becomes enraptured at the view: 788-823. Marcellus the elder and younger, with the poet's tribute to the latter (for which the mother, Octavia, richly rewarc'ed him): 854-886. Then Anchises conducts them through Elysium, depicts the wars to come in Italy, and then dismisses them through the ivory gate of Sleep; when Æneas returns to his comrades and moors his fleet at the beach of Cajeta: 887-901. Thus closes the most remarkable Book of the Æneid, whose imagery has so largely influenced subsequent literature.

BOOK VII.

HOSTILITIES IN ITALY BEGUN.

AT Cajeta the nurse of Æneas dies, and is awarded an honorable sepulture and her name given to the site; after which they skirt the shores of the island of the sorceress Circé by moon-light but the kindly aid of Neptune enables them to avoid it: 1-24. They at length enter the longsought Tiber amid the singing of birds, and moor their ships to its shady banks: 25-36. The previous state of Latium described: Latinus, the king, and his only, and now marriageable, daughter, Lavinia; her suitors among them TURNUS, the antagonistic rival of Æneas the oracles of Faunus forbidding native and enjoining a foreign nuptial alliance; the news of the arrival of the Trojans in the Tiber spreads: 46-106. Meanwhile the Trojans partake of a frugal repast under a lofty tree on the river's bank; and, while eating the quadrated cakes, on which their food in rustic style had been placed, the fearful prophecy of the harpy Celano (Book III, 255) was explained, and the dread of it dispelled: 107-147. The exploration of the country is begun, and Æneas dispatches a hundred nobles with presents to the court of king Latinus, while he himself lays out a town and fortifications: 148-159. The envoys reach Laurentum, which is described, and are welcomed by the king: 160-201. The object of their mission stated and their presents to Latinus displayed: 211-248. Latinus is at once impressed with the coincidence of previous oracles, and accedes to their overtures, fatifies an alliance, and offers his daughter in marriage to Æneas; and, as a token of sincerity, sends him a magnificent span and a chariot; whereupon the ambassadors return: 249-285. Thus far all seems favorable; but suddenly Juno espies the Trojan camp in Italy, and vows vengeance and bitter war: 286-322. She summons Allecto, a Fury, and bids her do her worst to scatter the seeds of rancor and strife: 323-340. Allecto accordingly hies to the palace of Latinus, and crouching at the door of queen Amata, flings a serpent stealthily into her bosom, which sets the queen in a frenzy, whirling like a top: 346-403. Having set things in train for war at Laurentum, the fiend repairs to Ardea, the home of Turnus, the future hostile rival of Eneas, and hurls a snake at him, after she had vainly tried other means, and goads him on to break the treaty recently formed: 404-474. She then hastens to the Trojans, and finds a ready occasion for a feud. A pet deer of Sylvia, the daughter of Latinus' herdsman, is wounded by Ascanius on a hunting excursion, and, fleeing to its mistress for refuge, sets the whole clan of peasants on fire to avenge the outrage: 475-504. They rally with rude weapons, and the fiend from a house-top sounds the shepherds' alarum, and a desperate fight between the Trojan hunters and peasants ensues, wherein the brother of Sylvia and others are slain: 505-536. Allecto, exulting in her successes, reports to Juno, who, lauding, warns her to begone from earth: 537-571. Meanwhile the slain are brought in, and Latinus is implored by the excited populace to avenge their death: Turnus intensifies their grievance, and Latinus, finding remonstrance vain, retreats to his palace and abandons the reins of government: 572-6co. Juno, descending from heaven, with her own hand unbars the gates of war in the temple of Janus, and all Ausonia at once springs to arms: five great cities-Laurentum, Atina, Tibur, Ardea, and Crustumeri-prepare for war: 601-640. The Muses are once more invoked to open Helicon, and recall these events of dim antiquity: 641 646. The leaders of the mustering hosts presented-Mezentius and his son, Lausus, marshal the forces of Agylla: 647-654. Aventinus, the son of Hercules, and his troops and their equipment given: 655-659. Catillus and Coras, the Tiburtian brothers, like Centaurs come: 670-677. Coeclus, the son of Vulcan and founder of Prænesté, with his anomalous horde: 678-690. Messapus, the son of Neptune, bearing a charmed life, with his singing band: 691-705. Clausus and his Sabines, with clashing shields and thundering tread: 706-722. Halæsus, with his clan in nondescript armor; Ebulus, Üfens, Umbro the priest, and Virbius, with his fiery steeds: 723-782. TURNUS the champion of the confederate hosts, in his splendid armor and chariot and lastly Camilla, the Amazon of marvellous fleetness, with her squadrons of cavalry, at whom the crowds gaze with admiration, as she appears decked in purple and gold, with badge of pastoral myrtle: 783-817.

