174. silici from his flint stone; for the Dative of Separation, see B. 188, 2, d; A. 381; G. 345, R. 1; H. 427.

175. ignem i.e. the spark. The flame does not burst forth till later (rapuit . . . flammam, line 176). arida circum, etc.: about the leaves in which the spark has lodged, Achates places (dedit) further fuel and then (by blowing or fanning) starts the flame, -literally caught or snatched the flame; fomite is identical with the nutrimenta.

176. dedit: placed. This meaning originally belonged to the root dhe, which later became confused with the root do, 'give.'

177. Cererem: by Metonymy Ceres, the goddess of grain and harvests, stands for the grain itself. Cerealia arma: the implements

for preparing the grain for eating.

178. fessi rerum: wearied with their trials.

For this poetic use of

the genitive with adjectives, see B. 204, 4; A. 349, d; G. 374, n. 6; H. 452, 2. receptas: i.e. rescued, preserved. 179. et... et: correlatives.

grain into coarse meal.

frangere saxo: i.e. to crush the

:

180-222. Aeneas slays seven deer. Banquet of the Trojans. 180. omnem prospectum petit: scans the whole prospect. 181. pelago on the sea; ablative. Anthea si quem videat if he may catch any sight of Antheus; literally, see any Antheus. the form Anthea, see B. 47, 1; A. 81, 2; G. 66, 3; H. 109, 3; videat is Subjunctive of Indirect Question; B. 300, 3, a; A. 576, a; G. 460, 1, b; H. 649, 11, 3.

182. Phrygias :

:= Trojanas.

For

biremis: another anachronism. In

the Homeric age we find only galleys with a single bank of oars.

183. Capyn: Greek accusative form. arma: the shields of heroes are probably referred to. Papillon and Haigh refer to the Norse custom of decorating the galleys of the Vikings with rows of painted shields.

184. tris cervos: (but) three stags; Adversative Asyndeton. 186. vallis poetic plural.

187. hic here; loosely used, referring to per vallis.

:

189. capita alta ferentis cornibus arboreis: bearing their heads high with branching antlers.

190. volgus: the common herd, as opposed to the ductores; volgus is object of sternit.

191. turbam: this word is particularly appropriate to the disordered and panic-stricken herd.

192. nec prius absistit quam, etc. nor does he desist until as victor he stretches seven huge carcasses, etc.; priusquam is often thus separated into its elements. After negative sentences, clauses introduced by priusquam regularly stand in the indicative (B. 291, 2); the use of the subjunctive here is poetical.

193. humi: locative; B. 232, 2; A. 427, a ; G. 411, R. 2; H. 484, 2. numerum i.e. the number of the deer.

the number of the ships.

194. partitur: viz. the booty.

195. vina: object of dividit.

cum navibus: i.e. with

with dividit; another illustration of the free position of words in

poetry; deinde is made a dissyllable by Synizésis.

taken as ablative, - in jars; some regard it as dative.

cadis: best

196. litore Trinacrio: Aeneas and his followers had been stopping in Sicily with the Trojan Acestes just prior to their recent shipwreck. heros Acestes. : abeuntibus: viz. to the Trojans.

197. dividit: viz. Aeneas. 198. neque enim, etc.: for we are not, etc. In the phrase neque enim, neque is often equivalent to the simple non. ante malorum : of previous woes; the adverb here has the force of an adjective. 199. o passi graviora : 0 (ye) who have endured worse ills. 200. Scyllaeam rabiem : furious Scylla; literally the fury of Scylla. This form of speech is frequent in poetry. Scylla was a marine monster whom the Trojans encountered when passing near the Sicilian straits; see iii, 431 ff. penitusque sonantis scopulos: and the deepechoing cliffs, i.e. the cliffs that echoed to the barking of Scylla's dogs.

201. accestis: shortened form for accessistis; B. 116, 4, c; A. 181, b, N. 2; G. 131, 4, b, 1; H. 238, 3. vos et you too. Cyclopia saxa: i.e. the rocky coast where the Cyclops dwelt. A full account. of Aeneas's adventure with the Cyclops is given in iii. 655 ff.

202. experti: understand estis.

203. forsan et haec, etc.: perhaps sometime we shall be glad to remember even these things; juvabit is impersonal; its subject is meminisse; olim, as in line 20, refers to the future.

204. discrimina rerum: perils of fortune (C.).

205. tendimus: by omission of its object (iter, cursum, etc.) tendo has come to be used alone in the sense of 'push on,'' proceed,' 'steer.' 206. illic fas, etc.: there the sway of Troy is destined to revive; understand est, of which resurgere is subject and fas predicate nominative.

207. vosmet: emphatic for vos. rebus secundis: for brighter days (C.).

208. voce: sharply contrasted with his heart (corde), which is full of grief.

209. spem simulat, premit dolorem: the antithesis is heightened by the Chiásmus; B. 350, 11, c; A. 598, ƒ and N.; G. 682; H. 666, 2. altum corde deep in his heart.

210. illi: Aeneas's followers.

praedae: i.e. for dressing the

carcasses of the deer slain by Aeneas; Dative of Purpose.

212. secant: as object understand viscera; for the plural verb with singular subject, see B. 254, 4, a; A. 205, c, 1; G. 211, R. 1; H. 389, 1. trementia: understand frusta; the pieces still quiver, so swift is the work of the helpers.

213. aëna: for cooking a portion of the venison.

214. viris: from vis.

