92. frigore: i.e. with chilling terror. The ancients were less careful than we to conceal emotion: hence the heroes of classical poetry are often represented as giving way to terror or grief.

93. duplicis . . palmas: in prayer the two hands were extended, palms upwards; duplicis is poetically used for ambas.

94. talia voce refert: i.e. speaks thus ; literally, utters with his voice such things; viz. such as follow. beati limiting ei understood, the antecedent of quis. Aeneas is thinking of those of his countrymen who had been fortunate enough to die before Troy was destroyed. 95. quis dative plural with contigit, — to whose lot it fell; quis for quibus is frequent in the poets.

96. oppetere: understand mortem; to die; subject of contigit. 97. Tydide: thou son of Tydeus, viz. Diomedes, one of the chief champions of the Greeks at the siege of Troy. Aeneas had fought against Diomedes in single combat and had escaped death at his hands only by the intervention of his goddess mother, Venus. For the declension of Tydide, see B. 22; A. 44; G. 65; H. 81. mene non potuisse alas that I could not! exclamatory infinitive; B. 334; A. 462; G. 534; H. 616, 3. In line 37, mene incepto desistere, etc., -ne had interrogative force; here it is intensive.

:

98. hanc meam.

99. saevus: stern, dread. Aeacidae of the son of Aeacus; the reference is to Achilles, who was the son of Peleus and grandson of Aeacus. But patronymics apply to all descendants in the direct line. telo jacet: lies (slain) by the spear; telo is Ablative of Means. ingens Sarpedon: Sarpedon, the son of Jupiter, was king of the Lycians, and assisted the Trojans in their struggle against the Greeks, until finally slain by Patroclus. As verb understand jacet; ingens refers to Sarpedon's size and stature. (Sarpedon's giant bulk, C.)

100. ubi Simois, etc.: where the Simois sweeps along its channel so many shields and helms and bodies of gallant heroes, hurried onward beneath its waves. By Hypállage, fortia is made to agree with corpora; logically it limits virum.

101. scuta . . . corpora: i.e. the bodies and armor of the heroes who fought in the war.

102. talia jactanti: as he gave utterance to these words; jactanti limits ei understood, a Dative of Reference; literally, to him uttering such things; B. 188,1; A. 376; G. 350, 2; H. 425, 4; jacto, as a frequentative of jacio, applies especially to energetic, excited utterance. stridens Aquilone procella: a howling blast from the north; literally, howling with, or because of, Aquilo.

103. velum adversa ferit: strikes the sail full in front. Aeneas and his followers were headed north. Note that adversa is an adjective agreeing with procella, - literally facing.

104. avertit: here used intransitively.

105. dat: exposes.

106. hi... his: some .

of the different ships.

107. terram: the bottom.

furit aestus harenis: the boiling

waters are mingled with sand, i.e. from the bottom; literally, rage, are confused, with sand.

108. tris: understand navis (acc. plu. ), object of torquet. abreptas torquet: snatches and hurls; B. 337, 5; A. 496, n. 2; G. 664, r. 1; H. 639.

109. saxa: i.e. the rocks just mentioned in line 108; saxa is direct object of vocant, Aras predicate accusative.

quae under

stand sunt. Aras: the Altars, the name given to a ledge of rocks off the African coast.

110. dorsum in apposition with Aras. : surface of the sea.

mari summo: at the

111. miserabile visu: wretched to behold; miserabile limits the general idea contained in the previous statement. For the construction of visu, see B. 340, 2; A. 510; G. 436; H. 635, 1.

113. unam: understand navem.

22; A. 44; G. 65; H. 81.

114. ipsius: Aeneas; -žus, like illius in line 16. above.

:

a vertice from The phrase limits pontus. This usage is relatively rare, for prepositional phrases are but sparingly used in Latin to limit

nouns.

...

in

115. excutitur: i.e. is dashed from his post. pronusque. caput and is hurled headlong (in caput) forward (pronus); magister, though belonging with both verbs, is placed with the second. This is in accordance with the freedom of poetic diction.

116. illam: the vessel.

117. torquet agens circum: literally, twists, driving it around. Translate: hurls round and round; circum is the adverb. The abundance of dactyls in this line is admirably suited to a description of the whirling vessel and the rushing waters.

118. apparent rari, etc.: here and there appear (men) swimming (also) weapons, planks, etc. The many spondees in this line suggest the painful struggles of the swimming sailors.

...

119. arma: for example, helmets and shields.

120. Ilionei for the form of the genitive, and the Synizésis, see note on Oilei, line 41. For the form Achatae, see B. 22; A. 44; G. 65; H. 81.

121. qua: as antecedent understand eam, object of vicit. vectus: understand est.

122. hiemps: the storm. timbers.

laxis compagibus: through the loosened

123. rimis: with cracks; Ablative of Attendant Circumstance.

124-156. Neptune quiets the storm.

124. magno misceri murmure: note the Alliteration; murmure is an Ablative of Attendant Circumstance.

125. emissam, refusa: understand esse. of Separation.

imis vadis: Ablative

126. stagna: i.e. the still deep waters, which were disturbed only by storms. graviter commotus: in great agitation; with Neptunus. The perfect passive participle ordinarily denotes an action prior to that of the main verb, but occasionally, as here, the participle denotes contemporary action. alto prospiciens: gazing out upon the deep; alto

is Ablative of Place Where.

127. summa unda: on the crest of a wave.

128. disjectam: the emphatic idea is placed first.

