Olymp 105. 1 B. C. 360 359 Failure of Timotheus in his attempt on Amphipolis then held by the Accession of Philip. Cotys king of Thrace assassinated, and Thrace 358 Amphipolis taken by Philip. Expedition of the Athenians to Euboea against the Thebans. Cersobleptes gives up the Chersonese to the Athenians except Cardia. 357 Commencement of the Social War. Death of Chabrias. The Phocians seize Delphi and its treasures. Philip conquers Pydna and Potidaea (see p. 25). 107. 1 108. 1 109. 1 355 354 353 Birth of Alexander. Isocratis repì Elphons. Alliance of Philip with Athens makes peace with her allies. Demosthenes is twenty-seven years of age. His speeches against Androtion and against Leptines. Speech Tepi Zvuμopiŵv. Trial and condemnation of Timotheus. (Battle of Tamynae according to Jacobs and others.) Philip seizes Pagasae, and besieges Methone, p. 26. The speech for the Megalopolitans late in this year or early in the next. The speech against Timocrates. 352 Lycophron of Pherae calls in Onomarchus. Philip's attempt to pass Thermopylae foiled by the Athenians. The speech against Aristocrates. Philip besieges 'Hpatov Teixos in Thrace, and falls sick. The First Philippic and the speech for the Rhodians. 351 350 349 348 347 The speech πρὸς Βοιωτὸν περὶ τοῦ ὀνόματος, and the παραγραφικός ὑπὲρ Φορμίωνος. Battle of Tamynae in Euboea. Demosthenes thirty-two years of age Capture of Olynthus by Philip. Probable date of the speech against Philip celebrates the Olympia at Dium. Death of Plato. First 345 Aeschinis kaтà Tiμáρxov. Philip intrigues in the Peloponnesus, and supports the Messenians against Sparta. 344 Demosthenes as Ambassador of Athens warns the Messenians and The 343 Philip fails in his attempts on Ambracia and Leucas, through the 341 Expedition of Athens to Euboea on the motion of Demosthenes. Olymp. 109. 4 110. 1 111. 1 B. C. 341 The tyrants of Oreus and Eretria expelled from the island. 340 Philip besieges Perinthus. Declares war against Athens, and publishes 339 Philip invades the Scythians of Bulgaria, and is defeated on his return by the Thracian Triballi. Aeschines goes as the Pylagoras or representative of Athens, to the Amphictyonic meeting, and instigates the Amphictyons against Amphissa. Philip appointed their commander-in-chief. Seizes upon Elateia. Demosthenes proposes and negotiates an alliance with Thebes. The answer pòs Thy Φιλίππου ἐπιστολήν. 338 Demosthenes honoured with a third vote of thanks (March). Battle of Chaeroneia. Death of Isocrates, "the old man eloquent." Demosthenes delivers the Funeral Oration over those slain at Chaeroneia. The speeches against Aristogeiton. 337 Ctesiphon proposes the public presentation of a crown to Demos- 336 Assassination of Philip, and accession of Alexander. Deinarchus Alexander invades Thrace, and attacks the Triballi. Revolt and Battle of Issus. Siege of Tyre. 331 Battle of Arbela. 330 Death of Darius. The speech κατὰ Θεοκρίνου ἔνδειξις. The speech πρὸς Φορμίωνα ὑπὲρ δανείου. The speech De Corona.' The speech κατὰ Διονυσοδώρου βλάβης. Alexander advances to the Oxus and into Sogdiana. The 'Ayn, Spaμa σатvρıкóv, exhibited in the camp of Alexander on the Hydaspes. Alexander reaches the mouth of the Indus. Demades ὑπὲρ τῆς dwdekαerías, i. e. in defence of his administration for twelve years. Harpalus flies to Athens. Demosthenes is condemned in the matter of Harpalus, and retires Death