215. implentur : take their fill; literally, fill themselves; an instance of the passive used as middle; B. 256, 1; A. 156, a; G. 218; H. 517. Bacchi, ferinae: for the genitive, see B. 212, 1; A. 356; G. 383; H. 458, 2. Note the use of Bacchus for vinum by Metonymy; so above (line 177) we had Ceres used for frumentum.

216. exempta, remotae: est and sunt are understood. The Trojans presumably had no tables; Virgil is simply transferring the custom of his own day to the Heroic Age. epulis by feasting.

217. amissos socios requirunt: speak with regret of their lost comrades.

218. spemque metumque inter: Anastrophe. dubii seu vivere credant, etc.: doubtful whether to believe they are still alive; credant is a Deliberative Subjunctive in a dependent clause. The direct form would be credamus? are we to believe? As subject of vivere, understand eos, referring to socios; seu .. sive are used in the sense of the regular utrum .

an.

219. extrema pati: are already dead; literally, suffer the last things. nec jam and no longer. : vocatos: when called; agree

ing with the omitted subject of exaudire.

220. pius Aeneas: note that pius is very different from our 'pious.' The Latin word corresponds rather to our 'good,' 'noble,' 'devoted.' It includes all the virtues possessed by one who does his whole duty to the gods, his family, and his fellow-men; see note on pietate in line 10. Oronti genitive; see note on Achilli,

line 30.

221. secum: in his heart.

223-296. Jupiter consoles Venus by assuring her of the future greatness of Aeneas's descendants.

223. et jam finis erat: i.e. an end of the banquet; as the feast drew to an end, Jupiter fixed his eyes on the scene, and Venus addressed her father. cum constitit et defixit: an instance of cum inversum; B. 288, 2; A. 546, a; G. 581; H. 600, 1.

224. terras jacentis: i.e. the lands lying spread out to view. 225. sic: viz. with his eyes on the sea, lands, and peoples. 226. regnis: ablative.

talis curas: i.e. such cares as

227. illum: object of alloquitur. would naturally suggest themselves to the king of the gods as he contemplated the world and its peoples.

228. tristior: i.e. sadder than was her wont. Ordinarily Venus is 'the smiling goddess,'-Gr. piλoμμeidńs. lacrimis oculos suffusa nitentis her sparkling eyes bedewed with tears; literally, having suffused her sparkling eyes with tears; oculos is direct object of suffusa, which is here used with middle force; B. 175, 2, d; A. 397, c; G. 338, 2; H. 407.

229. o qui, etc.: O thou that rulest, etc.

230. terres used absolutely, ·causest terror. 231. quid tantum: i.e. what crime so great? understand potuit from potuere.

Aeneas: as verb

232. potuere: understand committere. quibus . passis: to whom after suffering so many disasters. The Trojans had already suffered many afflictions since the fall of Troy. For seven years they had been wandering, vainly seeking a permanent abode.

233. cunctus orbis: rhetorical exaggeration. ob Italiam: to prevent them from reaching Italy; literally, on account of Italy.

234. certe with pollicitus (es). hinc viz. from this race (the Trojans). olim volventibus annis: hereafter, as the years rolled on. fore should arise; dependent on pollicitus.

235. revocato a sanguine Teucri : from the revived stock of Teucer. Teucer was the first Trojan king. His stock is to revive in his descendants.

236. qui tenerent: who should hold; representing a future indicative of direct statement. omni dicione: with full sway.

237. pollicitus: understand es.

turns thee from thy first resolve?

quae te, etc. i.e. what purpose

238. hoc with this; i.e. with this hope, this promise. equidem : at least. occasum solabar: I sought to console myself for the fall; Conative Imperfect.

239. fatis contraria fata rependens: literally, balancing hostile fate against fate. In English, we should reverse the terms and say, weighing fate against opposing fate, i.e. weighing good destiny against evil; fatis is dative.

242. Antenor: a noble Trojan, who escaped after the fall of Troy, and making his way to Italy settled at Patavium (the modern Padua). mediis Achivis: i.e. from the Greeks about Troy.

243. Illyricos sinus: the Adriatic, proverbially a stormy sea. intima regna Liburnorum: a dangerous region, for the Liburnians were known as wild marauders. tutus: safely. The word is purposely placed next to intima, to bring out more effectively the contrast between the dangers Antenor encountered and the safety with which he evaded them, he was secure even in the inmost fastnesses of the wild Liburnians.

244. fontem: source.

superare: pass on beyond. The word involves the added idea of surmounting difficulties. Timavi: the modern Timavo, a river at the head of the Adriatic Sea in modern Austria. After a subterranean course of nearly twenty-five miles, it emerges from the ground a short distance from the sea, and flows with a swift current into the Gulf of Trieste. By referring to this strange natural phenomenon, Virgil means to suggest that the sight of such a marvel might well appall the stoutest heart.

245. unde its antecedent is fontem. : per ora novem: the openings through which the subterranean river emerges to the surface. cum murmure montis: i.e. the mountain side re-echoes with the noise of the emerging water.

246. it mare proruptum: it (the river) advances, a dashing sea; i.e. the water comes out in great volume.

sounding flood.

pelago sonanti: with re

tamen: i.e. though we can

247. hic viz. in northern Italy. : accomplish nothing, yet Antenor was allowed to settle, etc.

248. genti nomen dedit: he is said to have given the name of Veneti to the nation he established. arma fixit: i.e. hung them up upon some temple wall, a sign of the peaceful nature of his reign.

249. nunc

quiescit: he now enjoys repose, settled in tranquil peace; compostus is by Syncope for compositus; cf. repostum in line

26.

250. nos: Venus includes herself with Aeneas and his followers. annuis: from annuo. The word suggests the formal nod with which Jupiter was wont to seal his promises.