BOOK VIII.

ENEAS' VISIT TO EVANDER IN ARCADIA.

TURNUS hoists the signal of war on the castle of Laurentum, and the confederate chieftains rally their forces round it; while Venulus is sent as a special envoy, to solicit alliance, to the court of Diomede, who, after the Trojan war, had settled in Apulia, and built the city of Argyripa: 1-17. Meanwhile Æneas, troubled at the turn of events, is visited in a dream by the river-god, Tiberinus, who advises him to seek alliance with Evander, the king of Arcadia, residing in Pallanteum on the Aventine hill, afterwards a part of the city of Rome, promising him a pleasant voyage, and hints at the grand cities to arise on the Tiber: 18-65. On awaking, Æneas prays to the Laurentine nymphs, and to father Tiberinus; and selecting a couple of galleys, he prepares to embark for Arcadia, when unexpectedly he discovers, under the hollies fringing the Tiber, a white sow and pigs-the omen mentioned by Helenus (Book III. 389–392), as designating the site of his future city; and forthwith he sacrifices them to Juno (as enjoined by Helenus, B. III. 437-9), and embarks for Arcadia: 66-80. A delightful sail up the smooth Tiber brings them at noon in sight of the castle and city of Pallanteum: 81-101. On that day, it happened that Evander and his people were engaged in an anniversary festival in honor of Hercules, their deliverer; and in the midst of their feast they are startled by the sight of approaching vessels : Pallas, the son of Evander, rushing to a mound in front, challenges the strangers; but their friendly signals allay his fears, and, learning who they are, and their errand, he invites them ashore: 102-125. Æneas, being admitted to the presence of the king, addresses him, referring to their common ancestry, and states this as a reason for his coming in person, instead of sending ambassadors, and proposes a mutual alliance against their common foes, the Rutulians: 126-141. Evander complaisantly replies, recalling the fact of his once having met Anchises in Arcadia when he was on a visit to his sister in Salamis, who gave him a keep-sake, which his son, Pallas, still retained; and so, acceding to the alliance, he invites Æneas and his comrades to join in the festivities of the day, and orders the feast renewed: 142-183. The feast over, Evander explains the origin of the day's celebration, by relating the story of Cacus, a noted robber, son of Vulcan, the terror of the region, whose den was in the Aventine mount, but whom Hercules, when returning from the slaughter of the Geryon, slew for stealing some of his Iberian cattle, and so delivered them from the terrible pest: at the close of the recital, all join in the celebration: 184-279. In the evening they are entertained by a torch-light_proces sion, ending in a rustic dance and song in praise of the hero of the day: 280-305. Evander returns to the city, leaning on the arm of his guest and his son, and wiles the time by sketching the history of the early settlers of Italy from Saturn, their founder, on, and points out to his guest the various places of interest, which in after times became celebrities in Rome; until, arriving at his humble abode, when, with an apology for its humbleness, invites his guest in, spreads a couch of leaves with a bear-skin, and leaves him to repose for the night: 306-368. In the meantime Venus, alarmed at the aspect of events, entreats Vulcan to forge her son a suit of invincible armor, which he cheerfully engages to do: 369-406. A graphic description of Vulcan's Ætnæn furnaces, and of the Cyclops' work-shop is given: 407-453. At early dawn Evander visits his guest, and proposes an alliance also with the Etruscan prince, Tarchon, who had just revolted from Mezentius in Agylla, and agrees to send his son, Pallas, to the war under Æneas: 454-519. In the midst of the interview Venus gives a signal of the impending conflict-the clang of glittering armor in the skywhich Æneas explains: 520-540. They ratify their mutual treaty; when Æneas revisits his comrades on the beach, and sends a delegation to report his success to Ascanius: the rest of the Trojans are furnished with steeds by Evander: 541-552. With the benison of their host, they depart on horse-back, escorted by the Arcadian troops, to the camp of Tarchon near the river Cæré: 553607. Venus in a vale meets and presents her son with the armor just forged by Vulcan, at sight of which he is enraptured. Taking up each piece, he tests its weight, and on the shield sees delineated, in elaborate design, Rome's history, which, unaware of its full import, he admires, and then lifts to his shoulders the fates of his posterity-the shield of his destiny: 608-731.