of Alexander, and the Lamian war. Return of Demosthenes. Battle of Cranon. Death of Demosthenes. His nephew Demochares Death of Phocion. Death of Aeschines. Honours paid to Demosthenes. N.B. This table is composed from that of Jacobs in his translation of the De Corona, with additions and modifications from Clinton and Grote. ΛΙΒΑΝΙΟΥ ΥΠΟΘΕΣΕΙΣ ΤΩΝ ΛΟΓΩΝ ΔΗΜΟΣΘΕΝΟΥΣ. Ἐπειδὴ, κράτιστε ἀνθυπάτων Μόντιε, κατὰ τὸν Ομηρικὸν 1 Αστεροπαῖον περιδέξιος τὰ εἰς λόγους ὢν πρωτεύεις μὲν ἐν τῇ Ρωμαίων φωνῇ καὶ τῆς παρ ̓ ἐκείνοις παιδείας ὁμολογουμένως 5 τὸ πρεσβεῖον ἀνῄρησαι, ἀμελεῖς δὲ οὐδὲ τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς, ἅτε καὶ ΛΙΒΑΝΙΟΥ] This Libanius was a dis. tinguished rhetorician, born at Antioch on the Orontes about A.D. 315, and contemporary with the emperors Constantine, Theodosius, and Julian. He was the teacher of St. Basil and John Chrysostom, with whom he kept up a friendship, though a pagan and a great favourite of Julian, in whose honour he wrote a funeral oration (Επιτάφιος ἐπὶ Ιουλιάνῳ, Vol. i. pp. 521 626). At the request of the proconsul Montius, as stated by himself, he wrote the arguments to the speeches of Demosthenes, which he prefaced with an account of his life. He also composed original orations, sixty-seven of which are still extant, and left a collection of letters, of which 1605 were published in the edition of J. C. Wolf (1738, fol.), many of them addressed to such personages as Julian, Athanasius, and Gregory of Nyssa. One is dated A.D. 391, and Libanius probably died soon after. He wrote an autobiography prefixed to Reiske's edition of his works. This he inscribed Βίος ἢ λόγος περὶ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ τύχης, and it is the chief authority for our knowledge of his life and fortunes. Another is Suidas, s. v. (Dict. Biogr. s. v.) ΔΗΜΟΣΘΕΝΟΥΣ] On the fuller title which is given in older editions, and by Bekker, Dindorf observes, "Legebatur, Λιβανίου σοφιστοῦ πρὸς ἀνθύπατον Μόν τιον, ἀξιώσαντα αὐτὸν γράψαι οἱ τόν τε Δημοσθένους βίον καὶ τὰς ἁπάντων τῶν VOL. I. λόγων αὐτοῦ ὑποθέσεις, lemmate non ex Codicibus ducto, sed ab Editore Aldino, Scipione Carteromacho, loquaciter interpolato." Μόντιε] This Montius, the proconsul, was slain at Antioch, A.D. 353, a date which partly fixes the time of this letter to him. Ammianus Marcellinus (xiv. 7. 12), himself a native of Antioch, and the last subject of Rome who composed a profane history in the Latin language, calls him Quaestor not Proconsul. The name appears to be still preserved in Italy, as e. g. in the family of the distinguished sculptor Raffaelle Monti of Milan. κατὰ τὸν Ομηρικόν] ‘like the Asteropaeus of Homer.' The reference is to Iliad xxi. 163 : Ὁ δ ̓ ἁμαρτῇ δούρασιν ἀμφὶς ἥρως Αστεροπαῖος, ἐπεὶ περιδέξιος ήεν, where περιδέξιος is explained by ἀμφι δέξιος, and ambidexter. It is an allusion somewhat characteristic of a pedantic critic. περιδέξιος τὰ εἰς λόγους] doublehanded in literature,' i. e. acquainted with both Latin and Greek learning. Compare the "Docte sermones utriusque linguae" of Horace (Od. iii. 8) and the simplicity of the poet with the pedantry of the rhetorician. Cicero's (De Off. i. c. 1) prose is par in utriusque orationis facultate." 