lines from Dublin, Clones and Omagh. The Bann, which is connected with the Newry Canal and falls into Lough Neagh 5 m. north of the town, is navigable for vessels of 90 tons burden. It is crossed at Portadown by a stone bridge of seven arches, originally built in 1764, but since then re-erected. The manufacture of linen and cotton is carried on, and.there is a considerable trade in pork, grain and farm produce. In the reign of Charles I. the manor was bestowed on John Obyns, who erected a mansion and a few houses, which were the beginning of the town. A grain-market was established in 1780. The town is governed by an urban district council.

PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE, a port of entry and the chief town of Portage la Prairie county, Manitoba, Canada, situated 50 m. W. of Winnipeg, on the Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern railways, at an altitude of 854 ft. above the sea. Pop. (1901), 3901. It is in the midst of a fine agricultural district, into which several branch railways extend, and carries on a large export trade in grain and other farm produce.

red granite monument commemorates their passage. About 1712 the Fox Indians disputed the passage of the portage, precipitating hostilities which continued intermittently until 1743. The first settler was Lawrence Barth, who engaged in the carrying trade here in 1793. Jacques Vieau established a trading post here in 1797, and by 1820 it was a thriving dépôt of the fur trade: During the Red Bird uprising (1827) a temporary military post was established by Major William Whistler of the U.S. army. Fort Winnebago was begun in the following year, was remodelled and completed by Lieut. Jefferson Davis in 1832, and was subsequently abandoned. It was from PORTAELS, JEAN FRANÇOIS (1818-1895), Belgian painter, there in the same year that the final and successful camwas born at Vilvorde (Brabant), in Belgium, on the 30th ofpaign against Black Hawk was begun. After several failures April 1818. His father, a rich brewer, sent him to study in the the Fox-Wisconsin canal was completed in 1856, and in June Brussels Academy, and the director, François Navez, ere long of that year the "Aquila," a stern-wheeler, passed through received him as a pupil in his own studio. About 1841 Portaels the canal on its way from Pittsburg to Green Bay. The went to Paris, where he was kindly received by Paul Delaroche. shifting channel of the Wisconsin has retarded navigation, Having returned to Belgium, he carried off the Grand Prix de and the canal has never been as important commercially as Rome in 1842. He then travelled through Italy, Greece, was expected. Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, the Lebanon, Judaea, Spain, Hungary and Norway. On his return to Belgium in 1847 Portaels succeeded H. Vanderhaert as director of the academy at Ghent. In 1849 he married the daughter of his first måster, Navez, and in 1850 settled at Brussels; but as he failed in obtaining the post of director of the academy there, and wished, nevertheless, to carry on the educational work begun by his father-in-law, he opened a private studio-school, which became of great importance in the development of Belgian art. He again made several journeys, spending some time in Morocco; he came back to Brussels in 1874, and in 1878 obtained the directorship of the academy which had so long been the object of his ambition. Portaels executed a vast number of works. Decorative paintings in the church of St Jacques-sur-Caudenberg; biblical scenes, such as "The Daughter of Sion Reviled " (in the Brussels Gallery), "The Death of Judas," "The Magi travelling to Bethlehem," "Judith's Prayer," and "The Drought in Judaea "; genre pictures, among which are "A Box in the Theatre at Budapest" (Brussels Gallery), portraits of officials and of the fashionable world, Oriental scenes and, above all, pictures of fancy female figures and of exotic life. "His works are in general full of a facile grace, of which he is perhaps too lavish," wrote Théophile Gautier. Yet his pleasing and abundant productions as a painter do not constitute Portaels's crowning merit. The high place his name will fill in the history of contemporary Belgian art is due to his influence as a learned and clear-sighted instructor, who formed, among many others, the painters E. Wauters and E. Agneesens, the sculptor Ch. van der Stappen, and the architect Licot. He died at Brussels on the 8th of February 1895.

