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529. Aeolides: Ulysses. Ulysses is ordinarily represented as the son of Laertes, but a later tradition, here followed by Virgil, represented him as the son of Sisyphus, son of Aeolus. Italia Grais instaurate: visit such torments upon the Greeks; literally, renew, etc. The word suggests the idea of repetition, but under new conditions. 530. pio: the emphasis of the clause rests upon this word, — if righteous are the lips with which I cry for vengeance.

532. attulerint: i.e. brought you hither.

533. fatigat, etc.: goads thee on to visit; ut adires is a Substantive Clause Developed from the Volitive, dependent upon the idea of urging involved in fatigat. The sequence of tense in adires is peculiar; Virgil apparently feels fatigat as equivalent to fatigat et fatigavit. 534. tristis sine sole domos dismal, sunless homes.

535. hac vice sermonum: amid this interchange of talk; literally, with this interchange, etc.; Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. 536. medium axem: mid-heaven.

537. fors: the adverb; perchance.

traherent: the imperfect for

the pluperfect, as in line 31,—would have spent. The protasis, 'had not the Sibyl warned Aeneas,' is implied.

539. ruit: is swiftly coming; either from sea or heaven. Virgil sometimes conceives it one way, sometimes the other.

540. ambas: poetic for duas.

541. dextera quae, etc.: literally, which right-hand road (via understood) leads, etc.; i.e. by the right-hand road which leads, etc., — by this is our route to Elysium; dextera limits quae; Elysium is Accusative of Limit of Motion; nobis is Dative of Reference.

543. exercet: exacts. impia: the abode of wickedness.

545. explebo: i.e. he will fill up the gap in the shades caused by his absence. reddar: reflexive; return.

546. melioribus: i.e. happier than mine. here denotes a wish, - may you enjoy.

547. in verbo: as he spoke.

utere: the imperative

548-627. Tartarus and its victims.

549. moenia: here structures, buildings.

551. Phlegethon: from the Greek pλéyw, 'burn.' torquetque : we should expect torquens.

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560. facies: kinds.

561. ad auras: dependent upon ascendit or some such word to be supplied in thought.

565. deum: imposed by the gods; Subjective Genitive.

567. castigat auditque dolos, etc.: he flogs them and hears their misdeeds, forcing them to confess those sins for which any one in the world above, rejoicing in futile concealment, has put off atonement till death; subigitque fateri is explanatory of audit dolos; quis is indefinite ; quae commissa piacula is for commissa ('sins') quorum piacula (‘expiation for which ').

570. continuo: i.e. as soon as Rhadamanthus dismisses them from his presence.

571. quatit: lashes.

572. sororum: according to the usual myth, there were three Furies. The other two were Allecto and Megaera. Virgil speaks of agmina; he may be following another tradition.

573. sacrae: accursed.

574. panduntur portae: i.e. to receive the guilty wretches being lashed by Tisiphone. The gates are those of Tartarus.

= custos. The reference is to Tisiphone; see line 555 f.

577. saevior: i.e. more savage than Tisiphone.

custodia:

578. tenditque sub umbras: explanatory of patet in praeceps.

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579. ad aetherium . Olympum: the view upward (from earth) to heavenly Olympus in the sky; caeli repeats the idea in aetherium. 580. Titania pubes: the Titan brood.

1 581. fulmine dejecti: the Titans were destroyed by the Olympian gods, headed by Jupiter armed with his thunderbolts.

wallow, writhe.

volvuntur :

582. Aloidas: Otus and Ephialtes, two giants. They were not really sons of Aloeus, but were the sons of Neptune and Iphimedea, the wife of Aloeus. In their attempt to storm heaven, they piled Mt. Ossa upon Olympus, and Mt. Pelion upon Ossa, but were finally slain by Apollo.

585. Salmonea: Salmoneus, founder of the city of Salmonia in Elis, who impiously gave out that he was Jupiter.

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586. dum imitatur: not dependent immediately upon dantem, but upon some such idea as 'smitten,' to be supplied in thought. flammas et sonitus: i.e. the thunder and lightning.

588. mediae . . urbem: probably referring to Olympia, the chief seat of Jupiter's worship in Elis, though Olympia was not strictly an urbs, as it lacked inhabitants.