66 τὸ πρεσβεῖον ἀνῄρησαι] ‘you have carried of the prize, or gained the high B ἐν αὐτῇ διὰ τὸ τῆς φύσεως μέγεθος ὑπερέχειν δυνάμενος, ἀλλὰ περί τε τοὺς ἄλλους διατρίβεις καὶ περὶ τὸν τελεώτατον τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν ῥητόρων, τὸν Δημοσθένην, καὶ δὴ καὶ ἡμᾶς ἠβουλήθης τὰς ὑποθέσεις τῶν τούτου λόγων ἀναγράψασθαί σοι, δεχόμεθα μὲν 10 ἄσμενοι τὸ πρόσταγμα, ἴσμεν γὰρ ὅτι πλείω τὴν τιμὴν ἢ πόνον ἔχει, ἀρξόμεθα δὲ τοῦ συντάγματος ἀπὸ τοῦ βίου τοῦ ῥήτορος, οὐχ ὅλον αὐτὸν διεξιόντες, περιττὸν γὰρ τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ τοσούτων 2 μνημονεύοντες, ὅσα δοκεῖ καὶ πρὸς κατάληψιν ἀκριβεστέραν τῶν λόγων συντελεῖν. Δημοσθένει τοίνυν τῷ ῥήτορι πατὴρ ἦν Δημοσθένης, ἀνεπίληπτος τῷ γένει δοκῶν, ὡς καὶ Αἰσχίνης ἐχθρὸς ὢν μαρτυρεῖ· 5 εἴρηται γοῦν οὕτως αὐτοῖς ῥήμασι, “ τούτῳ πατὴρ μὲν ἦν Δημοσθένης ὁ Παιανιεύς, ἀνὴρ ἐλεύθερος· οὐ γὰρ δεῖ ψεύδεσθαι” ἐργαστήριον δὲ οἰκετῶν μαχαιροποιῶν κεκτημένος ἐντεῦθεν τὴν τοῦ μαχαιροποιοῦ κλῆσιν ἔλαβε. τὸ μέντοι μητρῷον γένος τοῦ 10 ῥήτορος οὐκ ἦν, ὥς φασι, καθαρῶς Αττικὸν, Γύλωνος τοῦ πάππου τοῦ Δημοσθένους φυγόντος μὲν ἐξ ̓Αθηνῶν ἐπὶ προδοσίας ἐγκλή est rank in learning with them.' With τὸ πρεσβεῖον compare Thucyd. iv. 61) τοῦτό τις πρεσβύτατον ἥκει κρίνας, and the Latin phrase 'nihil antiquius habere.' Also Aeschyl. Choeph. v. 479, πάντων δὲ πρῶτον τόνδε πρεσβεύσω τάφον. διατρίβεις] Fas you employ yourself upon,' i. e. study. The full expression would be διατρίβειν τὸν χρόνον περί τι. ἠβουλήθης] According to Vömel (Praefat. ad Dem. p. v.) Libanius generally prefixes the temporal augment to βούλομαι, and therefore I prefer this reading to ἐβουλήθη. It may be observed also that throughout this Introduction ηδυνήθη is the MSS. reading, not ἐδυνήθη. τὰς ὑποθέσεις] These Arguments form a consecutive series in the MSS., and are not, as in the printed editions, immediately prefixed to the several orations. ἴσμεν γὰρ ὅτι] ‘we know that the honour of it is more than the labour. But we should certainly have expected To πόνον, with the article. Δημοσθένει] Libanius does not, it will be seen, state the year in which Demosthenes was born, nor is it known for certain what year it was. Some suppose it was B.C. 385, some B.C. 380, and others an intermediate year. There is a learned article upon the question in the Phil. Mus. ii. p. 389, written by Bp. Thirlwall. ἀνεπίληπτος] un exceptionable. Aristotle, Polit. iv. c. 5 (ed. Göttling), uses the word ἀνυπεύθυνος in the same sense. Thus speaking of persons whose citizenship was pure paternally and maternally, he calls them ἀνυπεύθυνοι κατὰ τὸ γένος. Aeschines, c. Ctes. § 17, uses ἀνυπεύθυνος of the responsibility of public men as follows: οὐδείς ἐστιν ἀνυπεύθυνος τῶν καὶ ὁπωσοῦν πρὸς τὰ κοινὰ προσεληλυθότων. εἴρηται γοῦν] In the speech c. Ctes. § 171. ἀνὴρ ἐλεύθερος] Plutarch, vita Demos. c. 4, says of him, Δημοσθένης ὁ πατὴρ Δημοσθένους ἦν μὲν τῶν καλῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν, ὡς ἱστορεῖ Θεόπομπος, ἐπεκαλεῖτο δὲ μαχαιροποιός, ἐργαστήριον ἔχων μέγα καὶ δούλους τεχνίτας τοῦτο πράττοντας. Lucian (Encom. Dem. c. 11) states that he served as Trierarch. ὁ Παιανιεύς] There were two townships (δήμοι) of the same name in the same tribe, the Pandionid, but distinguished as the upper and lower. Παιανιὰ ἡ ὑπο ένερθεν and ἡ καθύπερθεν. ψεύδεσθαι] So Dindorf reads with the MSS. B and F, as in Aesch. c. Ctes. § 171. Bekker has ψεύσασθαι. ἐργαστήριον] * a manufactory. ἐπὶ . . . ἐγκλήματι] Libanius here follows Aeschines (1. c.) in his assertion that Gylon, the maternal grandfather of |