See E. L. de Taeye, Peintres belges contemporains; J. du Jardin, L'Art flamand. (F. K.*) PORTAGE, a city and the county-seat of Columbia county, Wisconsin, U.S.A., on the Wisconsin river, about 85 m. N.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. (1890) 5143; (1900) 5459, of whom 1184 were foreign-born; (1910 U.S. census) 5440. It is served by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul, and the Minneapolis, St Paul & Sault Ste Marie railways. The city is situated at the west end of the government ship canal connecting the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and river steamboats ply during the open season between Portage and Green Bay and intermediate points in the Fox River Valley, Portage being the head of navigation on the Fox. Portage is in the midst of a fertile farming region, and has a trade in farm and dairy products and tobacco. Its manufactures include brick, tile, lumber, flour, pickles, knit | goods, steel tanks and marine engines and launches, and there are several tobacco warehouses and grain elevators. As the Fox and Wisconsin rivers are here only 2 m. apart, these rivers were the early means of communication between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi river. The first Europeans known to have visited the site of the city were Radisson and Groseilliers, who crossed the portage in 1655. The portage was used by Marquette and Joliet on their way to the Mississippi in 1673, and a

PORTALEGRE, an episcopal city, capital of the district of Portalegre, Portugal; 8 m. N. of Portalegre station, on the Lisbon-Badajoz-Madrid railway. Pop. (1900), 11,820. Portalegre is the Roman Amaca or Ammaia, and numerous Roman and prehistoric remains have been discovered in the neighbourhood. The principal buildings are the cathedral, the ruined Moorish citadel and two more modern forts. The administrative district of Portalegre, in which the rearing of swine, the production of grain, wine and oil, and the manufacture of woollen and cotton goods and corks are the principal industries, coincides with the northern part of the ancient province of Alemtejo (q.v.). Pop. (1900), 124.443; area, 2405 sq. m.

PORTALIS, JEAN ÉTIENNE MARIE (1746-1807), French jurist, came of a bourgeois family, and was born at Bausset in Provence on the 1st of April 1746. He was educated by the Oratorians at their schools in Toulon and Marseilles, and then went to the university of Aix; while a student there he published his first two works, Observations sur Émile in 1763 and Des Préjugés in 1764. In 1765 he became an avocal at the parlement of Aix, and soon obtained so great a reputation that he was instructed by the duc de Choiseul in 1770 to draw up the decree authorizing the marriage of Protestants. From 1778 to 1781 he was one of the four assessors or administrators of Provence. In November 1793, after the republic had been proclaimed, he came to Paris and was thrown into prison, being the brotherin-law of Joseph Jérôme Siméon, the leader of the Federalists in Provence. He was soon removed through the influence of B. de V. Barère to a maison de santé, where he remained till the fall of Robespierre. On being released he practised as a lawyer in Paris; and in 1795 he was elected by the capital to the Conseil des Anciens, becoming a leader of the moderate party opposed to the directory. As a leader of the moderates he was proscribed at the coup d'état of Fructidor, but, unlike General Charles Pichegru and the marquis de Barbé-Marbois, he managed to escape to Switzerland, and did not return till Bonaparte became First Consul. Bonaparte made him a conseiller d'élat in 1800, and then charged him, with F. D. Tronchet, Bigot de Préameneu, and Jacques de Maleville, to draw up the Code Civil. Of this commission he was the most industrious member, and many of the most important titles, notably those on marriage and heirship, are his work. In 1801 he was placed in charge of the department of culles or public worship, and in that capacity had the chief share in drawing up the provisions of the Concordat. In 1803 he became a member of the Institute, in 1804 minister of public worship, and in 1805 a knight grand cross of the Legion of Honour. He soon after became totally

blind; and after an operation he died at Paris on the 25th of | is nearly 4 m. long and 1 m. wide, the entrance being only 350 yds. August 1807.

