714. desertae, 'lonely', for the temples of Ceres were built in unfrequented spots that they might only be visited by worshippers.

716. ex diverso, again for safety, 'from different quarters'. He does not explain how this is to be done if Creusa strictly servat vestigia: but a poet may be excused such a trifling oversight.

719. attrectare nefas, cf. 167, where the same idea occurs. vivo, 'living', pretty picturesque word for 'running', 'fresh'.

722. insternor. Aeneas probably does it himself, in which case this will be another instance of an imitation of the Greek middle: 'I spread my shoulders...over with a covering of lion's skin', super being an adverb, and umeros the acc. after verbs of clothing which we have seen (510) is used even with the passive.

The veste and the pelle re the same thing from two aspects (hendiadys).

724. Observe the simple beauty of all these natural details. Aeneas as the tender father and loving son is more interesting than the fateladen hero of the later books. And these touches of common human love stand out against the ruin and slaughter of the rest of the tale.

727. We should say 'the Greeks fronting me in serried ranks': the Latin says 'out of': the meaning is that the danger, the darts, &c. come out of the rank.

729. suspensum, 'alarmed'. There is an almost modern insight in this idea, that he only first felt fear when these helpless ones were in danger with him. Vergil often shews a refined imagination beyond his age.

[730-751. At a sudden alarm he takes a different way, and loses himself: when they reach the rendezvous Creusa is missing. Distracted with grief he returns to find her.]

731. evasisse, 'safely passed': the accusative, because of the sense. Many verbs properly intrans. get accusative from acquiring a secondary transitive meaning: e. g. excedere, egredi, exire, eniti, erumpere, evagari, &c.

732. Observe the rapid tramping sound about the line descriptive of the thing.

735. male belongs to amicum, like male fida, 23. 'In my hurry some unfriendly power stole my bewildered sense', accumulated expression, see 131.

737. regione in its proper original sense of 'line' or 'direction' from rego 'to guide'.

738. misero could conceivably go with fato, though it would be rather harsh. It is far better to take it dat. agreeing with mihi, easily understood.

739. There are several irregularities here. fatone...erravitne: the two ne's would strictly be attached to the verbs: and ne...an is the strict usage, though poetry has many varieties. The chief point is the use of the indicatives substitit, erravit, resedit in the indirect question: a looseness which is probably due to incertum on which they depend coming last the sentence starts as though for a direct question, and the structure is modified.

Also observe the unusual seu for an.

741. respexi in a kind of pregnant sense 'looked back for', 'looked back to see'.

742. tumulus, the rising on which the temple stood.

744. et comites...fefellit, and slipped her comrades, son and spouse': fefellit in a slightly unusual sense, 'gave them the slip', 'was missing'.

745. Notice the que which is cut off at the end of the line before aut in the next. So IV. 558 vocemque coloremque | Et... v. 422 lacertosque | Exuit : and even after full stop, IV. 629 ...ipsique nepotesque. Haec ait...

749. cingor, 'gird myself', practically middle, see 707, 723.
750. stat, I purpose', like sedet 660.

[752-804. I return and find the houses burning, the Greeks everywhere: the citadel beset, the spoil of Troy guarded, and the captives standing round. I called aloud for Creusa in the streets: her shade appeared to me and bade me weep no more. A new realm was in store for me: she would see no captivity, but the goddess Cybele kept her in her presence. I parted with embraces. Returning I find a crowd ready for exile: the Daystar rose on us: I took my father on my shoulders and went forth.]

753. vestigia retro observata sequor, 'search again and retrace'.

754. lustro, 'scan': the assonance with lumine is of course intentional.

755. animos, poet. plur. See line 697.

756. si forte tulisset, if perchance she had'. The pluperf. really is the same as explained above, 94 and 136, and depends on the understood idea of looking, searching to see.

761. asylo (Greek word, a- 'not', ovláw 'rob' or 'break into') 'inviolable place''sanctuary'. The word is doubtless chosen as suggesting the idea of taking refuge there and being safe.

762. Phoenix, another Homeric personage, the comrade in arms of Achilles.

765. auro solidi, 'solid with gold', a characteristic variation for of solid gold', ex aureo solido or auri solidi.

772. Observe the accumulation again simulacrum-umbra-imago. 773. nota maior, 'larger than her wont', 'larger than life' (C), for she was now a shade, and the dead were wont so to appear.

774. steterunt, e short, a licence V. employs with this word and tulerunt. The line is a formula of Vergil's for sudden surprise.

