also to those Students who are to be actually members of the University, I have to state that it is intended to adopt the regulation of the University of Cambridge, which does not require tests or subscriptions at the admission of members, nor until they take degrees or other academical privileges. Such persons, however, will necessarily become subject to the diseipline of the University, and, consequently, as a part of that discipline, will be required to attend the daily service of the Church." The Bill, after this explanation, being supported by the Premier (Earl Grey) in the House of Lords, and by Lord Althorp in the House of Commons, passed the two Houses; and on the 4th of July, 1832, received the Royal assent.

By this Act, the Dean and Chapter of Durham were empowered to appropriate the above-mentioned estate for the establishment and maintenance of a University for the advancement of learning, in connexion with the said Cathedral Church: such University to consist of such Warden or Principal, of such Professors and Readers in such branches of learning and sciences, of such Tutors, Students, and other officers and persons, and generally to be established and instituted, and continued according to such scheme and regulations as the said Dean and Chapter for the time being shall, from time to time, by writing under their common seal, with the consent of the Lord Bishop of Durham for the time being, order and prescribe." And it was further enacted, "that the government of the said University, and the order and discipline to be observed therein according to the scheme and regulations which the said Dean and Chapter of Durham for the time being, with such consent as aforesaid, are hereinbefore empowered to order and prescribe, shall be, and the same are hereby vested in the said Dean and Chapter of Durham for the time being;" and that "the said University shall

be subject to, and under the jurisdiction of, the Lord Bishop of Durham for the time being, as the Visitor thereof."

In the year 1834, Bishop Van Mildert, in pursuance of the plan arranged, as above stated, between himself and the Dean and Chapter, introduced a Bill into the House of Lords for annexing the eleventh, first, and third stalls in the Cathedral Church of Durham to the respective offices of Warden, Professor of Divinity, and Professor of Greek, in the University, the patronage of those offices being, in consequence, vested in the Bishop of Durham for the time being. Circumstances caused that Bill to be withdrawn: Bishop Van Mildert was prepared, however, in the ensuing Session of 1835, to bring in another Bill for the same purpose; but relinquished his intention, in consequence of the appointment of the Ecclesiastical Commission, being fully persuaded that his proposed measure would be included in the recommendations of that board.

In the meantime, the Dean and Chapter being unwilling to withhold from the public the advantages of the new institution, until the plans for endowing it might be fully carried into execution, had opened the University in October, 1833. The Bishop of Durham, exercising the power which was proposed to be vested in him in consequence of his annexation of Prebendal stalls to the offices of Warden, Professor of Divinity, and Professor of Greek, appointed persons to fill those offices: the Professor of Mathematics and the other officers of the University were appointed by the Dean and Chapter.

Although the University was thus opened, the course of study and nearly all the arrangements for conducting its business were left open to future deliberation. Considerable progress was gradually made in completing this part of the scheme; and in July,

1835, a statute was passed by the Dean and Chapter, and approved, according to the provisions of the Act, by the Bishop, entrusting the ordinary management of the University under the Bishop as Visitor, and the Dean and Chapter as Governors, to the Warden, a Senate, and a Convocation. The Senate is composed of the chief officers of the University: the Convocation consisted originally of the Warden, and of a certain number of Doctors and Masters in the Faculties of Divinity, Law, Medicine, and Arts, from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; and consists at present, besides the original members, of all such persons as have been regularly admitted to the like degrees in the University of Durham, and have conformed to the regulations thereof.

The Senate, in the exercise of the powers vested in them by the Statute, lost no time in preparing a body of Regulations for conducting the studies and the general business of the University. These Regulations were submitted to Convocation and approved by it on the 4th of March, 1836.

The constitution and studies of the University having thus been satisfactorily arranged in accordance with the provisions of the Act of Parliament, a Royal Charter was granted under the Great Seal on the 1st of June, 1837, incorporating the persons therein described by the name of "The Warden, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Durham," recognizing and confirming the constitution of the University as established by the Dean and Chapter, and authorizing the body corporate to have perpetual succession and a common seal, and to enjoy all the rights and privileges which are assured to the University by the Act of Parliament, or are incident to a University established by Royal Charter. The first Degrees were conferred under the sanction of this Charter, on the 8th of June, 1837.

By an Act of Parliament of 1 Victoria, c. 56, § 1, passed July 15, 1837, entitled "An Act for amending the several Acts for the regulation of Attornies and Solicitors," the provisions of former Acts, relating to the admission and enrolment as Attornies of Bachelors of Arts or Law of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, are extended to Bachelors of Arts or Law of the University of Durham.

A further provision was made for the University by an Order of Her Majesty in Council, June 4th, 1841, in pursuance of a recommendation of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England.

By that Order in Council, it was provided that the Office of Warden shall in future be permanently annexed to the Deanery of Durham: a Canonry in the Cathedral Church was annexed to each of the Professorships of Divinity and Greek: the Professor of Mathematics was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, with an increased salary. It was also provided that, when the Office of Warden shall be annexed to the Deanery, a Professorship of Hebrew and the other Oriental languages shall be founded: and, in addition to the six Fellowships which had previously been established by the Dean and Chapter, eighteen other Fellowships were founded.

Towards providing the funds for those purposes, certain estates were assigned to the University immediately; and power was reserved for making a further endowment at a future period. This power has since been exercised by Orders in Council, conferring on the University an additional grant in money, and vesting in it landed estates in the immediate neighbourhood of Durham.

The founders of the University, in framing their plans for an efficient academical education, considered it necessary to provide, not only for the delivery

of able lectures, but also for the maintenance of that system of domestic discipline and instruction which has been found to be so efficacious in the Universities

of Oxford and Cambridge. With this view they formed, within the University, a College, to which, or to some other College, Hall, or House, established on similar principles, every matriculated Student is required to belong. They fitted up buildings for the reception of Students, and appointed Censors and Tutors to watch over their conduct and direct their studies, under the superintendence of the Warden. These accommodations for Students have subsequently been much enlarged, especially by the addition of the Castle of Durham with its precincts; which is now held in trust by the Bishop for the benefit of the University, under an Order of the Queen in Council made on the 8th of August, 1837, in pursuance of the Act of 6th and 7th of William IV., for carrying into effect the Reports of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. This acquisition has provided the College with an excellent Chapel and Hall, besides affording a number of convenient rooms for the reception of Students and for general academical purposes.

Upon the same principle of uniting domestic discipline with efficient lectures, and with the especial view of placing these advantages within the reach of persons of limited means, a new Hall, called " Bishop Hatfield's* Hall," was opened in Michaelmas Term, 1846, and enlarged by a considerable building in 1849.

The rooms in this Hall are let furnished, by which plan the expenses of a Student's outfit are greatly diminished; and in other respects, also, its arrangements are made on a more economical scale. Stu

* Bishop Hatfield was a liberal contributor to the endowment of Durham College, in Oxford.-See p. 1, note.