or "pinea claustra," v. 258. See note on v. 577, and Introduction, p. 10. 113.] Sonuerunt nimbi,' in prose, "nimbi et tonitrus orti sunt." 114.] Eurypylus, II. 2. 736. Scitantem,' the present part. used as in 1. 519., 11. 101, is the reading of Pal. and the great majority of the MSS., followed by Wagn. and later editors. Heins. and Heyne had restored 'scitatum' on the authority of Med., where however the reading was originally 'scitantum.' Pomponius Sabinus has a strange note, "scitatum, non si tantum," from which it may be argued either that Apronianus, whom he generally follows, finding'scitantum,' had conceived that it could only stand for si tantum' or 'scitatum,' or that 'si tantum was actually an old reading, which again would point to 'scitantem' as the original word. Serv. however mentions both readings. Not much help is to be derived from internal considerations, as while an ignorant copyist might be puzzled with the supine, a more instructed one might find a difficulty in the present participle; and so some inferior MSS. cut the knot by reading 'scitari.' 'Oracula Phoebi :' there is nothing to fix the oracle intended, whether Delphi, Delos, Patara, or Chrysa. In Hom. of course Calchas is the only interpreter of the divine will, and in Aeschylus he resolves the difficulty at Aulis. 116.] Sanguine et virgine caesa,' hendiadys, which is expressed v. 118 by two clauses. 117.]Venistis:' the sacrifice of course was before the arrival; but we need not Sanguine quaerendi reditus, animaque litandum press the words, which merely mean "ad ventu vestro." 118.] And the sacrifice, to be propitious, must be of an Argive life.' "Farre litabo," Pers. 2. 75. 120.] Animi' appears to be the reading of all the MSS., but 'animis' found its way into some of the later editions, and was adopted by Heyne without inquiry. In itself either would do: comp. 8. 530., 9. 123, with 5. 404. Perhaps animi' suggests too definitely a verbal contrast between 'aures,' 'animi,' and 'ossa:' but Virg. may have meant this. I have sometimes thought that' animi' might 'animis,' being constructed as in the passages referred to on v. 61; but the existence of expressions like "conversi animi" above v. 73, "cecidere animi" 3. 260, "concussi animi" 9. 498, is against this. 'Gelidusque per ima cucurrit Össa tremor,' 6. 54., 12. 447. 121.] Cui fata parent,' a clause dependent on tremor,' the shuddering surmise being expressed by an indirect question. 'Fata,' the oracle, 1. 386. Parent,' 'ordain' the word appears to be specially used of divine ordinance (Plaut. Mil. 3. 1. 132, "Aequum fuit, deos paravisse, ne omnes uno exemplo vitam viverent," Lucan 2. 68., 6. 783), a fact which may account for the omission of an acc. here; possibly also, as Wagn. thinks, the omission may be rhetorical, to produce a sense of horror. The passages in Lucan at any rate show that he took fata' as the nom. Poscat:' Hor. 1 Od. 4. 12, "seu poscat agnam." ་ 122.] Hic,' at this crisis, 1.728. Magno tumultu' is said of Ulysses, not of the multitude, like "magnis Ithaci clamoribus," v. 128. Comp. the imitation of Stat. Ach. 1. 493, and the oratorical terms in Greek, θορυβεῖν, ταράττειν, κυκᾶν. For the conception of Ulysses as a boisterous demagogue comp. Eur. Iph. A. 528 foll. Hom. dwells on the vehemence of his oratory, ΙΙ. 3. 221, ἀλλ ̓ ὅτε δή ῥ ̓ ὅπα τε μεγάλην ἐκ στήθεος ἵει καὶ ἔπεα νιφάδεσσιν 120 125 oikóra xeiμepínow, though he plays no such vulgar part in Iliad or Odyssey. Virg. may have been thinking of the μeyano 0ópußor of Soph. Aj. 142, which there however seem to be the clamours of the army caused by the whispers of Ulysses. 123.] Numina,' will.' Perhaps there is a reference to its original sense of "nutus," so that 'quae sint numina' may be equivalent to " quem di innuant." Such at any rate must be the general meaning, the question being to whom the oracle pointed. See on 1. 133. Lachmann's denial (on Lucr. 2. 632, where he reads 'momine' for the numine' of the MSS.) that 'numen can ever' nutus,' is contradicted, I think, by Catull. 