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Book I.

Because the point B is the centre of the circle CGH, BC is equale to BG; and because D is the centre of the * 15 Def. circle GKL, DL is equal to DG, and DA, DB, parts of

them, are equal; therefore the remainder AL is equal to f3 Ax. the remainderf BG; But it has been shown, that BC is equal to BG; wherefore AL and BC are each of them equal to BG; and things that are equal to the same are equal to one another; therefore the straight line AL is equal to BC. Wherefore from the given point A a straight line AL has been drawn equal to the given straight line BC. Which was to be done.

a 2.1.

PROP. III. PROB.

FROM the greater of two given straight lines to cut off a part equal to the less.

Let AB and C be the two given straight lines, whereof AB is the greater. It is required to cut off from AB, the greater, a part equal to C, the less.

From the point A draw the straight line AD equal to C; and from the centre A, and at the dib3 Post. stance AD, describeb the circle DEF; and because A is the cen

B

E B

tre of the circle DEF, AE shall be equal to AD; but the straight line C is likewise equal to AD; whence AE and C are each of them equal to AD; wherefore the straight * 1 Ax. line AE is equal to C, and from AB, the greater of two straight lines, a part AE has been cut off equal to C the less. Which was to be done..

PROP. IV. THEOREM.

IF two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to each; and have likewise the angles contained by those sides equal to one another; they shall likewise have their bases, or third sides, equal; and the two triangles shall be equal; and their other angles shall be equal, each to each, viz. those to winch the equal sides are opposite.

Let ABC, DEF be two triangles, which have the two sides AB, AC equal to the two sides DE, DF. each to each, viz.

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equal each to each, viz. the angle ABC to the angle DEF, and the angle ACB to DFE.

For, if the triangle ABC be applied to DEF, so that the point A may be on D, and the straight line AB upon DE; the point B shall coincide with the point E, because AB is equal to DE; and AP coinciding with DE, AC shall coincide with DF, because the angle BAC is equal to the angle EDF; wherefore also the point C shall coincide with the point F, because the straight line AC is equal to DF: But the point B coincides with the point E; wherefore the base BC shall coincide with the base EF, because the point B coinciding with E, and C with F, if the base BC does not coincide with the base EF, two straight lines would inclose a space, which is impossible. Therefore the base BC10 Ax. shall coincide with the base EF, and be equal to it. Wherefore the whole triangle ABC shall coincide with the whole triangle DEF, and be equal to it; and the other angles of the one shall coincide with the remaining angles of the other, and be equal to them, viz. the angle ABC to the angle DEF, and the angle to DFE. Therefore, if two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to each, and he likewise the angles contained by those sides equal to one another, their bases shall likewise be equal, and the triangles be equal, and their other angles to which the equal sides are opposite shall be equal, each to each. Which was to be demonstrated.

PROP. V. THEOR.

THE angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another; and if the equal sides be produced, the angles upon the other side of the base shall be equal.

LABC be an isosceles triangle, of which the side AB is

Poox I. equal to AC, and let the straight lines AB, AC be produced to D and E, the angle ABC shall be equal to the angle ACB, and the angle CBD to the angle BCE.

In BD take any point F, and from AE the greater, cut 3. 1. off AG equal to AF, the less, and join FC, GB.

Because AF is equal to AG, and AB to AC, the two sides FA, AC are equal to the two GA, AB, each to each; and they contain the angle FAG com

mon to the two triangles AFC, AGB; therefore the base FC is 4. 1, equal to the base GB, and the triangle AFC to the triangle AGB; and the remaining angles of the one are equal to the remaining angles of the other, each to each, to which the equal sides are op- F posite; viz. the angle ACF to the angle ABG, and the angle AFC to the angle AGB: And because the D whole AF is equal to the whole

