251. navibus amissis: i.e. by the storm. Except one, they were not really lost, but came safely to harbor soon afterwards. infandum!: infamous act! Accusative of Exclamation; B. 183; A. 397, d; G. 343, 1; H. 421. unius: viz. Juno.

253. hic for hoc; attracted to the gender of the predicate noun. pietatis: for the force of this word, see note on pietate, line 10, and on pius, line 220.

254. olli: an archaic form equivalent to illi.

255. voltu: with subridens.

257. metu: dative, like curru in line 156.

Cytherea according

to the myth, Venus sprang from the foam of the sea near the island of Cythera off the southern coast of the Peloponnesus. immota: used predicatively. tuorum: of thy people.

258. tibi: Ethical Dative; B. 188, 2, b; A. 380; G. 351; H. 432. promissa: i.e. foretold to Aeneas through repeated prophecies; the word belongs logically with urbem as well as moenia.

259. sublimem . . . Aenean: i.e. Aeneas shall be deified.

260. neque me sententia vertit: in answer to Venus's reproach (line 237).

etc.

261. tibi: I promise you; Ethical Dative, with geret, contundet,

262. longius volvens: unrolling (the scroll of destiny) further. Note the use of the simple volvo in the sense of the compound evolvo. movebo: will reveal. 1

263. Italia: in Italy.

264. mores: i.e. beneficent laws and institutions. people. ponet: shall establish.

viris: for his

266. terna hiberna: three winters; hiberna is poetically used in the sense of winter'; ordinarily it means 'winter quarters.' Words confined to the plural regularly take the distributive (and not the cardinal) numeral when used in the plural sense. In such cases trini (not terni) is the regular word. But the poets often permit themselves a license in this respect; B. 81, 4, b; A. 137, b; H. 164, 3. Rutulis subactis after the subjugation of the Rutulians; Ablative Absolute. The Rutulians, headed by their king, Turnus, were Aeneas's chief opponents after his arrival in Latium.

267. puer Ascanius: : son of Aeneas and Creusa. cognomen Iulo: the name Iulus; Iulo is dative by attraction; B. 190, 1; A. 373, a; G. 349, R. 5; H. 430, 1.

268. res Ilia: the Ilian state; i.e. Troy. stetit regno: stood strong in its power.

269. triginta orbis: i.e. thirty years. magnos volvendis mensibus: great with revolving months: the gerundive at times takes the place of a present active participle; cf. secundus (for sequondus), originally following'; oriundus, 'springing'; mensibus is Ablative of Means.

270. Lavini: Appositional Genitive.

271. Longam Albam : i.e. Alba Longa.

272. jam even. regnabitur impersonal; dominion shall be

Trojana.

regina

exercised. annos: Accusative of Duration of Time. 273. sub: under the rule of.. Hectorea: sacerdos: a princess priestess; regina, the noun, is boldly used where we should expect the adjective regia; Ilia was a priestess of Vesta. 274. Marte gravis: pregnant by Mars. geminam prolem : Romulus and Remus. partu dabit shall bring forth. Ilia in apposition with sacerdos. Ilia is more commonly known as Rhea

Silvia.

:

275. inde: in the temporal sense. lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus: gay in the tawny hide of the she-wolf that nursed him (Mackail). The reference is to the suckling of the twins by the wolf. 276. excipiet: shall take under his protection. Mavortia moenia : the walls of Rome are called Mavortian, because Romulus was the son of Mars.

277. Romanos: predicate accusative, - shall call (the people) suo de nomine i.e. Virgil derives Romanus from

Romans.
Romulus.

rerum of power.

278. his viz. Romanis. : 279. imperium sine fine dedi: note the fine climax. Aeneas is to reign for three years after triumphing over his foes, Ascanius for thirty years, the kings of Alba three hundred years, while Rome itself is to exercise dominion without end. For the sake of symmetry in the progression, Virgil represents the supremacy of Alba as lasting three hundred years. The time, according to the ordinary reckoning, was four hundred years. quin even, nay even.

280. metu i.e. in consequence of the fear she entertains for Carthage. fatigat: troubles.

281. in melius referet: shall change for the better.

i.e. equally with me.

282. rerum of the world.

...

mecum:

gentemque togatam: i.e. the race dis

tinguished by the toga, the characteristic Roman dress.

283. sic placitum (est): thus it is decreed. lustris labentibus : as the years glide by. A lustrum was originally the expiatory offering

made at the conclusion of the census. As the census was regularly taken every five years under the Republic, the word came to mean a five year period; then any long period of time. aetas: the time.

284. domus Assaraci, etc.: i.e. the descendants of the Trojans (in the persons of the Romans) shall conquer and govern Greece. Greece was made a Roman province in 146 B.C. Phthiam, Mycenas, Argis: instead of saying Graecia, the poet singles out the special localities in Greece whence Troy's chief enemies had come, - Achilles (from Phthia), Agamemnon (from Mycenae), Diomedes (from Argos). 285. Argis: Ablative of Place Where.

286. pulchra Trojanus origine Caesar: Trojan Caesar of glorious descent; referring to Augustus, who traced his descent back to Iulus, son of Aeneas. Note the interlocked order (Sýnchysis), a favorite arrangement in poetry: pulchra is separated from its noun by Trojanus, which in turn is separated from its noun by origine; B. 350, 11, d; A. 598, h; pulchra origine is an Ablative of Quality.

.

