tress by Edward III. Richard II. took refuge here with his court and nobles to the number of 600 persons at the time of Wat Tyler's insurrection. In 1399 whilst being imprisoned here he was deposed. Edward IV. kept splendid court in the Tower. Henry VI., twice a prisoner here, died in the fortress in 1471. The tradition that George Duke of Clarence was drowned in the Tower in a butt of malmsey is well known; and equally well known is the story of the two princes, Edward V. and his brother, murdered here at the wish of the usurper Richard, whose deposer and successor, Henry VII. often made the Tower his residence, and here held a great tournament in 1501, two years before the death of his queen, who expired here. His son received here in state all his wives before his marriages, and two of them, Anne Boleyn and Catharine Howard, were beheaded where they had seen so much splendour. The youthful Edward VI. held his court here before he was crowned. The Protector Somerset was imprisoned here before he was beheaded on Tower Hill. Lady Jane Grey and her husband suffered the same punishment within the precincts of the Tower. The princess (afterwards queen) Elizabeth having been suspected of abetting Sir Thomas Wyatt's schemes was sent to the Tower, and as she entered traitor's gate she exclaimed, "Here landeth as true a subject, being a prisoner, as ever landed at these stairs; and before thee, O God, I speak it." The pedant James frequently amused himself with witnessing the combats of the wild beasts then kept in the Tower. He was the last of our sovereigns who resided here, and the palace itself having become ruinous, was pulled down 150 years ago. It occupied the south-eastern portion of

the inner ward.

It may be interesting to recount the names of the more distinguished persons who have been confined in this fortress :Griffin, Prince of Wales, killed in attempting to escape, 1240; Baliol, king of Scotland, and some of his nobility, 1296; William Wallace, 1305; the Knights Templar, 1307; Lord Mortimer, Queen Isabella's paramour, 1324 and 1330; David Bruce, king of Scotland, and his chieftains, taken prisoners at Neville's Cross, 1347; the Governor and twelve citizens of Calais, 1347; John, king of France, captured at Poictiers, 1357; Duke of Orleans, father of Louis XII., 1415; John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, 1534; Sir Thomas More, 1534; Cromwell, Earl of Essex, 1540; Latimer, 1541; Duke of Norfolk and his son,

the poet, Earl of Surrey, 1547; Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley, 1553; Sir Thomas Wyatt, 1554; Earl of Southampton, Shakspere's patron, 1562; Guy Fawkes and the other conspirators, 1606; Sir Thomas Overbury, 1613; Countess of Somerset, 1616; Sir Walter Raleigh on three occasions; Lord Bacon, 1622; Sir Edward Coke, 1622; Felton, Buckingham's assassin, 1628; John Selden, 1628; Earl of Strafford, Archbishop Laud, and Bishop Hall, 1641; Jeremy Taylor, 1648; Sir Wm. Davenant, 1651; Villiers, second Duke of Buckingham, 1651; Harington, the author of Oceana, 1661; Viscount Stafford (afterwards beheaded), 1678; Samuel Pepys, 1679; Earl of Shaftesbury, 1681; Lord William Russell and Algernon Sidney, 1683; James, Duke of Monmouth, 1685; Lord Jeffreys, the seven bishops, the first Duke of Marlborough, 1692; Sir Robert Walpole, 1712; Harley, Earl of Oxford, Earl of Derwentwater, and Earl of Nithsdale, 1715; Bishop Atterbury, and Lord Orrery, 1722; Lords Kilmarnock, Balmerino, and Lovat, 1746; Earl Ferrers, 1760; John Wilkes, 1762; Lord George Gordon, 1780; John Horne Tooke, and others, 1794; Sir Francis Burdett, 1810; Thistlewood, 1820.

It may also be mentioned that Chaucer was appointed clerk of the works in the Tower in Richard II.'s reign, and that he composed his poem, "The Testament of Love," here. Sir Walter Raleigh wrote his "History of the World" in the fortress, and here his son Carew was born. Mrs. Lucy Hutchinson, and the Countess of Bedford, mother of Lord William Russell, were born here. The latter was the daughter of the infamous Countess of Somerset, who was implicated in Sir Thomas Overbury's murder.

Visitors, on entering the gates near the east end of Lower Thames Street, must obtain tickets at the office on the right. For an armoury ticket admitting one person sixpence is charged, and for a ticket to see the Regalia the same sum. A warder takes charge of visitors every half hour, or as soon as a party of 12 has assembled, from half-past ten to four, for six days in the week. The warders, who form a body of 48 men, are usually meritorious soldiers who have seen service, and they are dressed on state occasions in the attire of yeomen of the guard of Henry VIII.'s time. At ordinary times they wear black velvet hats and dark blue tunics. Refreshments are to be obtained in the waitingroom of the ticket-office. This was the site of the building where the lions were kept formerly, one of the attractions of the Tower

(hence the phrase "to see the lions "). The last animals were sent to the Zoological Gardens in 1834.

