buried,' for we cannot construe 'lies buried (slain) by the spear'; moreover Sarpedon's body was carried away to Lycia, and Aeneas is not contemplating the happy burial but the happy death of his comrades. Both iacet and volvit are graphic presents: Aeneas sees in spirit the death of Hector and Sarpedon, cf. 2. 274 n.

ubi...ubi.....ubi: pathetic emphasis of repetition.

102-123. Meantime the fury of the storm grows fiercer; three ships are driven on to sunken reefs, three among quicksands; the bark of Orontes sinks before the very eyes of Aeneas; the sea is covered with wreckage as the gale breaks first on one ship then on another.

102. talia iactanti] Ethic dative: 'to him' while thus 'hurling' his cry of despair to heaven the events which follow occur. For iactanti of passionate speech cf. 2. 588, 768; Shak. Hamlet 1. 4. 133 These are but wild and whirling words, my lord.' stridens pronounced streedens describes the whistling of the gale as it strikes the sail full in front (adversa).'

104. tum prora avertit] 'then the prow swings round'; averto is used intransitively, cf. 2. 229 n. The squall striking the sail full in front stops the ship, so that she no longer answers to her helm but the bow swings round and exposes the side to the waves.' Good MSS. give proram, then it (the squall) swings the prow round,' but after franguntur remi this return to the nominative procella is very harsh.

105. insequitur...] Note the accommodation of sound to sense, the monosyllabic ending expressing the heavy fall of the mass of water, cf. 5. 481 procumbit humi bos. cumulo: abl. used adverbially = 'in a heap,' cf. 2. 323 n.

106. his unda...]' for others (i.e. the crews of other ships) the yawning main opens land between the waves'; they sink so low in the trough of the waves that they seem likely to touch bottom. The next three words make the point clear; 'the churning waters boil with sand,' i.e. are thick and discoloured with sand showing that the water is extremely shallow; cf. 3. 557.

For the general sense cf. Psalm cvii. 26 'They mount up to heaven, they go down again to the depths: their soul is melted because of trouble.'

109. Aras] Varro and Pliny mention a reef bearing this name between Sicily and Sardinia, but it is vain to seek to identify the particular rocks Virgil had in view, as he merely introduces the local colouring to give a sense of reality to his

story, and the name 'altar' would apply naturally to any such rocks.

110. dorsum inmane...] an ugly ridge upon the surface of the sea,' i.e. in fine weather; in a storm they were hid (latentia). Inmane does not describe their size, which could not have been great, but their dangerous character.

111. in brevia et Syrtes] 'towards shallows and the Syrtes' 'the shallows of the Syrtes,' by Hendiadys, cf. 3. 223 n. Some print syrtes, and undoubtedly the word may indicate any 'sandbank,' but the sandbanks on this part of the African coast, especially the Syrtis Major and Minor, were so well known that to print with a capital seems better. For the danger of these Syrtes cf. Acts xxvii. 17 φοβούμενοί τε μὴ εἰς τὴν Σύρτιν ἐκπέσωσιν, χαλάσαντες τὸ σκεῦος, οὕτως ἐφέροντο.

114. ipsius] i.e. of Aeneas. ingens a vertice pontus : cf. Hom. Od. 5. 313 ἔλασεν μέγα κῦμα κατ ̓ ἄκρης | δεινὸν ÉπεσσÚμеVOV. The phrase a vertice from the height' is a strong one and expresses the fall of something sheer downwards with nothing to check or impede its fall, cf. 5. 444; G. 2. 310: the common rendering 'from above' is inadequate.

115-117. Notice the violent pause after ferit and the two dactyls volvitur in caput followed by a similar pause to express the shock of the falling wave. Then line 117 with its dactyls and strong alliteration (torquet vorat aequore vertex) represents the fierce whirl of the eddy.

116. ast illam...] 'but the ship thrice the wave whirls driving it round and round (lit. round in the same spot) and (then) the devouring eddy swallows it in the sea.' For rapidus cf. 59 n.

118. apparent...] 'here and there are seen swimmers... (and) arms of heroes, and planks....' Rari is in artistic contrast to vasto.

119. arma] e.g. wicker shields and leather helmets. So Livy 1. 37 has fluitantia arma.

120. iam...iam...et qua...et qua] The repeated particles mark the strong feeling excited by each fresh disaster.

220 n.

Cf.

Ilionei Achati: in forming the genitive of Greek nouns the poets take great license. Nouns in eus either have a Greek gen. eos, or are treated like Latin words in čus and have gen. ei usually contracted into e or i. Nouns in ms either take gen. i (ov) or is like Latin nouns in es. Cf. 30 Achilli; 41 Oili; 220 Oronti.

121. et qua vectus...]=et (eam) qua vectus...' and that in which Abas sailed...the storm o'ermastered.'

123. rimisque fatiscunt] 'and gape with chinks,' caused by the starting of their timbers.

124-131. Neptune aroused by the storm appears and, seeing the danger of Aeneas, at once comprehends its reason. He therefore summons the gods of the winds and addresses them.

124. magno misceri murmure] A favourite alliteration in describing any uproar; cf. 55; 4. 160.