BOOK IX.

THE EPISODE OF NISUS AND EURYALUS.

JUNO sends Iris down to incite Turnus to attack the Trojans in camp during the absence of Eneas: 1-24. Accordingly, the confederate hosts threaten the garrison; but the Trojans, having been strictly charged by Æneas not to venture outside the gates, await the onset: 25-45. Turnus,

on his Thracian charger, rides up and insultingly tosses a javelin over the walls; but, being unable to dislodge them, he in chagrin orders his troops to fire the fleet: 46-75. The Muses again invoked to recall from the dim past the legend to account for the fleet's rescue-His mother Cybelé once obtained from Jupiter the solemn promise of immunity for her sacred pines on Mount Ida, from which the ships were built; and, at the critical moment, the vessels are transformed into sca-nymphs, and float away unharmed: 76-122. Rutulians are amazed; but Turnus interprets it as an ill omen for the Trojans: both armies set guards and await the morrow: 123-135. Nisus and Euryalus, boon companions, while on sentry duty together guarding the gate, concoct a plan of apprising Æneas of the state of affairs, and report it to the chiefs, who applaud its heroism, and cheer them on by presents and promises: Ascanius gives special assurances to Euryalus respecting his mother, without whose knowledge the venture is risked; and so, when duly equipped, they are escorted to the gate, and sent forth with benisons: 176-313. They proceed in the darkness to the Rutulian camp, ere starting on their hazardous journey to Pallanteum, and there make fearful havoc, but escape loaded with spoils: 314-336. Meanwhile a squad of cavalry under Volscens, on their way from Laurentum, intercepts them: Euryalus, betrayed by his new-donned helmet gleaming in the midnight, is taken : Nisus, having meanwhile reached a place of safety, missing his friend, returns to his rescue, but in vain; for, ere he is able to reach him, he is slain by Volscens: his death avenged by Nisus slaying the slayer, who then falls on the body of his friend pierced by many wounds: 337-445. The poet pays a beautiful tribute to the heroic pair: 446449. The squad take up the body of their dead chief slain by Nisus, and, cutting off the heads of Nisus and Euryalus, proceed to the camp, where they find mourning and consternation over the slaughter done by the two heroes; and fixing their two heads on spears, they display them to the view of the dismayed Trojans : 450-472. Rumor thereof reaches the ears of Euryalus' mother, who, leaving her loom, gives vent to depressing lamentations; but, to prevent its effect on the soldiers, she is tenderly conveyed to her home: 473-502. The trumpet sounds, and the exasperated Rutulians assault the Trojan entrenchments and attempt to scale the breast-works: 503-524. The poet invokes Calliope to inspire him in depicting the havoc ensuing 525-529. Turnus hurls a brand, and sets fire to a tower in the Trojan garrison, which is precipitated, burying many in its ruins a desperate struggle by two survivors, who, however, are killed by Turnus: 530-568. Mighty deeds of valor are performed on both sides: 569-589. The vain boaster, Numanus, is shot with an arrow by Ascanius, who is applauded for the exploit by Apollo, but warned to abstain from further like ventures: 570–671. ` Pandarus and Bitias, giant brothers, incautiously open the gate and attempt a repulse: 672-690. Turnus, hurling a ponderous falaric, prostrates Bitias : 691-716. Mars now sides with the Latins, and the Trojans fall back in disorder: Pandarus, enraged at his brother's death, by a powerful effort, shuts the gates, excluding many comrades, but includes Turnus, who spreads havoc and consternation among the Trojans : 717-777. Mnestheus and Sergestus at length torce him step by step, like a lion at bay, to the wall, when he suddenly leaps from the battlement into the Tiber, and swimming away, rejoins his comrades: 778-818.

