Surveying, as Practiced by Civil Engineers and Surveyors ...: Intended as a ... - John Whitelaw - Google Books

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RAILWAY (INCLUDING ROAD) SURVEYS AND SETTING OUT.

Home and Foreign Work-Parliamentary Surveys-Ordnance Survey

Maps Special Local Considerations Ruling Gradient and

Minimum Radius of Curve-Laying down Line on 6 in. Ordnance

Map-Fixing Gradients-Reconnaissance and Sketching in Loca-

tion on Map-Plotting Sketched Location--Levelling the Longi-

tudinal Section-Correcting the 6 in. Ordnance-Referencing-

Preparation of Parliamentary Plans-Preparation of Parliamentary

Sections-Parliamentary Estimate-Board of Trade Regulations

for Light Railways-Example of Parliamentary Plan and Section

of Railway taken from actual practice-Working Surveys-

Revising and Improving Parliamentary Location-Final Location

of Line in Difficult Country-Pegging out Line-Pegs-Tangent

Points-Chainages and Survey of Existing Detail-Longitudinal

Section Cross Sections - Working Plan-Working Section —

Fixing Gradients on Working Section-Levels on Working Section

-Cuttings and Banks on Working Section-New Works and

Existing Details on Working Section-Examples of Working Plan

and Working Section of Railway taken from actual practice—

Kuling Gradients-Train Load-Speed-Locomotive Power and

Train Resistance-Maximum Gradient-"Pusher" Gradients-

Minimum Radius of Curve-Compensating Gradients on Curves—

Cost of Line, Light Railway-Details of the Field Work of Working

Survey and Pegging out: Instruments-Steel Band and Tapes-

Ranging Rods, &c.-Chainmen-Pegging out Centre Line-Chain-

ages and Survey of Detail-Bridges--Setting out Curves --Calcula-

tion of Length of Tangents-Calculation of Deflection Angles—

Exact Formula for Calculation of Deflection Angles-Calculation

of Length of Curve-Chainage of Tangent Points and Deflection

Angle for each Peg on Curve-Check on Calculation of Deflection

Angles-Laying off the Deflection Angles and Putting in Pegs on

Curve Check on Laying off the Deflection Angles - Check on

Chaining Round Curve-Final Error in Setting out Curve-Con-

tinuing Work after Setting out Curve -Chaining to be "through"

---Shifting the Instrument forward to Intermediate Point on

Curve Curve to Left-Transition Curves-Froude's Curve of

Adjustment-Setting out Transition Curves-"Cant"-Transition

Curves between Reversed Curves - Vertical Curves at Changes

of Gradient—Setting out of Work during Construction: Transfer-

ring Tangent Points-Setting out Fence Widths-Levelling in

Tops and Bottoms of Slopes-Setting out Bridge and Culvert

Foundations-Setting out Culverts-Setting out Bridge Abutments

-Other Setting out: Centre Lines and Levels in Cuttings and

Banks-"Boning Rods"-" Crossheads "-Allowance for Shrink-

age and Settlement-Bench Marks and Checking through Levels—

To Locate a Given Level

TACHEOMETRY OR STADIA SURVEYING.

Tacheometry-Principle of the Stadia-Distance and Height Measure-

ment by Simple Vertical Angles-Bell-Elliott Tangent Reading

Tacheometer-Barcenas' Tangential Method - Principle of the

Tacheometer-Distance apart of Stadia Hairs--General Rules in

Stadia Work-Methods of Determining Distance apart of Stadia

Hairs and other Constants-Porro's Stadia Telescope-Troughton

& Simms' Tacheometer-Specially Graduated Staff—Stadia Tables

for Horizontal Sights-Inclined Sights: Staff held Vertical-

Inclined Sights: Staff held Perpendicular to Line of Sight-Errors

in Distance and Level with Staff held Perpendicular to Collimation

Line Error from badly held Staff Tables for making the

Reductions Stadia Table for Inclined Sights - Reducing the

Levels-For Back Sights-For Fore Sights-Field Book-Field

Work-Micrometer for Long Sights-Best Class of Instrument for

Tacheometry-Office Work-Special Protractor - Accuracy of

Tacheometry or Stadia Surveying--Tangential System - Subtense

System-Comparison of the two Systems-Levelling-American

Practice in Tacheometry or Stadia Surveying Example of

Tacheometer or Stadia Survey

TUNNEL ALIGNMENT AND SETTING OUT.