590. qui simularet: for imitating, since he undertook to imitate; literally, (as being one) who imitated; Clause of Characteristic with accessory notion of cause. non imitabile: inimitabile.

591. aere: with his brazen chariot. Salmoneus strove to imitate thunder by driving his brazen chariot across a bridge.

592. telum: the thunderbolt.

593. ille emphatic repetition of the subject as in v. 334.

faces

nec lumina: understand contorsit. Salmoneus had used torches to

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simulate lightning, just as he tried to imitate thunder by his rattling bronze chariot.

594. turbine: whirlwind; as in i. 45.

595. nec non et: as in i. 707. Tityon: Tityos assaulted Latona, in punishment for which he was pierced with arrows by Apollo and then hurled by Jupiter into Tartarus.

596. cernere erat: it was possible (for me) to see. The Sibyl is speaking, and refers to the time when she was conducted by Hecate through Tartarus (line 565).

598. immortale: imperishable. The liver grew again as fast as it

560. facies: kinds.

561. ad auras: dependent upon ascendit or some such word to be supplied in thought.

565. deum: imposed by the gods; Subjective Genitive.

567. castigat auditque dolos, etc.: he flogs them and hears their misdeeds, forcing them to confess those sins for which any one in the world above, rejoicing in futile concealment, has put off atonement till death; subigitque fateri is explanatory of audit dolos; quis is indefinite; quae commissa piacula is for commissa (sins') quorum piacula (‘expiation for which ').

570. continuo: i.e. as soon as Rhadamanthus dismisses them from his presence.

571. quatit: lashes.

572. sororum: according to the usual myth, there were three Furies. The other two were Allecto and Megaera. Virgil speaks of agmina; he may be following another tradition.

573. sacrae: accursed.

574. panduntur portae: i.e. to receive the guilty wretches being lashed by Tisiphone. The gates are those of Tartarus.

= custos. The reference is to Tisiphone; see line 555 f. 577. saevior: i.e. more savage than Tisiphone.

custodia:

578. tenditque sub umbras: explanatory of patet in praeceps.

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579. ad aetherium . . Olympum: the view upward (from earth) to heavenly Olympus in the sky; caeli repeats the idea in aetherium. 580. Titania pubes: the Titan brood.

581. fulmine dejecti: the Titans were destroyed by the Olympian gods, headed by Jupiter armed with his thunderbolts. volvuntur :

wallow, writhe.

582. Aloidas: Otus and Ephialtes, two giants. They were not really sons of Aloeus, but were the sons of Neptune and Iphimedea, the wife of Aloeus. In their attempt to storm heaven, they piled Mt. Ossa upon Olympus, and Mt. Pelion upon Ossa, but were finally slain by Apollo.

585. Salmonea: Salmoneus, founder of the city of Salmonia in Elis, who impiously gave out that he was Jupiter.

586. dum imitatur: not dependent immediately upon dantem, but upon some such idea as 'smitten,' to be supplied in thought. flammas et sonitus: i.e. the thunder and lightning.

588. mediae . . . urbem: probably referring to Olympia, the chief seat of Jupiter's worship in Elis, though Olympia was not strictly an urbs, as it lacked inhabitants.

590. qui simularet: for imitating, since he undertook to imitate; literally, (as being one) who imitated; Clause of Characteristic with accessory notion of cause. non imitabile: inimitabile.

591. aere: with his brazen chariot. Salmoneus strove to imitate thunder by driving his brazen chariot across a bridge.

592. telum: the thunderbolt.

593. ille: emphatic repetition of the subject as in v. 334.

faces

nec lumina: understand contorsit. Salmoneus had used torches to

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simulate lightning, just as he tried to imitate thunder by his rattling bronze chariot.

594. turbine: whirlwind; as in i. 45. 595. nec non et: as in i. 707.

Tityon: Tityos assaulted Latona, in punishment for which he was pierced with arrows by Apollo and then hurled by Jupiter into Tartarus.

596. cernere erat: it was possible (for me) to see. The Sibyl is speaking, and refers to the time when she was conducted by Hecate through Tartarus (line 565).

598. immortale: imperishable. The liver grew again as fast as it

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