BOOK X.

THE BATTLE RENEWED; PALLAS SLAIN BY TURNUS.

JUPITER calls a council of the gods in Olympus, and deprecates the war: the speeches of Venus. and Juno: 1-90. Jupiter solemnly declares that both parties shall be treated impartially, but the fates must decide their respective lots, and ratifies his decision by a nod and an oath, making all Olympus quake: 96-117. The Rutulians renew the attack on the Trojan camp, which is bravely resisted, Ascanius appearing bare-headed amid the chiefs in the defense: 118-145. Meanwhile Æneas, having met Tarchon and concluded a treaty of alliance with him, embarks the Arcadian and Etruscan infantry for the scene of war, and sails by night gently down the river Tiber, Pallas at his side asking questions: 146-162. Renewed invocation of the Muses to open Helicon, and tell the chiefs and forces of the allies: 163-165. These enumerated and described as they sail by night on the Tiber in their thirty transports: 166-214. At dawn the sea-nymphs-his lately transformed ships-greet and escort the hero, their chief, Cymodocé, explaining who and what they were and what the state of affairs in the camp; and apprising him that the Arcadian and Etruscan cavalry had already reached their appointed posts, and that Turnus was about to attack them in force, bids him hasten on: he, with a prayer to Cybelé, presses on toward the camp: 215 257. The fleet heaves in sight of the Trojan camp: Æneas signals his approach by litting aloft his invincible, glittering shield, which is hailed from the ramparts with shouts, which startle the Rutulians: 258-275. Turnus, at once rallies his troops to intercept them, as they attempt to

land: Tarchon, in his haste to reach the shore, wrecks his galley, throwing his troops into the surf: 276-307. The attack and its repulse, in which a terrible conflict ensues, with fearful carnage on both sides, which brings on a general engagement: 208-361. Pallas, seeing his Arcadian cavalry dismounting to engage as infantry takes command and rallies them, and charges with fearful havoc on the Rutulian lines: he encounters Lausus, but they are not permitted a mortal combat with each other, being each reserved for a different antagonist: 362 438. Turnus challenges Pallas to single combat, which is accepted; and, after a desperate struggle, the latter is slain, and Turnus takes from the prostrate form the fatal BALDRIC, which he is yet to rue (Book xii, 940), but he yields the body insultingly to Evander: 439-509. Eneas, learning of the death of his youthful friend, sweeps a wide swath, slaying many, in search of Turnus, spreading confusion in the Rutulian ranks; seeing which the Dardan chiefs, with Ascanius, sally from the entrenchments to support him: 510-605. Meanwhile Jupiter, in bitter irony, jeers Juno at the issues, who sullenly deprecates the doom foreboded, and entreats for at least a temporary respite for Turnus, which, while forbidding further interference, Jupiter grants: 606-632. She prepares a Wraith, personating Æneas, by which Turnus, thinking it real, is deceived and led off of the field, and unawares entrapped on board a ship, which snaps its hawser, and sails away with him to the city of Daunus, his father, despite his frantic deprecations: 633-688. Meanwhile Mezentius, warned by Jupiter, takes the field, and rages like a wild boar, slaying many brave Trojans and Arcadians-foe meets foe, and many a hero falls: 689-754. Mars poises the issues; the gods look down with pity: Venus and Juno, with various emotions, look on while Tisiphoné raves: 755-761. Mezentius marches on, grand as Orion, making havoc,_till wounded by Æneas, but shielded from death by his brave son, Lausus, who is cut down by Æneas, who in pity relents and offers him his hand in dying; 762-823. Mezentius, having by reason of his wound been disabled, retires to the shade of a tree on the bank of the Tiber, where he learns of the death of his son, and, rallying all his strength, he, ir desperate determination to avenge the death of his son, or die in the attempt, mounts his war-horse, Rhoebus, whom he addresses, and furiously rushes after Æneas, showering on him darts, which are dexterously caught on the charmed shield, till at length Æneas stabs his horse, and slays Mezentius: 824-908.