62 (64). 204, "Adnuit invicto caelestum numine rector, Quo tunc et tellus atque horrida contremuerunt Aequora." (And so Prof. Munro.) 124.] Flagitat' is in keeping with magno tumultu,' 'insists on knowing;' and the omission of the copula also expresses vehemence. Canere,' like 'augurare,' of ordinary anticipation. "Huius tantae dimicationis vatem Q. Fabium haud frustra canere solitum, graviorem in sua terra futurum hostem Hannibalem," Livy 30. 28. 125.]Artificis scelus,' 11. 407 in a different sense. Taciti is not strictly consistent with canebant;' but Virg. probably means that the forebodings were privately whispered, not openly expressed, for fear of Ulysses. 126.] Statius, in an obvious imitation of this passage, Theb. 3. 570 foll., 619 foll., has the words "atra sede tegi," "clausus," "elicior tenebris," showing, as Henry remarks, that he understood 'tectus' here literally, shut up in his tent.' Comp. 7. 600, saepsit se tectis," where Latinus shuts himself up; ib. 618, "caecis se condidit umbris." So when Tiresias refuses to speak, Soph. O. T. 320, he says does μ' és οἴκους. Otherwise there would be no objection to the rendering 'secret or cautious. morti. Prodere voce sua quemquam aut opponere 131.] Tulere,' "passi sunt," Ruaeus. 'Acquiesced in turning on one poor wretch the fate which each feared for himself.' But there is much to be said for the other view, as explained by Henry, 'turned and carried to my destruction.' 133.] Salsae fruges,' Dict. A. 'Sacrificium,' where the "mola " is treated as identical with the oùλoxúтai, contrary to Voss's opinion on E. 8. 82, referred to by Forb. 134.]Eripui' has a logical, though not a grammatical relation to Iamque dies infanda aderat :' in prose, 'at last, seeing the fatal day had already arrived, I made my escape.' So 3. 356-8, “Iamque dies alterque dies processit et aurae Vela vocant tumidoque inflatur carbasus Austro; His vatem adgredior dictis ac talia quaeso." 'At last, seeing day after day was slipping by, and everything favourable for sailing, I seek an interview with Helenus.' 'Fateor,' a hypocritical apology, as if it were a crime to save his life,' Trapp. Vincula rupi,' the bonds with which the victim when brought up to the altar was fastened till the moment of striking the blow. That he was actually led up to the altar appears from v. 156, unless we take 'gessi' there with Serv. as a rhetorical exaggeration. The general sense seems to be they were in the act of getting ready the sacrifice, 130 135 135.] Obscurus in ulva' is to be taken together, screened by the sedge, explaining how he came to be concealed in the marsh-a possible reference to the story of Marius, as Serv. suggests. 136.] Heyne altered the pointing, 'dum vela, darent si forte, dedissent,' but the order of the words and the rhythm of the line are so strongly against him, that the poet would in that case have been guilty of an inexcusable ambiguity. Dum vela darent' is while they might be setting sail,' to give them time to set sail, the subj. being used to show the logical relation of the clause to the verb preceding it. See note on G. 4. 457. Si forte dedissent' cannot stand, as Wagn. supposes, for "si forte daturi essent." The explanation of other passages to which he applies his hypothesis has been given on v. 94. Si forte tulisset,' v. 756, suggests a better interpretation, in the hope, or on the peradventure that they would have sailed, of which of course there would be a doubt, as the necessary condition had not been fulfilled. An inconsistency will still remain between 'darent' and dedissent,' the one implying that Sinon waited while they were getting off, the other that he trusted to their having got off before his waiting was over; but this is hardly an objection, if indeed the confusion might not be said to have a dramatic propriety. Virg. probably thought of Il. 2. 794, déyμevos dпTÓтe VaÛpiv ἀφορμηθεῖεν ̓Αχαιοί. 137.] Antiquam,' an epithet of affec |
