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6. What circumstance seems to have led Domitian into his sanguinary measures, according to Merivale ?

7. To what motive does Merivale attribute the laws of Domitian in favour of morality?

8. Merivale observes several ways in which Trajan sought to benefit Italy at the expense of the rest of the Empire?

DEMOSTHENES AND ESCHINES.

MR. BRADY.

Translate:

1. Beginning, 'Ακούεις, Αἰσχίνη, τοῦ νόμου λέγοντος σαφῶς, κ. τ. λ. Ending, ἃ σοὶ καὶ τῷ σῷ γένει πρόσεστιν, οὐκ ἐμοί.

DEM., De Cor., p. 268 (ed. Reiske).

2. Beginning, Τοῦτο μέντοι τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔθος καὶ τὸ κατασκεύασμα, κ. τ.λ. Ending, ἀποχρῆσθαι τῷ πλουτεῖν ;

Ibid., Adv. Meid., p. 555.

3. Beginning, “ ὁρᾶτ',” ἔφην ἐγὼ, “ ὦ ἄνδρες ̓Αμφικτύονες, κ. τ. λ. Ending, τοὺς θεοὺς τἀγαθὰ καὶ κοινῇ καὶ ἰδίᾳ.

ESCH., Adv. Ctes., p. 119 (ed. Reiske).

4. Beginning, Τὴν μὲν τοίνυν προῖκα τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον, κ. τ. λ. Ending, καὶ παρ' ἐκείνου μοι προσήκει λόγον λαβεῖν.

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DEM., Adv. Aphob., p. 819.

α. ἀντιδιδόντες τριηραρχίαν.

β. τὴν μὴ οὖσαν ἀντιλαχεῖν.

γ. φθείρεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς πλουσίους.

δ. οὐδ ̓ ἐκποίητον γένεσθαι οὐδὲ διαθέσθαι τὰ ἑαυτοῦ.

ε. μισθοφορῶν δ ̓ ἐν τῷ ξενικῷ κεναῖς χώραις.

ζ. ἔναυλον γὰρ ἦν τότε πᾶσι.

2. ἀπέδοτο (Δημοσθένης) τριάκοντα μνῶν ἅμα τήν τε εἰς αὑτὸν ὕβριν καὶ τὴν τοῦ δήμου καταχειροτονίαν ἣν ἐν Διονύσου κατεχειροτόνησε Μειδίου. (Adv. Ctesiph. 61). Discuss this passage in its bearing on the question whether the speech against Meidias was ever delivered. What is Grote's view?

3. Explain accurately the law terms—προβολὴ, εἰσαγγελία, ἐξούλης δίκη, ὑπωμοσία, ἐπωβελία, ἀντιτιμᾶσθαι, προστιμᾶν, ἀνάκρισις.

4. What were the three grounds on which Aeschines accused Ctesiphon? The time at which the trial took place was favourable to the designs of Aeschines? What was his subsequent career?

5. What would you describe as the main characteristics of the eloquence of Demosthenes?

6. "Plenior Aeschines et magis fusus et grandiori similis, quo minus strictus est: carnis tamen plus habet, lacertorum minus." (Quintilian). Translate and discuss this remark upon the style of Aeschines.

7. Ἑσπέρα μὲν γὰρ ἦν, ἧκε δ ̓ ἀγγέλλων τις ὡς τοὺς πρυτάνεις ὡς Ελάτεια κατείληπται κ. τ. λ. Give the substance of the famous passage in the De Corona, which commences with the above.

8. Describe the circumstances which led to the exile of Demosthenes. On what grounds does Grote reject Plutarch's account of his death?

MR. PALMER.

For Latin Prose :

Notwithstanding all Gasca's wise regulations, the tranquillity of Peru was not of long continuance. In a country where the authority of government had been almost forgotten during the long prevalence of anarchy and misrule, where there were disappointed leaders ripe for revolt, and seditious soldiers ready to follow them, it was not difficult to raise combustion. Several successive insurrections desolated the country for some years. But as those, though fierce, were only transient storms, excited rather by the ambition and turbulence of particular men than by general or public motives, the detail of them is not the object of this history. These commotions in Peru, like everything of extreme violence either in the natural or political body, were not of long duration, and by carrying off the corrupted humours which had given rise to the disorders, they contributed in the end to strengthen the society which at first they threatened to destroy.-ROBERTSON.

For Greek Prose :

Yet so far is almost every man from emulating the happiness of the gods, by any other means than grasping at their power, that it seems to be the great business of life to create wants as fast as they are satisfied. It has been long observed by moralists, that every man squanders or loses a great part of that life of which every man knows and deplores the shortness and it may be remarked with equal justness, that though every man laments his own insufficiency to his happiness, and knows himself a necessitous and precarious being, incessantly soliciting the assistance of others, and feeling wants which his own art or strength cannot supply, yet there is no man who does not, by the superaddition of unnatural cares, render himself still more dependent; who does not create an artificial poverty, and suffer himself to feel pain for the want of that of which, when it is gained, he can have no enjoyment.— JOHNSON.

Translate the following passage into Latin Elegiacs :

My mother bids me bind my hair
With bands of rosy hue:

Tie up my sleeves with ribbons rare,
And lace my boddice blue.

For why, she cries, sit still and weep,

While others dance and play?

Alas! I scarce can go or creep
When Lubin is away!

