305. rapidus...torrens] The whole phrase goes closely together, montano flumine being a sort of abl. of quality-'a whirling mountain torrent.'

306. sternit...sternit] This vigorous and rhetorical method of joining clauses by repeating an important word has been already referred to (108 n.), but is at once so effective and so useful that the attention of young students may be drawn to the following instances, 325 fuimus...fuit; 358 n.; 483 apparet...apparent; 499 vidi...vidi; 560 subiit...subiit.

laeta: a common epithet of crops='joyous,' 'bounteous'; cf. Ps. lxv. 13 the valleys also are covered over with corn; they shout for joy, they sing.'

labores='things produced by labour,' i.e. the crops, cf. Ps. cxxviii. 2 'thou shalt eat the labour of thy hands.' Similar words are 5. 359 artes, 'works of art'; 1. 455 manus 'objects of handiwork'; 6. 683 manus 'exploits.'

307. inscius] Because he has just been roused by the sound, and is still dazed and ignorant of its cause.

309. tum vero...] 'then truly the proof was plain': the warnings of Hector were confirmed by the plain evidence of my senses. Fides is here not faith,' belief, but that which causes faith,' or 'belief'; cf. Soph. El. 887 Tiv' idoûσa πíoti;

310. dedit ruinam] 'has made' or 'caused ruin,' i.e. has fallen in ruin; cf. 482 dedit fenestram; 6. 76 finem dedit; Lucr. 2. 1149 moenia...dabunt labem putresque ruinas. The Latin do represents two roots, da (from which didw) and dha (from which rienu), and Virgil and Lucretius are fond of using it in the sense of place,' 'make,' which is still found in compounds, e.g. abdo I place apart,' condo 'I place together,' v. Munro Lucr. 4. 41.

311. superante] With a double force='vanquishing' and also 'towering over.

312. Ucalegon] The name of the owner put for the house. Cf. 3. 275 Apollo 'the temple of Apollo,' 552 diva Lacinia= her temple; 5. 498 Acestes the lot with the name of Acestes on it.

314. nec sat...] 'nor in (taking) arms is there reason good' sat rationis is 'sufficient reason : to justify me in taking them with armis supply capiendis from capio.

:

315. glomerare] Dependent on the sense of 'desire' in ardent animi-'my spirit burns to gather together a troop for

war.

316. furor...] 'rage and wrath urge on my soul, and I

think how glorious it is to die in battle': lit. 'it occurs to me that it is glorious....'

318-369. Panthus flying from the citadel meets me and tells me that all is lost and that the Greeks are masters of Troy. His words only add fuel to my wrath and I rush to battle. Some Trojans join me and I exhort them to a last desperate effort. Fierce as famished wolves we fight our way towards the heart of the city through scenes of woe and death.

318. Panthūs]=Пáv0oos, Пáv0ovs, cf. 322 Panthū=Пáv00€, Πάνθου.

320. manu...
..ipse] 'with his own hand,' cf. 4. 344 n.
limina: i.e. of Anchises' house.

322. res summa] Nettleship shows by quotations that res summa is an old Latin phrase for the later res publica, and explains How fares the state?' How stands the common weal?', but it seems simpler to take it as 'the main battle,' and to render either 'How stands' or 'Where is the main battle?'

quam prendimus arcem? cannot mean 'what citadel are we seizing?' It would be ridiculous for Aeneas to ask the flying Panthus such a question, for (1) 'we' is naturally = 'you and I,' and Aeneas and Panthus were not seizing any citadel, or (2), if 'we' be taken as = 'our fellow-countrymen,' Aeneas has no reason for supposing that they were seizing a citadel, for, if they had been, Panthus would naturally be with them and not running away.

The phrase is therefore to be rendered 'What place of defence are we to occupy ?', the indicative being used vividly for the more customary subjunctive, cf. 3. 88 n.

323. gemitu] The abl. used almost adverbially, 'with a groan,' 'groaning.' Cf. 225 lapsu, 498 cumulo 'in a heap,' 565 saltu, 736 cursu; 1. 105 cumulo, 157 cursu, 677 n. accitu; 3. 417 medio, vi; 5. 450 studiis eagerly.'

324. ineluctabile tempus] Cf. 'the inevitable hour,' Gray's Elegy.

325. fuimus...] The perfect of sum is often used euphemistically. He, who has been,' 'is not' and so 'is dead,' 'is non-existent.' Cf. 3. 11 ubi Troia fuit; Tib. 3. 5. 3 sive erimus seu nos fata fuisse velint whether we shall be alive or dead'; Gen. xlii. 13 'the youngest is this day with our father, and one is not'; St. Matt. ii. 18. 'We Trojans are no more: Ilium is no more and the mighty glory of Dardania.'

326. ferus...] 'wrathful Jupiter has removed all to Argos.' The reference is to a belief that the gods quitted a conquered city, cf. 351 n.; Jupiter, the greatest of the gods, is here described as not merely having departed but having gone over to the enemy. Omnia is perfectly general and suggests a thorough flitting, not merely a temporary departure.

328. arduus..] 'as it stands towering at the city's centre the horse pours forth armed men, and triumphant Sinon spreads fire and confusion.'

330. portis bipatentibus] 'the wide-open gates'; the gates with both halves flung back.

alii: some' i.e. of the Greeks.

332. angusta viarum] Probably not merely = angustas vias narrow ways,' but 'the narrow places of the streets.' Cf. 725 per opaca locorum by those spots that were in shadow'; 1. 422 n. strata viarum; 6. 633.

333. stat...] Observe the force and vigour of stat: the firmly gripped sword is personified as 'standing firm' and impatient for the slaughter.

334. primi] Certainly not 'at the entrance,' as Conington takes it, but strictly with vix, 'scarce do the first guards': the guards who are first attacked make a brief and blind resistance, the rest none.