Surface Alignment-Surface Alignment over Hills--Example of Surface

Alignment over Hills: Alignment of the Totley Tunnel-The

Alignment Aboveground-The Alignment Underground-Surface

Alignment in Towns-Instruments for Setting out Tunnels-Setting

out Curves in Tunnels-Taking Measurements-Observing Angles

-Marking Centre Line on Surface-Traversing between Shafts—

Transferring Surface Line down Shafts-Setting out Underground

Line-Marks for fixing Underground Line-Transferring Surface

Line down Shafts when Plumb Bobs cannot be used—Underground

Sights and Lamps-Illuminating Cross Hairs of Telescope-Ar-

rangement for Sighting on Wires Suspended in Shaft- White

Reflectors to Verniers-Alignment of the Mersey Tunnel-Align-

ment of Dunmail Rise Tunnel on Thirlmere Aqueduct-Examples

of Errors in Alignment of Long Tunnels-Levels-Transferring

Levels down Shafts- Underground Bench Marks - Checking

Underground Levels and Centre Line through between Shafts-

Setting Ribs and Profiles--Setting Segments of Iron-lined Tunnels

-Taking Level of "Crown" of Tunnel-Alpine Tunnels: Mont

Cenis Tunnel-St Gothard Tunnel--The Arlberg Tunnel-Pro-

jected Alpine Tunnels-Mont Blanc Tunnel-Great St Bernard

Tunnel-Simplon Tunnel

SURVEYS FOR WATER SUPPLY WORKS.

General Features of Water Supply Surveys-Parliamentary Survey—

Survey of Reservoir and Cross Sections-Cross and Longitudinal

Sections of Embankment-Extent of Cross Sections and " Top

Water Level”—Plan of Reservoir-Plan of Embankment-Longi-

tudinal Section of Reservoir-Fence Line and other Details—

Byewash-Line of Pipes-Aqueduct or Open Conduit-Service

Reservoir and Filters--Working Survey and Pegging out-Example

of Survey of Reservoir -

HYDROGRAPHICAL OR MARINE surveYING.

Instruments: Sextant-Determination of the Shore Line and High and

Low Water Marks: Survey of Coast Line-"Running Survey"

from the Ship-Surveys for Docks and Harbours-Soundings:

Sounding Lines and Rods-Taking and fixing Position of Soundings

-The "Three Point Problem"-The Station Pointer-Geometrical

and Analytical Solutions of the Three Point Problem-Geometrical

Solution Analytical Solution - Check Angles - Location from

Compass Bearings to two Points only-Location of Point by

Simultaneous Observations with two Theodolites-Soundings in

Rivers or Narrow Waters-River Surveys Running Survey of

200 Miles of River Nile-Datum-Bench Marks-Tide Gauges-

Reduction of Soundings - Currents - Current Meter-Signals,

Beacons, Buoys-Additional Details to be shown on Plans

ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS USED IN SURVEYING.