'Tis sad to think the days are gone
When those we love were near:
I sit upon this mossy stone,

And sigh when none are near:

And while I spin my flaxen thread,
And sing my simple lay,
The village seems asleep or dead
While Lubin is away!

Metaphysics.

DR. SHAW.

1. (a). Exhibit the contradictions into which Hamilton has fallen with regard to the relation of Belief to Knowledge,

(8) Mansel's defence of Hamilton's doctrine of the Belief in the Absolute, and

(7) Mill's refutation of that defence.

2. (a). How much of Hamilton's doctrine respecting the interpretation of Consciousness does Mill assent to?

(B). From how much of it does he dissent, and on what grounds?

3. (a). Mill quotes several passages in which Hamilton has censured in other philosophers the confusion between apparent and real Intuition? (B). He quotes also a passage entirely at variance with those referred to?

4. The Inquirer defends Hamilton by saying "that he demanded as evidence of a supposed fact of Consciousness, that it should be one of those which lie at the root of all experience."

(a). How does the Inquirer interpret this metaphor ?

(B). How does Mill answer the Inquirer's defence?

(7). Show that though Hamilton did not repeat the Kantian phrase, he frequently used others which conveyed the same meaning.

(8). Mr. Mahaffy uses yet another phrase of the same meaning in drawing a distinction between the Incredible and the Unimaginable?

5. (a). Criticise Mr. Herbert Spencer's "inconceivability of the negative" as a test of truth.

(8). Remove the difficulty he raises respecting induction as a basis for the axioms of Mathematics.

HAMILTON, VOL. II.

DR. SHAW.

1. (a). Reid's failure to perceive the difference between a Presentative theory of Perception and the simpler form of Representative theory led him to ignore the important distinction that separates Perception from Memory and Imagination?

(8). It also led him to mistake the meaning which the words "ideas" and "images" have occasionally in the writings of Des Cartes ?

(7). And again it led him to mistake Arnauld's theory of Perception? 2. Hamilton vindicates Reid from Brown's charge of ignorance of the Cartesian doctrine by showing that certain elder disciples of Des Cartes agreed with Reid?

3. Absurdity of Brown's attempt to assign Hobbes as a Representationist ?

4. In what way is the distinction between the Primary and Secondary qualities of matter connected by Hamilton with the distinction between Perception and Sensation?

5. Hamilton's five supposititious objections to Natural Realism admit easily of being reduced to two; and his refutation may be simplified accordingly?

6. (a). A doctrine of Sergeant's condemned by Hamilton as unintelligible is substantially the same as a doctrine of Hamilton's own with respect to Consciousness?

(8). "All our mediate cognitions are contained in our immediate." What dilemma does Mill found on this passage?

7. The theory that an idea of which we were conscious can immediately vanish from memory after it has served the purpose of suggesting another idea "lays its foundation," says Hamilton, "in a fact which is itself not shown to be real."

(a). Discuss this statement.

(8). Show that it is more applicable to his own counter-theory.

8. "So far," says Hamilton, "from Nominalism being confuted by Dr. Brown, it is plain that (apart from the misconception he has committed) he is himself a Nominalist."

Explain this passage, the parenthesis included, and give the definitions of Nominalism and Conceptualism.

9. Give

(a). An outline of Hamilton's theory of Pleasure and Pain.

(8). Of the classification to which it leads.

(y). How is the dolce far niente reconciled with it?

(8). Explain also the phenomenon est quædam flere voluptas, and

(e). Rochefoucauld's bitter maxim about the misfortunes ofour friends.

10. What is the distinction drawn by Hamilton between the feelings of the Sublime, the Beautiful, and the Picturesque ?

MR. ABBOTT.

1. Mr. Mahaffy states that whoever speaks of the Sensibility and the Understanding as mere laws of development, or insists that it is the same mind that knows in either case, is an uncertain guide. Why?

2. Hume approached nearest to the problem of the Pure Reason: in what respect? Why did he fail?

3. Show that Space and Time are not deduced from experience.

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4. Whoever first demonstrated the equality of the angles of an isosceles triangle found new light dawn upon him." Why?

5. Are objects given in space and time illusory?

6. Mill, in stating wherein consists our belief of the existence of an external world, leaves out what according to Locke is the most important part?

7. How does he account for the origin of the notion of a world not identified with sensation?

8. "The paradox that a series of feelings can be aware of itself as a series." This statement disguises the actual difficulty involved? Show that the difficulty is essentially different from the inexplicability of ultimate facts to which Mill compares it.

9. Quote the most important results of Franz' case, and show what conclusions may be drawn from them. What is Mill's inference? Mill's view of "the grand difficulty" in the matter does not agree with Berkeley's or Locke's?

10. How is the fact to be explained that sensations continue to be localised in a limb that has been cut off? What inferences are drawn by M'Cosh from the fact? Can his view be defended from Mill's criticism ?

SCHWEGLER.

MR. MAHAFFY.

1. What is meant by aufklärung?

2. Give an account of Heracleitus. What permanent effects had he on philosophy?

3. Write a note on the Pythagorean numbers.

4. Explain Zeno's paradoxes.

5. Give Mr. Lewes's, Mill's, and Hegel's solutions.

6. What is Hegel's view of the atomists?

7. What dialogues of Plato seem really to reproduce Socratic theories?

8. Give specimens of Hegelian principles underlying Schwegler's criticisms.

9. Write a note on Plato's Ideas.

10. Contrast Aristotle's and Hegel's Logic.

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