PORT AU PRINCE (originally L'Hôpital, and for brief periods Port Henri and Port Républicain), the capital of the republic of Haiti, West Indies, situated at the apex of the triangular bay which strikes inland for about 100 m. between the two great peninsulas of the west coast, with its upper recesses protected by the beautiful island of Gonaives (30 m. long by 2 broad). The city is admirably situated on ground that soon begins to rise rapidly towards the hills. It was originally laid out by the French on a regular plan with streets of good width running north and south and intersected by others at right angles. Everything has been allowed to fall into disorder and disrepair, and to this its public buildings form no exception. Every few years whole quarters of the town are burned down, but the people go on building the same slight wooden houses, with only here and there a more substantial warehouse in brick. In spite of the old French aqueduct the water-supply is defective. From June to September the heat is excessive, reaching 95° to 99° F. in the shade. The population, mostly negroes and mulat-library, St Mary's church (Anglican) and St Augustine's (Roman toes, is estimated at 61,000. Port au Prince was first laid out by M. de la Cuza in 1749. In 1751, and again in 1770, it was destroyed by earthquakes.

PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843- ), American artist, was born at Melrose, Massachusetts, on the 27th of August 1843. He was a pupil of A. H. Bicknell and of the Paris schools, and was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design New York, in 1878, and a full academician in 1880. He is best known as a painter of portraits.

History.-Algoa Bay was discovered by Bartholomew Diaz in | (7 vols., London, 1892). See also Scott's notes to The Heart of Midlothian. 1488, and was by him named Bahia da Roca, probably with reference to the rocky islet in the bay, on which he is stated to have erected a cross (St Croix Island). After the middle of the 16th century the bay was called by the Portuguese Bahia da Lagoa, whence its modern designation. In 1754 the Dutch settlements at the Cape were extended eastwards as far as Algoa Bay. The convenience of reaching the eastern district by boat was then recognized and advantage taken of the roadstead sheltered by Cape Recife. In 1799, during the first occupation of Cape Colony by the British, Colonel (afterwards General Sir John) Vandeleur, to guard the roadstead, built a small fort on the hill west of the Baaken's River. It was named Fort Frederick in honour of the then duke of York, and is still preserved. A few houses grew up round the fort, and in 1820 besides the military there was a civilian population at Fort Frederick of about 35 persons. In April of that year arrived in the bay the first of some 4000 British immigrants, who settled in the eastern district of the colony (See CAPE COLONY: History). Under the supervision of Sir Rufane Donkin, acting governor of the Cape, a town was laid out at the base of the hills. In 1836 it was made a free warehousing port, and in 1837 the capital of a small adjacent district. To overcome the difficulty of landing from the roadstead a breakwater was built at the mouth of the Baakens River in 1856, but it had to be removed in 1869, as it caused a serious accumulation of sand. The prosperity which followed the construction of railways to the interior earned for the port the designation of "the Liverpool of South Africa." Railway work was begun in 1873 and Port Elizabeth is now in direct communication with all other parts of South Africa. At the same period (1873) the building of the existing jetties was undertaken. Port Elizabeth has possessed municipal government since 1836. Its predominant British character is shown by the fact that not until 1909 was the foundation stone laid of the first Dutch Reformed Church in the town.

PORTEOUS, JOHN (d. 1736), captain of the city guard of Edinburgh, whose name is associated with the celebrated riots of 1736, was the son of Stephen Porteous, an Edinburgh tailor. Having served in the army, he was employed in 1715 to drill the city guard for the defence of Edinburgh in anticipation of a Jacobite rising, and was promoted later to the command of the force. In 1736 a smuggler named Wilson, who had won popularity by helping a companion to escape from the Tolbooth prison, was hanged; and, some slight disturbance occurring at the execution, the city guard fired on the mob, killing a few and wounding a considerable number of persons. Porteous, who was said to have fired at the people with his own hand, was brought to trial and sentenced to death. The granting of a reprieve was hotly resented by the people of Edinburgh, and on the night of the 7th of September 1736 an armed body of men in disguise broke into the prison, seized Porteous, and hanged him on a signpost in the street. It was said that persons of high position were concerned in the crime; but although the government offered rewards for the apprehension of the perpetrators, and although General Moyle wrote to the duke of Newcastle that the criminals were well-known by many of the inhabitants of the town, no one was ever convicted of participation in the murder. The sympathies of the people, and even, it is said, of the clergy, throughout Scotland, were so unmistakably on the side of the rioters that the original stringency of the bill introduced into parliament for the punishment of the city of Edinburgh had to be reduced to the levying of a fine of £2000 for Porteous's widow, and the disqualification of the provost for holding any public office. The incident of the Porteous riots was used by Sir Walter Scott in The Heart of Midlothian.