Instruments: The Sextant-Adjustments of the Sextant-To make the

Index Glass Perpendicular to the Plane of the Arc-To make the

Horizon Glass Perpendicular to the Plane of the Arc-To make

the Line of Collimation of the Telescope Parallel to the Plane of

the Arc-To see if the two Mirrors are Parallel when the Index is

at Zero-Practical Hints in observing with the Sextant-Parallax

of the Sextant-Artificial Horizon-To observe very small Angles

with the Artificial Horizon-Observing Angles with Artificial

Horizon-Oblique Angles measured with Sextant-To reduce

an Oblique Angle to its Horizontal Projection-The Advantages

of the Sextant Necessity for Astronomical Observations-

Observations for Meridian-Meridian by two greatest Elongations

of a Circumpolar Star-Meridian by Equal Altitudes of a Circum-

polar Star-Example of finding Meridian by Equal Altitudes of

Circumpolar Star-Meridian by Equal Altitudes of the Sun-

Latitude and Longitude by Account--Rule - Meridian by two

Stars at Elongation-Meridian by Observation of one Circum-

polar Star at Elongation-Example of finding Meridian by Obser-

vation of one Circumpolar Star at Elongation-To Calculate the

Time of a Star's Culmination or Elongation-Example of Calcula-

tion of Time of Star's Culmination-Calculation of Star's Altitude

at Elongation-Meridian by observing the Pole-star and Alioth

in same Vertical-Meridian by observing Circumpolar Stars in

same Vertical-Test of Meridian by Time Interval between

Transits of Circumpolar Stars-Meridian by one Extra Meridian

Observation of Sun or Star-Errors in Calculated Azimuth by Sun

Observation due to given Errors in Latitude and Declination-

Example of finding Meridian by Extra Meridian Observation of

Sun-Coaltitude-Colatitude-Codeclination-Accuracy of Extra

Meridian Observation of Sun or Star-Calculation when either

Altitude, Latitude, or Declination is not known-Altitude not

known - Latitude not known - Declination not known-Con-

vergence of Meridians-Observations for Latitude-Latitude by

Meridian Altitude of Sun or Star-In the Northern Hemisphere

-In the Southern Hemisphere—Latitude by Meridian Altitude

of Sun-Example of finding Latitude by Meridian Altitude of

Sun-Latitude by Zenith Pair Observations of Stars-Latitude

by Extra Meridian Observations of Sun or Star-Prime Vertical

Observations for Latitude-Observations for Time-Approximate

Method of finding Time and Meridian-Time by Meridian Transit

of Sun or Star-Time by Extra Meridian Observation of Sun or

Star-To Convert Arc to Time and vice verså-To. Convert

Sidereal Time to Mean Time and vice versâ —Equation of Time—

Observations for Longitude-Longitude by Chronometer-Deter-

mination of Difference of Longitude by Watch—Example of find-

ing Difference of Longitude by Watch-Longitude by Absolute

Methods-Longitude by Eclipses of Jupiter's Satellites-Longi-

tude by Moon Culminating Stars-Longitude by Lunar Occultations

-Longitude by Lunar Distances-Solution of Spherical Triangles

-Right-angled Spherical Triangles-Oblique Spherical Triangles

-Rule of Sines-Reduction of Sides of Spherical Triangles to

Actual Linear Distances

EXPLANATION OF ASTRONOMICAL TERMS IN

Altitude--Apparent Time-Astronomical Mean Time-Azimuth-Cir-
cumpolar Stars-Civil Mean Time-Coaltitude-Codeclination —
Colatitude-Contraction-Conjunction -Culmination- Declination
- Elongation - Equation of Time-Equator - Great Circle --

Horizon-Hour Angle-Latitude-Limb-Longitude-Local Mean

Prime Vertical-Refraction-Right Ascension-Sidereal Time-

Spherical Angle-Zenith-Zenith Distance

Meridian-Occultation-Parallax-Polar Distance-Poles-

Surveys for a Long Line of Communication, such as a Road or Railway,

&c.-Reconnaissance or Exploration of various Proposed Routes-

Reconnaissance in Open Country-Reconnaissance in Thick Jungle

or Dense Forest-Route Survey or Trial Location-Route Survey

or Trial Location in Open Country-Route Survey or Trial

Location in Jungle or Dense Forest-Preliminary Location Survey

on Route Selected-Final Location Survey and Setting out of

Line-Scales-Distance and Bearing of Objective Point of a Long

Traverse or Straight Line-Distance and Bearing of Objective

Point from Intermediate Point of Traverse-Running a Long

Straight Line-Checking Traverse by Bearings to Lateral Objects—

Classification of Curves by "Degree "- American Method of

Cross Sectioning—Surveys of a Limited Area of Country—Methods

to be adopted-Steel Tape Measurements-Example of Survey-

Regulations of the Victoria Survey Department, Australia-Sur-

veying Regulations in the Australian Colonies-Subjects of Ex-

amination of "Authorised" Surveyors to Lands Departments,

Colony of Victoria, Australia

SURVEYS ABROAD IN JUNgle, dense forest, and

UNMAPPED OPEN COUNTRY.

TRIGONOMETRICAL or geodetic SURVEYS.

Ordinary Small and Large Surveys--Trigonometrical Survey-Base

Line and Primary Triangles-Base of Verification - Secondary

Triangles-Tertiary Triangles-Interior Filling-in-Triangulation

Stations-Whole Survey Reduced to Sea Level-Base Lines of the

Ordnance Survey of Great Britain and Ireland-Hounslow Heath

Base-Romney Marsh Base of Verification-Salisbury Plain Base

of Verification-King's Sedgemoor Base-Misterton Carr Base-

Rhuddlan Marsh Base-Method adopted for Measuring Base Lines

---Base on Shores of Lough Foyle, Ireland: Colonel Colby's Base-

measuring Apparatus-United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

Base-measuring Apparatus-The Great Theodolite of the United

States Coast and Geodetic Survey-The Great Theodolite of the

Ordnance Survey-Portable Scaffold-Portable Signal-Portable

Crane-Permanent Station Marks-12 in. Theodolite of the

Ordnance Survey-7 in. and 5 in. Theodolites of the Ordnance

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