775. adfari, historic infin., see 99.

779. ille, 'Great Iuppiter', 'Iuppiter above', the demonstrative suggesting the power and presence of the god. So Iuppiter ille VII. 110: Pater ille VII 558. For somewhat similar vivid use of the demonstra. tive compare XII 5 saucius ille leo; XI 493 equus ille in pastus tendit.

780. arandum, to be taken with aequor, for you long exile [remains], an endless waste of waters to plough'.

781. et, 'and' you will come: a variation of the natural structure 'ere' you come.

Hesperiam, (the 'Western' land from Hesperus the evening star) one of the numerous Greek names for Italy.

The Tiber (Thybris) is called Lydian from the old tradition that the

Lydians colonised Etruria through which Tiber flows. Lydorum quidquid Etruscos incoluit fines, Hor. Sat. 1. vi. 1: Lydorum manum (Etruscans) Aen. IX. II.

783. 'There a happy life and realm and royal bride is won for thee'. The certain future is treated as already accomplished by the prophetic shade.

785. For the names see 7.

786. servitum, 'to be a slave', the so-called supine: really acc. of verbal subst. servitus 'a serving': the acc. of motion with ibo.

787. The broken line is perhaps more impressive than if completed. A MS. reading et tua coniunx is found: not Vergil's probably, but

rather fine.

788. The 'Great mother of the Gods' is Cybele, a Phrygian deity whose worship was imported into Italy. She had a wild ritual, and many Phrygian myths were told about her. She is represented elsewhere in the Aeneid as being favourable to Aeneas, e.g. ix. 80, where she gives him her own trees for ships and prays Iuppiter to make them proof against storm. Here she keeps Creusa's shade as her companion and under her protection.

792-4. These three beautiful and pathetic lines (imitated, with perhaps less simplicity but more feeling, from Hom. Od. XI. 206) occur again in Book VI. 700, of the parting in the underworld between Aeneas and Anchises.

collo dare circum. The orig. construction of circumdare (here divided) is acc. of thing put round, and dat. of thing round which it is put. It easily gets secondary meaning 'to surround': then the construction follows the meaning, and takes acc. of thing surrounded, the covering being instrumental abl.

794. Sleep is imaginatively called 'winged', the suggestion perhaps coming from the beautiful Greek sculpture of the winged head of sleep. 798. exsilio, 'for exile', dat. of purpose, or contemplated end.

799. parati is variation for paratis, 'ready with hearts and goods', the combination of abstract and concrete being characteristic: 'to follow me' is easily supplied by the reader.

800. deducere, the regular word for taking out a colony. As to the subjunctive velim, the sentence is virtually oblique as it practically expresses the will of the people to go wherever Aeneas wishes to take them : also the indefinite quascunque may naturally take subjunctive: so there are two reasons.

801. Lucifer, 'the Morning star', a translation of the Greek name for it, purpopos 'the light-bringer'.

803. opis, 'help' to my city.

804. cessi, 'I retired' from the hopeless struggle, and the dear but fallen town.

Observe the true poetic feeling with which Vergil ends this splendid but tragic description of the fall of Troy with the rise of the Daystar on the dawn of a new calm and hope.

SCHEME OF LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE, WITH REFERENCES TO THIS BOOK.

Past jussive: faceret or fecisset 'he ought to have done

it' past optative: fecissent utinam [110]

(b) indirect:

dic faciat 'bid him do it' [75]

(c) interrogative: [Deliberative]

I. direct: quid faciam? 'what am I to do?

2. indirect: nesciebat quid faceret 'he knew not what to do'

2. FINAL (Purpose)

(a) with ut, ne, &c.

vigilo ut legam 'I watch that I may read' [60, 187, 434, 667] oro ut abeas 'I pray you to go away'

(b) with relatives: mitto qui faciat 'I send a man to do it' [184]

(c) with dum, priusquam (implying purpose)

maneo dum faciat 'I wait till he does it' [136]

3. CONSECUTIVE (Result)

(a) with ut: tantum est ut timeam 'it is so great that I fear'

(b) with qui: non is sum qui faciam ‘I am not the man to do

it' [536]

4. CONDITIONAL:

(a) Principal verb (apodosis)

faciam, fecerim 'I would do'

facerem, fecissem 'I would have done (been doing)' [55, 292, 642]

if no Protasis often called POTENTIAL [8, 77, 104, 362, 390, 506]

irregular: primary for past [600]