BOOK XI.

FUNERAL OF PALLAS, AND DEATH OF CAMILLA.

ÆENEAS the next day erects a trophy of spoils taken from Mezentius, and, cheering his comrades, arranges for the burial of the dead, and for sending the body of Pallas home: 1-28. The lamentation in the camp over Pallas, and the tribute to him by Æneas: 29-58. A wicker-bier is then wrought, festooned with garlands, and on it placed the body, which is followed by his weeping war-horse, Æthon, and his inconsolable body-servant, Acœtes, and attendants of honor, bearing his spear and helmet, and an escort of Trojans and Arcadians; amid sad farewells the cavalcade starts for Pallanteum: 59-99. A delegation from Laurentum arrives, asking a cessation of hostilities for the burial of the dead, which is received, and an armistice granted by Æneas, and mutual preparations are arranged accordingly: 100-138. The cavalcade reaches Pallanteum at evening, and is met by a torch-light procession: the pathetic grief and lament of aged Evander over the bier of his son: 139-181. The unique funerals of Trojans and Etruscans described: 182-202. The Latin funerals and rival pyres and burials: 203-212. Mourning in Laurentum is intensified by Drances in exciting rancor against Turnus: 213-224. The return of the envoys from the city of Diomede: a council of state is called by Latinus to hear their report; the report, and Diomede's advice to abstain from war with the Trojans: 225-295. The commotion it produces; the address of Latinus deprecating war and counselling peace: he suggests the plan of ceding to the Trojans a tract of land along the upper waters of the Tiber; or, if they prefer it, furnishing them materials for vessels for emigration, and advises sending special ambassadors to effect reconciliation: 296-335. Drances seconds the king's plan, with bitter invectives against Turnus, urging him to accept the challenge of Æneas to single combat: 336-375. Turnus retorts, and agrees to the test of valor: 376-444. Meanwhile news of Æneas advancing on the city is announced; the consequent alarm; the council prorogued; Latinus retires in dismay, and Turnus prepares for battle: 445 472. The city is at once thrown into commotion; the queen and her attendants repair to the temple to pray for Turnus, and invoke vengeance on Æneas: 473-485. The splendid equipment of Turnus described as he goes forth from the city; he is met at the gate by Camilla and her well-mounted cavalry, and the plans for the battle are concerted: Camilla is to take command at the city, while Turnus intercepts Æneas in a defile of the mountains: 486-531. Juno relates to Opis the early history of Camilla, indicates her impending death, and bids Opis go and

avenge it: 532–596. The sanguinary engagement between the Trojan and Etruscan cavalry on the one side, and Camilla and her regiments on the other: 597-647. The daring exploits of Camilla; her eager pursuit of a boasting Ligurian, and his fate: 648-724. Tarchon's rally and charge, and his feat in capturing Venulus: 725-759. Arruns stealthily follows Camilla, while she is pursuing the gaily dressed Chlorus; and, watching his chance, fatally wounds her; her hasty message by her adjutant, Acca, to Turnus, to come at once to the rescue and assume command; her death: 760-835. Opis finds Arruns skulking, chides him, and sends an arrow of vengeance through his heart: 836-867. The rout of the Rutulians at the fall of Camilla; they rush to the city in a panic; the desperate fight of the Latin women on the walls: 868-885. Meanwhile Acca reaches, and apprises Turnus of Camilla's death and the rout of the Rutulians. In consternation he leaves his ambush, and wrathfully hastens back to the city, while Æneas unobstructedly passes the defile and gains the open plain. The two, with their squads, gallop over the plains in sight of each other towards the city, but halt and camp apart outside, awaiting the morrow: 896-915.