See Sir Daniel Wilson, Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time (2 vols. Edinburgh, 1848): State Trials, vol. xvii.; William Coxe, Memoirs of the Life of Sir R. Walpole (4 vols. London, 1816); Alexander Carlyle, Autobiography (Edinburgh, 1860), which gives the account of an eye-witness of the execution of Wilson; pamphlets (2 vols. in British Museum) containing The Life and Death of Captain John Porteous, and other papers relating to the subject; W. E. H. Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century, ii. 324, note xxi 3

PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843), American naval officer, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 1st of February 1780. His father, David, and his uncle, Samuel, commanded American ships in the War of Independence. In 1796 he accompanied his father to the West Indies; on a second and on a third voyage he was impressed on British vessels, from which, however, he escaped. He became a midshipman in the United States Navy in April 1798; served on the "Constellation" (Captain Thomas Truxton) and was midshipman of the foretop when the "Constellation" defeated the "Insurgente "; was promoted lieutenant in October 1799, and was in four successful actions with French ships in this year. In 1803, during the war with Tripoli, he was first lieutenant of the " Philadelphia "when that vessel grounded, was taken prisoner, and was not released until June 1805. He was commissioned master commandant in April 1806; in 18071810 served about New Orleans', where he captured several French privateers, and in 1812 was promoted captain. He commanded the frigate "Essex " in her famous voyage in 1812181 In the Atlantic he captured seven brigs, one ship, on the 13th of August 1812, the sloop "Alert," the first British war vessel taken in the War of 1812. Without orders from his superiors he then (February 1813) rounded Cape Horn, the harbours of the east coast of South America being closed to him. In the South Pacific he captured many British whalers (the British losses were estimated at £500,000), and on his own authority took formal possession (November 1813) of Nukahivah, the largest of the Marquesas Islands; the United States, however, never asserted any claim to the island, which in 1842, with the other Marquesas, was annexed by France. During most of February and March 1814 he was blockaded by the British frigates "Cherub" and "Phoebe " in the harbour of Valparaiso, and on the 28th of March was defeated by these vessels, which seem to have violated the neutrality of the port. He was released on parole, and sailed for New York on the "Essex, Jr.," a small vessel which he had captured from the British, and which accompanied the "Essex." At Sandy Hook he was detained by the captain of the British ship-of-war "Saturn " (who declared that Porter's parole was no longer effective), but escaped in a small boat. He was a member of the new board of naval commissioners from 1815 until 1823, when he commanded a squadron sent to the West Indies to suppress piracy. One of his officers, who landed at Fajardo (or Foxardo), Porto Rico, in pursuit of a pirate, was imprisoned by the Spanish authorities on the charge of piracy. Porter, without reporting the incident or awaiting instructions, forced the authorities to apologize. He was recalled (December 1824), was court-martialled, and was suspended for six months. In August 1826 he resigned his commission, and until 1829 was commander-in-chief of the Mexican navy, then fighting Spain; in payment for his services he received government land in Tehuantepec, where he hoped to promote an inter-oceanic canal. President Andrew Jackson appointed him consul-general to Algiers in 1830, and in 1831 created for him the post of chargé d'affaires at Constantinople, where in 1841 he became minister. He died in Pera on the 3rd of March 1843.

He wrote a Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean in the U.S. Frigate "Essex" in 1812-13-14 (2 vols., 1815; 2nd ed., 1822), and Constantinople and its Environs (2 vols., 1835), a valuable guide-book. See the Memoir of Commodore David Porter (Albany, New York, 1875), by his son, Admiral David D. Porter.

PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891), American naval officer, son of Captain David Porter, was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, on the 8th of June 1813. His first voyage, with his father 1 While he was in New Orleans he adopted David Farragut, who later served with him on the "Essex."

vice-admiral. From the 9th of March to the 25th of June 1869, while Adolph E. Borie (1809-1880), of Pennsylvania, was secretary of the navy in President Grant's cabinet, Porter was virtually in charge of the navy department. In 1870 he succeeded Farragut in the grade of admiral, which lapsed after Porter's death until 1899, when it was re-established to reward Rear-Admiral George Dewey for his victory at Manila. Porter urged the reconstruction of the navy, which he saw begun in 1882. He died in Washington, D.C., on the 13th of February 1891.

Porter wrote a Life of Commodore David Porter (1875), gossipy Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War (1885), a none too accurate History of the Navy during the War of the Rebellion (1887), two novels, Allan Dare and Robert le Diable (1885; dramatized, 1887) and Harry Marline (1886), and a short" Romance of Gettysburg," published in The Criterion in 1903. See J. R. Soley, Admiral Porter (New York, 1903) in the Great Commanders" Series.

Admiral Porter's three brothers were in the service of the United States: WILLIAM DAVID PORTER (1809-1864) entered the navy in 1823, commanded the "Essex on the Tennessee and the Mississippi in the Civil War, and became commodore in July 1862; THEODORIC HENRY PORTER (1817-1846) was the first officer of the American army killed in the Mexican War; and HENRY Ogden PorteR (1823-1872) resigned from the United States navy in 1847, after seven years' service, fought under William Walker in Central America, returned to the American navy, was executive officer of the " Hatteras" when she was sunk by the" Alabama," and received wounds in the action from the effects of which he died several years later.