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C

B

C

G

E

AG, of which the parts AB, AC, are equal; the remainder 3 Ax. BF shall be equal to the remainder CG and FC was proved to be equal to GB; therefore the two sides BF, FC are equal to the two CG, GB, each to each; and the angle BFC is equal to the angle CGB, and the base BЄ is common to the two triangles BFC, CGB; wherefore the triangles are equal, and their remaining angles, each to each, to which the equal sides are opposite; therefore the angle FBC is equal to the angle GCB, and the angle BCF to the angle CBG: And, since it has been demonstrated, that the whole angle ABG is equal to the whole ACF, the parts of which, the angles CBG, BCF are also equal; the remaining angle ABC is therefore equal to the remaining angle ACB, which are the angles at the base of the triangle ABC: And it has also been proved that the angle FBC is equal to the angle GCB, which are the angles upon the other side of the base. Therefore the angles at the base, &c. Q.E.D.

COROLLARY. Hence every equilateral triangle is also equiangular.

PROP. VI. THEOR. IF two angles of a triangle be equal to one another, the sides also which subtend or are opposite to, the equal angles, shall be equal to one another.

Let ABC be a triangle having the angle ABC equal to Book the angle ACB; the side AB is also equal to the side AC.

D

A

For, if AB be not equal to AC, one of them is greater than the other: Let AB be the greater; and from it cuta 3. 1. off DB equal to AC, the less, and join DC; therefore, because in the triangles DBC, ACB, DB is equal to AC, and BC common to both the two sides, DB, BC are equal to the two AC, CB each to each; and the angle DBC is equal to the angle ACB; therefore the base DC is equal to the base AB, and the triangle DBC is equal to the triangleb ACB, the less to the greater; which is absurd. Therefore AB is not unequal to AC, that is, it is equal to it. Wherefore, if two angles, &c. Q. E. D. B

C

COR. Hence every equiangular triangle is also equilateral.

PROP. VII. THEOR.

b 4.1.

UPON the same base, and on the same side of See N. it, there cannot be two triangles that have their sides which are terminated in one extremity of the base equal to one another, and likewise those which are terminated in the other extremity.

If it be possible, let there be two triangles ACB, ADB, upon the same base AB, and upon the same side of it, which have their sides CA, DA terminated in the extremity A of the base equal to one another, and,

likewise their sides, CB, DB, that are terminated in B.

A

Join CD; then, in the case in which the vertex of each of the triangles is without the other triangle, because AC is equal to AD, the angle ACD is equal to the angle ADC: But the angle ACD is greater than the angle BCD; therefore the angle ADC is greater also than BCD; much more then is the angle BDC greater than the angle BCD. Again, because CB is equal to DB, the angle BDC is equal to the angle BCD; but it has been demonstrated to be greater than it; which is impossible.

a 5. I.

BOOK I.

a

E
F

But if one of the vertices, as D, be within the other triangle ACB; produce AC, AD to E, F; therefore, because AC is equal to AD in the triangle ACD, the angles ECD, FDC upon the other side of the base CD are 5. 1. equal to one another: but the angle ECD is greater than the angle BCD: wherefore the angle FDC is likewise greater than BCD; much more then is the angle BDC greater than the angle BCD Again, because CB is equal to DB, the angle BDC

A

is equal to the angle BCD; but BDC has been proved to be greater than the same BCD; which is impossible. The case in which the vertex of one triangle is upon a side of the other, needs no demonstration.

Therefore, upon the same base, and on the same side of it, there cannot be two triangles that have their sides which are terminated in one extremity of the base equal to one another, and likewise those which are terminated in the other extremity. Q. E. D.

PROP. VIII. THEOR.

If two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to each, and have likewise their bases equal; the angle which is contained by the two sides of the one shall be equal to the angle contained by the two sides equal to them, of the other.

Let ABC, DEF be two triangles, having the two sides AB, AC, equal to the two sides DE, DF, each to each, viz. AB to DE, and AC to DF; and also the base BC equal to the A

base EF. The
angle BAC is
equal to the
angle EDF.

For, if the
triangle ABC
be applied to

DEF, so that

B

D G

the point B be on E, and the straight line BC upon EF; the point C shall also coincide with the point F, because

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