335. caeco Marte] 'in blind' or 'aimless warfare.' Caecus is often used metaphorically, e.g. as an epithet of 'fear,' 'passion,' 'frenzy' or the like, and cf. 4. 209 n. Those who take it literally here of fighting in the dark' are perplexed by the mention of the moonlight immediately after in 340, but cf. 360 n.

337. quo tristis...] 'whither the baleful Fury, whither the roar (of battle) summons me.' The Fury' is the personification of the power that delights in carnage.

340. oblati per lunam] 'meeting us in the moonlight': per lunam on the analogy of per noctem, cf. 6. 270.

341. adglomerant] It is better to consider se as mentally carried on from addunt se than to regard adglomerant as used intransitively: 'join the band at our side.'

342. illis diebus] Not merely eo tempore, but ille must be emphatic'in those (last fatal) days.' forte, 'as it happened.'

343. insano] Not merely a general epithet of love, but with special force because his love brought him to his death.

344. gener] He does not seem ever to have married Cassandra, and so gener must describe what he wished to be -hoping to become his son was bringing aid to Priam.' 4. 35 mariti = 'suitors.'

Cf.

345. infelix, qui non...audierit] 'Unhappy, not to have hearkened to the warnings....' Cf. 248 n. She had doubtless

warned him of the danger his suit involved.

furentis: 'mad' in the sense of 'inspired,' for inspiration involves the loss of self-control, the god taking possession of the inspired person and this possession being accompanied by the outward signs of madness, see 6. 77 seq.

347. quos...] 'and, when I saw their close ranks bold for battle, I thus thereto begin.'

348. super] Adverbially, 'in addition': they were already eager, and his words were intended to make them more eager, cf. 355. his his verbis.

To take super his together as 'after these things' gives no sense, as there is nothing to which these things' can refer.

349. si vobis...] 'if your longing to follow one who dares a last hazard is surely fixed.' For sedet cf. 660 n.

351. excessere...] Cf. 326 n., and the account of Josephus (Bell. Jud. 6. 5. 3) that before the capture of Jerusalem by Titus the gates of the temple opened of themselves, and a voice more than human was heard exclaiming 'Let us go hence' (μEтαBaivwμev évтeûlev); so too Tac. Hist. 5. 13 audita maior humana vox, excedere Deos. There was a regular formula (carmen quo di evocantur) for summoning the gods of a besieged city to leave it; Macr. 3. 9.

352. quibus] empire once stood.'

Instrumental abl., by whose aid this

353. moriamur...] 'Let us die, and dash into the thickest of the fray.' Usually taken as an instance of ὕστερον πρότερον ='Let us dash into the fray and die.' Et...ruamus is, however, really an explanatory clause and the sense is 'Let us die by dashing....,' cf. 6. 361 n. Of course the passionate moriamur must not be taken too literally, but is really = 'let us dare death by dashing...,' for, as the next line shows, he does not urge them to die but to dare to die, such a desperate resolve being necessary since the only safety for the vanquished is to despair of safety.'

355. animis] 'courage,' to which is now added ‘frenzy' (furor).

lupi ceu: Homer twice ends a line with λúko ws: the peculiar rhythm gives vigour, cf. the powerful effect of aversa deae mens, 170.

356. inproba] A favourite word with Virgil: it expresses an absence of all moderation, of all regard for consequences or for the rights of others. So a famished wolf about to attack a sheepfold is asper et inprobus ira 9. 62; geese that devastate the crops are unscrupulous' (inprobus anser G. 1. 119); Love is 'insatiate' in his tyranny (inprobe Amor, quid non mortalia pectora cogis 4. 412), and Fortune in her attacks (2. 80); the toil of the husbandman must be 'unflinching' (labor omnia vicit inprobus G. 1. 146); the boxer Dares is 'shameless' in his bluster (5. 397 inprobus...exsultat). So here the rage of hunger which drives the wolves forth in blind fury is inproba because it is 'reckless,' 'uncontrollable.'

358. siccis] 'thirsty,' i.e. for blood.

per tela, per hostes: see 306 n. and observe here 361 quis...quis; 364 perque...perque; 368 ubique...ubique.

359. mediaeque...] and hold our way towards the heart of the city': mediae urbis is a gen. of quality.

360. nox...] 'black night hovers round us with enfolding gloom.' Prosaic editors find this inconsistent with the moonlight' of 255 and 340; but cf. 397 caecam noctem; 420 obscura nocte; 621 spissis noctis umbris. Some explain that the moon was at times obscured by clouds. This is needless. Fiction has its privileges, and when Virgil needs some light he introduces the moon, at other times when he thinks of the confusion of the night attack he speaks of 'darkness' and 'black night.'

6

Henry, comparing 6. 866, takes nox atra metaphorically of 'death'; but where night' is literally present (cf. next line noctis) it is impossible to use the word metaphorically. Undoubtedly, however, the 'black night' which 'hovers round them' is mentioned as symbolical of the death which awaits them.

361, 2] Cf. Hom. Od. 3. 113 τίς κεν ἐκεῖνα | πάντα γε μυθήσαιτο καταθνητῶν ἀνθρώπων ;

funera fando, lacrimis labores: note the alliteration'losses,' 'language,' 'tears,' 'troubles.'

6

364. plurima...] unnumbered throughout the streets, throughout the dwellings and hallowed...lie scattered lifeless corpses.'

passim has here its etymological sense 'dispersedly,'' Conington. Editors generally explain inertia as 'unwarlike,' 'helpless,' as though inertia corpora sternuntur meant the bodies of the helpless (i.c. of women and children) are being cut down,' but surely corpora inertia more naturally means 'lifeless corpses,' the epithet pathetically contrasting their