Crossing the moat-bridge, and passing under the Middle Tower, we arrive at Traitors' Gate, a square building erected over the moat. Here persons charged with high treason were brought into the Tower, and through it "went Sidney, Russell, Raleigh, Cranmer, More." It now contains a steam-engine employed in the raising of water. Opposite this is the Bloody Tower, where it is said the princes were smothered. Raleigh was confined in the room over the Bloody Tower, and this was the scene of his literary labours, of Ben Jonson's visits to him, and of Prince Henry's lessons. Adjoining the Bloody Tower is the Wakefield Tower, so called from some of the Yorkists having been imprisoned in it after the battle of Wakefield (1460). After the White Tower, it is the largest Tower. The walls are 13 feet thick. Until lately it was used as a depository for records. Passing through Bloody Tower gateway, we arrive at the base of the White Tower and the entrance to the Horse Armoury, outside of which are several pieces of ancient cannon. Amongst those may be noticed a brass gun of Henry VII.'s time, the earliest brass gun in the collection; a brass gun and an iron gun obtained from the wreck of the "Royal George;" two brass guns taken from the Spaniards at Vigo in 1702 by Sir George Rooke; an iron gun which lay at the bottom of the sea for 300 years in the wreck of the Mary Rose," Henry VIII.'s ship; a gun taken from the Chinese in 1842. The pile of building on the south of the space where these cannons are placed belongs to the War Office, the headquarters of which are in Pall Mall.

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The Horse Armoury is at the south foot of the White Tower, and was completed in 1826. It is 150 feet long and 34 wide, and is filled with specimens of ancient armour, arranged by the late Sir Samuel Meyrick, well known for his researches into the subject, and the author of a critical work on ancient armour. Trophies and emblematic devices composed of weapons are tastefully arranged on the walls and ceiling. There are many curious pieces of armour and weapons in the vestibules at each end of the gallery; and in glass cases beneath the windows are deposited many objects worth notice. Down the centre of the gallery is stationed a series of mounted figures in armour, to which various distinguished names have been assigned, although there is no evidence that the armour really belonged to them except in

a few instances. The series begins with Edward 1. (1272), and the armour worn by the effigy of this monarch (undoubtedly dating from his reign) consists of chain mail, the spurs being prick-spurs. Henry VI. (1422-61), the back and breastplates of flexible armour, composed of overlapping plates and moving on pivots; the sleeves and skirt of chain mail. Edward IV. (1461-83), in tournament armour; the lance is modern, but its guard is ancient and highly curious. Richard III.'s time (1483-85), ribbed armour; this suit was worn by a late Marquis of Waterford at the Eglinton tournament. This kind of armour was worn in the wars of the Roses, and at the battle of Bosworth field. The helmet is a salade with ear-guards. Henry VII. (1485-1509), fluted armour with globular breastplate, the helmet a burgonet. The horse armour is also fluted, and is a complete suit except the flank pieces. Of the same period is another suit of fluted globose armour, worn by a standing figure. Henry VIII. (1509-46). This suit was actually worn by that king. It is inlaid with gold. Notice the large square-toed stirrup shoes. Next to this is a specimen of an Italian splinted cuirass such as was worn by the banditti at the end of the 15th century; and next to this, two figures named Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, and Edward Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, with suits resembling that of Henry VIII. Of the same period, is that of a foot soldier, which has raised figures of polished steel on a dark ground. In the middle recess of the southern wall is another equestrian figure of Henry VIII. wearing a suit of very curious armour of German make, which is supposed to have been presented to that monarch, on his marriage with Katherine of Arragon, by the Emperor Maximilian. The rose and pomegranate badges of the king and queen appear as ornaments. The king's badges, the Portcullis, the Fleur-de-lys, and St. George and the Dragon, are also seen, as well as the initials of the royal pair united by a lover's knot. Edward VI. (1552), russet armour inlaid with gold, and ornamented with arabesque designs; the helmet a burgonet. Notice the badges of Burgundy and Granada, which have led to the conjecture that the armour belonged to the young Duke of Burgundy, afterwards king of Spain, and father of the Emperor Charles V. Francis Hastings, Earl of Hastings, time of Queen Mary (1555); the armour very heavy. Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Queen Elizabeth's courtier (1560). On the chanfron of the horse's head is the family badge of the Dudleys, the bear and ragged staff, and the initials R. D. are engraved on