in Latin, has only one gender, feminine, no such inference can be drawn.

4. G. IV, 182, glaucas salices. Martyn in his edition of the Georgics, 1746, seems to give the exact force of glaucus here. Commenting on G. II, 13:

Glaucâ canentia fronde salicta,

he says, "This is a beautiful description of the common willow: the leaves are of a bluish-green and the under-side of them is covered with a white down."

5. Note on IV, 220. With regard to the theory of a cosmic mind," referred to by Dr Hadfield, a sentence of Aristotle deserves to be quoted:

"Perhaps even in the lower creatures there is some natural principle of good, superior to their own instincts, which strives after the good that is proper for them." Nicom. Ethics, x, 2. 4. 6. G. IV. 453. Servius (whose commentary on Virgil dates from the fourth century, but is based on far older sources) asserts that the poet substituted the story of Orpheus for his encomium on Gallus at the command of Augustus. This statement used to be suspected as without foundation, but a discovery made in 1896 confirms its truth. An inscribed stone was then found in the paved approach to the ruined temple of Augustus at Philae in Egypt, which was built in B.C. 12. The inscription records the victories of Gallus in Latin, Greek and Egyptian, the Latin one being the fullest. In this Gallus describes himself as "the subduer of the whole Thebaid region in fifteen days," as "having carried his armies above the cataract of the Nile to a spot never before reached by the Roman people,' as having taken cities and so on, while Augustus is only named in the beginning as "having conquered the kings of Egypt,' that is Cleopatra and, probably, Antony. A portrait in the centre of the inscription represents a Roman knight riding down a suppliant foe, but "the features have been deliberately hacked out for the same reason which induced the builders of the temple to place the slab with the inscription face upwards to be trodden underfoot...viz. to do dishonour to Gallus." See Prof. R. S. Conway's book, most valuable to students of Virgil, New Studies of a great Inheritance, 1921, pp. 105–11.

The provocation given by Gallus' vanity was extreme, but we need not suppose Augustus' interference in the poem to be prompted by mere resentment. We are told that, on hearing of the death of Gallus, he burst into tears, exclaiming that “he was the only man on earth not allowed to be angry with a

friend if he chose," that is, to be angry without being punished for it. These are the words of true and bitter regret. It was not unnatural that the Emperor should not wish a story so tragic, in which he had himself borne a part, to be handed down by Rome's greatest poet.

7. G. IV, 505. It should be noted that Mss. Rom. and Med. read quae for qua.

8. Sargeaunt's Trees, Shrubs and Plants of Virgil (Blackwell, 1920), which has just reached me, gives a botanist's careful observations, made while residing in Italy. The writer identifies casia of G. IV, 30 with the Spurge Laurel which is akin to the Daphne Mezereon. Apium, he says, is not parsley but celery. Virgil's poppy seems to have been the opium-poppy, the seeds of which are not narcotic. The pine of the old Corycian's garden, which V. advises the bee-keeper to transplant from the high hills (G. IV, 112), is our own Scotch pine which is chiefly an Alpine.

It must be remembered that the precision of poetry is not always that of prose. Yet V. can be precise enough, as in the description of amellus in G. IV, 271 ff. which could not be more clear than it is. The lovely picture of a fruit-tree in full blossom at G. 1, 186-7 is identified by one botanist with the walnut, by another with the almond. This is puzzling. Here perhaps the poet drew from a mental picture which united details gathered from various fruit-trees in the beauty and fragrance of their flower. The name 'hyacinth' has evidently been applied to widely differing plants in different times and places. In such cases poets, who often tend to draw from books rather than from nature, may amalgamate features of various plants and thus produce a poetic hybrid which no botanist can identify.

Dr Warde Fowler's Gifford Lectures on Roman religion are referred to as R.E.R. Pap. stands for Papillon's edition of the Georgics, K. for that of Keightley, H. for the fifth edition of Conington's commentary, revised by Haverfield, Vol. 1, 1898, R. for Royds' Beasts, Birds and Bees of Virgil.

VOCABULARY

(The words commonest in Caesar and Ovid
are not included.)

abies, -etis, f. the silver fir.
abiungo, -ĕre, -nxi, -nctum,
unyoke.
abstrudo,

-ĕre, -si, -sum,
thrust away, hide.
acanthus, -i, m., (1) an Eastern
tree, the acacia (see n., II,
119); (2) at IV, 123, a plant,
the bear's foot (named from
shape of leaves. The word
means 'thorn-flower' from
Gk ake, a pointed thing, and
anthos, flower).

acer, -cris, -cre, sharp, spirited. acervus, -i, m. heap.

acies, -ei, f. sharp edge, line of battle.

aconitum, -i, n. wolf's-bane. Actias, -adis, adj. Athenian

(Gk akte, coast-land, the old name of Attica). adeo, indeed, especially (emphasizing the preceding word).

aditus, -us, m. approach.

adnuo, -ĕre, -ui, -utum, to assent to.

adolesco, -ĕre, -evi, -ultum,
grow up.

adsiduus, -a, -um, sitting fast,
perpetual (ad, sedeo).
aedes, -is, f. sing. temple; plur.

generally a house containing several apartments. aequalis, -e, of the same age, comrade.

aequor, -oris, n. a level surface, whether sea or plain (aequus).

aerius, -a, -um, dropping from
the air, towering.
aestivus, -a, -um, of summer
(aestas).

aestus, -us, m., (1) a waving
motion; (2) heat; (3) heaving
of the sea, tide.

aether, -eris, m. the upper air; personified 'the Sky.' aevum, -i, n., (1) eternity; (2) lifetime (Gr. aeōn, a long period).

affecto, 1, strive after, aspire

to.

agito, (1) to put in motion, toss; (2) (of time) to spend (freq. from ago, as if from a supine, agitu).

agmen, -inis, n., (1) any thing or body of things in motion; (2) a column on the march.

agrestis, -e, belonging to the fields: subs. a country

man.

albesco, -ĕre, to grow white. alienus, -a, -um, belonging to another.

almus, -a,

-um (from alo), bountiful, kindly. alnus, -i, f. alder-tree. alternis, alternately (abl. neut.

of alternus, -a, -um). altus, -a, -um, high, deep: altum, as subs. the deep. alvare, -is, n. a bee-hive (alvus, bee-hive).

alveus, -i, m. a hollow vessel, trough, channel of river.