129. Troǎs: for the form, see B. 47, 3; A. 81, 5; G. 66, 4; H. 109, 5. caeli ruina: the descending fury of the heavens; i.e. the fury of the winds, which seemed to descend from the sky.

130. latuere: escape the notice of; the verb is transitive, and hence takes the accusative, fratrem. fratrem: viz. Neptune.

131. dehinc: to be read as one syllable by Synizésis.

132. tantane vos, etc.: did so great pride (literally, confidence) in your birth possess you? The god speaks with sarcasm, for the winds were of inferior origin, being sprung from Aurora and the Titan Astraeus.

133. jam audetis: is it come to this (jam) that ye dare? Note the absence of any interrogative particle to introduce this question. This occurs chiefly in impassioned questions, such as this.

6

135. quos ego-! sed, etc.: the god begins a threat, but leaves it unfinished. This figure is called Aposiopésis, a breaking off in silence.' praestat: it is better.

non simili poena: by no like

136. post: hereafter; the adverb. penalty, i.e. by a much heavier one; Litotes. 137. regi vestro: Aeolus.

138. non illi: not to him, the emphatic member of the sentence. tridentem: the regular symbol of Neptune's power.

139. sorte: Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto had divided the world between them by lot, Jupiter receiving dominion of the sky, Neptune of the sea, and Pluto of the nether regions.

140. vestras this must refer to all the winds, though Neptune is speaking to Eurus alone. illa se jactet, etc.: the emphasis rests on

illa,

let that be the hall in which Aeolus vaunts himself; literally, in that hall let Aeolus vaunt, etc.; jactet is Jussive Subjunctive.

141. clauso this word also is emphatic; i.e. let him keep his prison closed while he reigns; let him not open it to permit the winds to escape again.

142. dicto citius: ere his words are done (C.); literally, more quickly than said; B. 217, 4; A. 406, a; G. 398, 1; H. 471, 8.

144. annixus: though grammatically agreeing with Triton, this belongs logically with Cymothoe also.

145. ipse: Neptune. tridenti: for the form of the ablative, see B. 70, 5; A. 76, b, 2; G. 57, R. 2, N.; H. 102, 6.

148. saepe: i.e. as often happens.

150. volant: i.e. are hurled through the air.

:

furor arma minis

trat i.e. in their frenzy they seize as weapons whatever serves their purpose.

151. pietate: character.

si forte virum, etc.: if haply they have

seen some man; quem is the indefinite pronoun.

152. conspexere, silent, astant: plural, owing to the force of the collectives populo, volgus.

155. genitor: Neptune. invectus driving; literally, borne on; another instance of the perfect passive participle denoting contemporary action. caelo aperto: under a clear sky; traces of the storm have already vanished; caelo is Ablative of Attendant Circumstance, literally, with a clear sky.

curru

156. flectit, dat: Historical Presents in subordinate clauses. secundo: to his obedient car (C.); for the form curru as dative, see B. 49, 2; A. 92, c; G. 61, r. 1; H. 131, 2; Appendix to Bennett's Latin Grammar, 163; curru refers not merely to the car itself but includes the horses as well; secundo is used with its original force as a derivative of sequor, 'following,' i.e. not resisting,'' obedient.'

157-179. Seven ships of Aeneas's fleet come safely to harbor.

157. Aeneadae: the followers (literally, sons) of Aeneas. quae proxima litora: poetical circumlocution for the nearest shores'; sunt

is to be supplied in thought; litora, which we should expect to be the object of petere, is here incorporated in the relative clause; B. 251, 4; A. 307, b; G. 616; H. 399, 3.

158. vertuntur: i.e. make for.

159. in secessu longo: i.e. the bay penetrates far inland. insula portum, etc.: i.e. the island, lying at the entrance of the bay, makes it an excellent harbor. As object of efficit understand eum referring to secessu or locus; portum is predicate accusative.

160. ab alto: another instance of a prepositional phrase limiting a noun; see note on line 114.

161. sinus reductos: the retired nooks of the shore. sese: i.e. disappears in receding undulations.

scindit

162. hinc . hinc on this side . . . on that. rupes: cliffs, extending along the shores; as verb understand sunt. gemini scopuli: i.e. two rocks or crags, one at each side of the harbor entrance.

163. in caelum: heavenward.

tum i.e. in addi

164. tuta silent: i.e. lie hushed and tranquil. tion. silvis scaena coruscis: a background of waving woods; silvis coruscis is an Ablative of Quality. In the poets, this ablative is often used as here to denote the material of which something consists; scaena, literally the stage of a theatre, is here used to denote the scenic background of the picture which the poet is describing; as verb supply est.

165. horrenti umbra: with its bristling shades; horrenti is probably intended to suggest bristling evergreens, - pines, firs, etc. imminet: i.e. overhangs, or overlooks, the harbor.

166. fronte sub adversa: under the brow (of the cliffs) facing (the harbor). scopulis pendentibus, vivo saxo: Ablatives of Quality, denoting material.

167. dulces: i.e. fresh. vivo sedilia saxo: i.e. natural seats, not hewn out by hand.

168. domus: in loose apposition with what precedes.

169. ancora: this reference to anchors involves an anachronism. Ships were not moored with anchors in the Homeric age, but with stones (evval).

170. omni ex numero: as we learn from line 393, there were twenty ships in all.

:

172. Troěs note the quantity of the e; B. 47, 2; A. 81, 4; G. 66, 4; harena : for the ablative, see B. 218, 1; A. 410; G. 407;

H. 109, 4.

H. 477, I.