BOOK XII.

THE FINAL ISSUE-THE DEATH OF TURNUS.

THE Latins, having been beaten in two battles, demand that Turnus fulfill his promise and meet Æneas in single combat, who sullenly agrees: 1-17. Latinus urges Turnus to seek a bride elsewhere, and yield to manifest destiny: 18-44. Turnus responds in conciliatory tone to the king, but in defiance of Eneas: 45-53. Queen Amata entreats him not to venture, and the blushing Lavinia confuses him, rendering him frantic: 54-80. He inspects his steeds and his armor: 81-106. Æneas receives the challenge of Turnus, and accepts, sending back his terms: 107-112. The monarchs on both sides appear at the ratification, each graphically described; Æneas first stepping forth, solemnly attests his acceptance, stating the conditions: 161-194. Latinus responds, and with equal solemnity ratifies his approval: 195-215. Turnus in turn states sullenly his acceptance, when a murmur runs through the attendant ranks, and Juturna, the deified sister of Turnus, taking advantage of the opportunity, precipitates a renewal of hostilities by a rupture of the truce: 216-276. One of the nine sons of the Arcadian Gylippus is slain by the tilted spear of the augur Tolumnius, when instantly the battle begins: Latinus in dismay flees, and shuts himself in his palace, while the conflict spreads: 277-288. Messapus charges, while Æneas, in solemn utterance, demands cessation and the fulfilments of the ratified but now violated compact: 289-323. _Turnus takes command in person, and spreads havoc through the Trojan ranks: 324-383. Æneas, seeing the trend of matters, flies to arms, and in the encounter is shot by a stray arrow in his foot, and limps away bleeding to the rear, where the bustling leach, läspis, endeavors in vain to extract the steel, until Venus secretly drugs the lotion used, and heals him, and he again rushes to the fight: 384-445. Turnus quails, as he sees him advancing with his column, and Juturna, perceiving her brother's peril, pitches his charioteer, Metiscus, off, and assuming herself the reins, drives the chariot away, eluding Æneas: 446-487. The surge of battle on both sides deepens: 488-554. The determination of Æneas to fire the town; his impetuous charge, and the consternation ensuing within the walls: 555-592. In the midst of it, queen Amata in desperation hangs herself: 593-603. The dismay and mourning it occasions: 604-613. Turnus catches the distant sounds of wailing in the town, while chasing a few straggling deserters on the outskirts of the plain, whither his sister had driven his chariot, and rebukes her sternly; a messenger, bespattered with blood, apprises him of the crisis, and he returns full of defiant wrath: 614-695. Eneas rejoices at seeing him, advances to meet him, clanging his armor in defiance: all stand aghast as the champions close in fight: 696-724. Jupiter poises the issue in his scales: in the onset the sword of Turnus snaps at the hilt, being that of his charioteer and not his own. He flees, begging loudly for his own sword, hotly pursued by Æneas: 725-765. The spear of Æneas, hurled at his antagonist, gliding by, sticks fast in the root of a tree, which is wrenched out by Venus, while Juturna restores to Turnus his own sword; and once more the champions stand face to face in the final death-struggle: 766-790. Jupiter meanwhile chides Juno, who now, having received the concession that the Latins may retain their name and language, retires: 791-842. Jupiter accordingly withdraws Juturna from her brother's side by a death-omen, and she in inconsolable grief departs from the scene: 842-886. The champions now, freed from all impediments, meet. Turnus hurls an enormous stone, which falls short of its mark, and Æneas sends a spear crashing through shield and armor, and pierces the groin of Turnus, who falls and surrenders, but entreats that his body be restored to his friends: Æneas is on the point of reienting and sparing him, when he espies the fatal BALDRIC of Pallas on his prostrate foe, and with exasperated wrath, in vengeance plunges his sword in him, and Turnus dies: 887-952.