in West Indian waters in 1823-1824, was terminated by the Fajardo affair (see PORTER, DAVID). In April 1826 he entered the Mexican navy, of which his father was commander-in-chief, and which he left in 1828, after the capture by the Spanish of the "Guerrero," on which he was serving under his cousin, David H. Porter (1804-1828), who was killed before the ship's surrender. He became a midshipman in the United States navy in 1829, and was in the coast survey in 1836-1842. In 1839 he married the daughter of Captain Daniel Tod Patterson (1786-1839), then commandant of the Washington navy-yard. Porter became a lieutenant in February 1841; served at the naval observatory in 1845-1846; in 1846 he was sent to the Dominican Republic to report on conditions there. During the Mexican War he served, from February to June 1847, as lieutenant and then as commanding officer of the "Spitfire," a paddle vessel built for use on the rivers, and took part in the bombardment of Vera Cruz and in the other naval operations under Commander M. C. Perry. From the close of the Mexican War to the beginning of the Civil War he had little but detail duty; in 1855 and again in 1856 he made trips to the Mediterranean to bring to the United States camels for army use in the south-west. In April 1861 he was assigned to the "Powhatan," and was sent under secret orders from the president for the relief of Fort Pickens, Pensacola, an expedition which he had urged. Porter was promoted commander on the 22nd of April, and on the 30th of May was sent to blockade the South-West Pass of the Mississippi. In August he left the gulf in a fruitless search for the Confederate cruiser "Sumter." Upon his return to New York in November he urged an expedition against New Orleans (q.v.), and recommended the appointment PORTER, ENDYMION (1587-1649), English royalist, deof Commander D. G, Farragut (q.v.), his foster-brother, to the scended from Sir William Porter, sergeant-at-arms to Henry VII., chief command. In the expedition Porter himself commanded and son of Edmund Porter, of Aston-sub-Edge in Gloucesterthe mortar flotilla, which, when Farragut's fleet passed the forts shire, by his cousin Angela, daughter of Giles Porter of Mickleton, on the early morning of the 24th of April 1862, covered its in the same county, was brought up in Spain-where he had passage by a terrific bombardment that neutralized the fire of relatives-as page in the household of Olivares. He afterwards Fort Jackson. At Vicksburg Porter's bombardment assisted entered successively the service of Edward Villiers and of BuckFarragut to run past the forts (June 28). On the 9th of Julyingham, and through the latter's recommendation became groom Porter was ordered, with ten mortar boats, to the James river, of the bedchamber to Charles I. In October 1622 he was sent where McClellan's army was concentrated. On the 15th of to negotiate concerning the affairs of the Palatinate and the October he took command of the gun-vessels which had been marriage with the Infanta. He accompanied Charles and built on the upper waters of the Mississippi, and to which he Buckingham on their foolhardy expedition in 1623, acted as made important additions at an improvised navy-yard at their interpreter, and was included in the consequent attack Mound City, Illinois. With this he took part in the capture made by Lord Bristol on Buckingham in 1626. In 1628 he was of Arkansas Post on the 11th of January 1863. In the opera- employed as envoy to Spain to negotiate for peace, and in 1634 tions for the capture of Vicksburg in 1863 unsuccessful attempts on a mission to the Netherlands to the Infante Ferdinand. were made in February and March by Porter's vessels to During the Civil War Porter remained a constant and faithful penetrate through connecting streams and bayous to the servant of the king. He was with him during the two Scottish Yazoo river and reach the right rear of the Confederate campaigns, attended him again on the visit to Scotland in August defences on the bluffs. But in May the fleet ran past the 1641, and followed Charles on his last departure from London Vicksburg batteries, mastered the Confederate forts at Grand in 1642, receiving the nominal command of a regiment, and sitting Gulf, and made it possible for Grant's army to undertake the in the Royalist parliament at Oxford in 1643. He had, however, brilliant campaign which led to the fall of the place (see little faith in the king's measures. "His Majesty's businesses,' AMERICAN CIVIL WAR and VICKSBURG). Porter received the he writes in 1641, "run in their wonted channel-subtle designs thanks of Congress for "opening the Mississippi River" and was of gaining the popular opinion and weak executions for the uppromoted rear-admiral. He co-operated with Major-General holding of monarchy." His fidelity to Charles was of a personal, N. P. Banks in the Red River expeditions in March-May 1864, not of a political nature. "My duty and loyalty have taught in which his gun-boats, held above Alexandria by shallow water. me to follow my king," he declares, "and by the grace of God and rapids, narrowly escaped isolation, being enabled to return nothing shall divert me from it." This devotion to the king, only by the help of a dam built by Lieut.-Colonel (Brigadier- the fact that he was the agent and protégé of Buckingham, and General) Joseph Bailey (1827-1867). On the 12th of October that his wife Olivia, daughter of John, Lord Boteler of Bramfield, 1864 he assumed command of the North Atlantic blockading and niece of Buckingham, was a zealous Roman Catholic, drew squadron, then about to engage in a combined military and naval upon him the hostility of the opposite faction. As member of expedition against Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Porter claimed the Long Parliament, in which he sat as member for Droitwich, that his guns silenced Fort Fisher, but Major-General B. F. Butler, he was one of the minority of 59 who voted against Strafford's in command of the land forces, refused to assault, asserting that attainder, and was in consequence proclaimed a betrayer of the fort was practically intact. After Butler's removal, Porter, his country." On the 15th of February 1642 he was voted co-operating with Major-General Alfred H. Terry, and com- one of the dangerous counsellors, and specially excepted from manding the largest fleet assembled at any one point during pardon on the 4th of October and in the treaties of peace the war, took the fort on the 15th of January 1865; for this he negotiated subsequently, while on the 10th of March 1643 he again received the thanks of Congress. From 1865 to 1869 he was excluded from parliament. Porter was also implicated in was superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, the army plot; he assisted Glamorgan in illegally putting the which he greatly improved; his most notable change being the great seal to the commission to negotiate with the Irish in 1644; introduction of athletics. On the 25th of July he became and was charged with having in the same manner affixed the