287. imperium astris: to bound his empire by the ocean, his glory by the stars; qui terminet is a Relative Clause of Purpose. 288. Julius in apposition with Caesar. The reference is to the Emperor Augustus, who as a result of his adoption by Julius Caesar, took the latter's name. Virgil derives the name Julius from Iulus, which in turn is referred to Ilus, the name of an ancient king of Troy. 289. tu olim, etc.: i.e. Augustus shall be deified after his death. spoliis Orientis onustum: a reference to Augustus's victories in the East and his recovery from the Parthians of the Roman standards captured by them from Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae, 53 B.C.

290. secura: i.e. free from the cares that now beset thee. hic quoque i.e. Augustus as well as Aeneas. vocabitur votis: i.e. he shall be addressed with prayers. Even long before his death Augus

tus was worshipped with divine honors.

291. aspera tum, etc.: i.e. wars shall cease and the times shall become peaceful. In aspera positis saecula bellis we have another instance of Sýnchysis.

292. cana Fides: venerable Faith. ities to receive a shrine at Rome.

worship to the reign of Numa.

Fides was one of the first divinLivy refers the institution of her

This line is believed to have a symbolical meaning. Fides and Vesta stand for honor and the sanctity of the family life, both of which had suffered seriously by the recent civil wars. Romulus and Remus, once hostile but now united, are thought to typify the two parties in the late struggle.

293. dirae ferro et compagibus artis: grim with compact iron fastenings; Hendiadys; artis is the adjective.

294. belli portae: i.e. the gates of the temple of Janus. The closing of these gates was a sign that war had ceased. Furor impius: Virgil is thinking of the unhallowed spirit of civil strife.

295. saeva sedens super: note the Alliteration.

arms pinioned.

vinctus: i.e. his

296. fremet: the god is raving because he cannot indulge in the carnage of war.

297-304. Mercury is sent as messenger to Carthage.

Filius and

Hence, the

297. Maja genitum: the son of Maia, viz. Mercury. filia in their oblique cases cannot stand in the hexameter. poets use genitus, ortus, natus, satus, etc., with the Ablative of Source. 298. novae newly founded. pateant, arceret : notice the change

in the sequence of tenses; the historical present (here demittit) may be treated as either principal or historical.

ne fati nescia Dido, etc.: i.e. lest

299. hospitio: in hospitality. Dido, ignorant that the Trojans were destined to settle in Italy, might think they were intending to invade her land with reference to a permanent settlement there.

300. aëra: for the form of the accusative, see B. 47, 1; A. 81, 2; G. 66, 3; H. 109, 3.

301. remigio with a rowing movement.

:

astitit: note the change

from the historical present (volat) to the perfect. oris ablative.

302. jam: straightway.

aside,' 'abandon'), as often.

303. in primis: especially.

304. accipit: conceives.

ponunt in the sense of depono ('lay

305-401. Aeneas meets Venus disguised as a huntress. The goddess gives him assurance that his comrades are safe.

305. volvens: the present participle here irregularly denotes prior action, having pondered.

306. ut primum, etc.: as soon as the gracious dawn was vouchsafed (C.). exire, explorare: dependent upon constituit.

307. quas accesserit, qui teneant: indirect questions dependent on quaerere. vento: Ablative of Means.

308. teneant: inhabit (them). inculta: untilled; limiting ea understood, referring to locos and oras; for the gender, see B. 235, 2,

b, ß; A. 287, 3; G. 286, 1; H. 395, 2. vidēt: note the ē. This quantity is not to be explained as an arbitrary lengthening of the usual ě. It is simply a reminiscence of the original quantity. hominesne feraene: explanatory of qui; -ne . . . -ne are poetical for the usual utrum

an.

309. exacta: tidings; literally, things ascertained.

310. convexo nemorum: in a wooded cove; literally, a recess of the woods; some spot where the overarching trees hide the galleys from view.

311. horrentibus: the quality of the trees is transferred to their shadows.

312. comitatus: the deponent participle here has passive force; it also denotes contemporary (not prior) action; B. 336, 5; A. 491; G. 282, N.; H. 640, 1. Achate Ablative of Accompaniment, without

the preposition.

313. bina hastilia: with objects that go in pairs, the distributive adjective is used for the cardinal even in prose. The warriors of the Heroic Age regularly carried two spears. lato ferro broad-pointed.

314. cui mater, etc.: and before him his mother presented herself; cui illustrates the use of the relative where in English we use a demonstrative, often with a conjunction, — and,' 'but,' etc.

governed by obvia, which regularly takes this case.

The dative is obvia attracted

to the case of the subject, instead of agreeing with sese as we should

expect.

315. gerens with; literally, wearing.

vel qualis,

316. Spartanae: in further explanation of virginis. etc. or of such a maiden as Thracian Harpalyce, who wearies the horses, etc.; as antecedent of qualis, understand in thought talis; literally, of such as Thracian Harpalyce wearies, etc. In similes introduced by qualis the form of expression is usually much condensed. equos fatigat: i.e. when she challenges them to a contest of speed.

317. Harpalyce: a famous Thracian huntress. cian river. fuga in her course.

:

318. umeris: Ablative of Separation.

Hebrum: a Thra

de more habilem arcum:

the usual light bow; de more ('after the custom,' viz. of huntresses) really modifies suspenderat.

319. venatrix: in predicate relation, -as a huntress.

diffundere

ventis: to the winds to scatter. The infinitive is not infrequently used by the poets to denote purpose; B. 326, N.; A. 460; G. 423, n. 2; H. 608, 1.