125. et imis...] and his pools upheaved from their lowest depths.' The stagna are the deep unfathomed pools of ocean which are ordinarily undisturbed, but which the tempest causes to shift their position. refusus seems used of a liquid which flows up instead of flowing down, cf. 6. 107 n.; Ov. Met. 11. 657 fletu super ora refuso tears upwelling o'er the face.'

126. graviter commotus] 'grievously troubled,' the phrase describes at once the disturbance of the sea and the anger of the sea-god. alto: dat. = in altum 'over the sea,' cf. 2. 19 n.

127. placidum] In contrast with the angry storm and also to express his dignity (cf. our 'serene highness') and dignified self-control in spite of his anger (cf. 126 graviter commotus).

129. caeli ruina] 'the downfall of the sky,' the sky itself seems to come down in thunder, lightning, and storm, cf. Hor. Od. 1. 16. 11 tremendo | Iuppiter ipse ruens tumultu; G. 1. 210. The phrase is here opposed to fluctibus: sea and sky conspire to destroy the Trojans.

130. nec latuere...] 'nor did the wiles of Juno escape her brother.' Nec latuere: Litotes, cf. 5. 56 n.: directly Neptune saw the Trojan fleet he at once detected Juno's plot. fratrem : cf. 47 n.

132-141. Should you venture to produce such confusion again, your punishment will be severe. Now away, and inform your lord that the sea is my domain while the prison of the winds

is his,'

132. generis fiducia vestri] 'trust in your birth,' spoken contemptuously, as the winds were only very third-rate deities, being the offspring of the Titan Astraeus and Aurora.

133. iam] emphatic; the winds had been disorderly before, but now things were coming to a climax.

134. moles] 'masses' of water; he points to the waves.

135. quos ego-! sed...] A famous instance of the rhetorical figure called Aposiopesis (άoσinois), by which the speaker breaks off in silence leaving the sentence incomplete but the sense perfectly clear. It is characteristic of passionate speech, cf. 5. 195 quamquam o—sed superent; Ter. And. 1. 1. 137 quem quidem ego si sensero-sed quid opus est verbis? The figure in English is generally used in comic writers, and there is a touch of comedy in Neptune's style here, but it is always difficult to scold with dignity.

136. post] 'hereafter,' i.e. if the same thing occurs again. non simili: not by a like '=' by a very different punishment i.e. by a far heavier one. A good instance of Litotes, cf. 5. 56 n.

138. tridentem] The symbol of Neptune's authority over the sea.

139. sorte] The three sons of Saturn-Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto-were said to have divided his empire by lot, receiving respectively the heaven, the sea, and the under-world, cf. Hom. II. 15. 187 scq. datum sc. esse.

140. vestras, Eure, domos] 'the dwellings, Eurus, of thee and thy comrades.' Neptune in addressing Eurus is really addressing all the winds; hence vestras; cf. 375.

141. clauso] emphatic: he may give what orders he likes to the winds provided he keeps them imprisoned, but not otherwise.

142-156. Straightway Neptune calms the water and rescues the ships. At his presence all turmoil ceases, as the violence of a mob ceases on the appearance of some famous and venerable man.

142. dicto citius] 'more swiftly than his word,' i.e. before his command was uttered. Dicto is not the speech just made, as Conington takes it, but the command implied in tumida aequora placat, which is effective almost before it is uttered. The phrase expresses the perfect ease with which the will of the deity is executed: cf. the nobler and more sober phrase Ps. xxxiii. 9 he spake, and it was done.'

145. ipse] 'the god himself.'

146. aperit Syrtes] 'opens' or 'makes a way through the Syrtes,' in which some of the ships were embedded, cf. 112.

148-154. The outline of the sentence is this 'And as, when faction has gathered head...and...and now..., then if haply they have seen some one..., they are silent (and) he...soothes, so all the tumult of the sea fell, soon as the sire...guides his steeds....' The guiding words veluti and sic, cum and tum should be carefully noticed.

Scenes such as that which affords the basis for this noble simile must have been familiar to dwellers in Rome during the troubled years which preceded the establishment of the empire.

148. cum saepe] 'when often'='when, as often happens'; cf. 5. 273 qualis saepe; 10. 723 ceu saepe, as oft' = 'as, which often happens'; Munro, Lucr. 5. 1231 n.

magno in populo: 'in a mighty nation,' such as the Roman nation (populus Romanus) of which Virgil is thinking. Others give 'in a vast concourse.'

119. ignobile vulgus] 'the base rabble.'

151. tum pietate...] 'then, if perchance they have beheld some man honoured for uprightness and noble deeds, they are silent...he sways their passion with his words....' For the emphatic ille cf. 44 n. Gravis weighty' is the opposite of levis light,' 'quick,' 'versatile,' 'unstable,' and expresses the possession of all those qualities which were specially typical of the Roman character; gravitas was the essential characteristic of a great man. Both this word and levitas deserve study in a good dictionary.

pietate: the inward character; meritis: actual good service performed as statesman or soldier. So pietas is contrasted

with bellum et arma 544.

155. genitor] 'the sire.' The same phrase is used of Neptune 5. 817, cf. 5. 14 pater Neptune. Is it a mere title of respect, or does Virgil identify Neptune with 'Nкeavós, öσжер γένεσις πάντεσσι τέτυκται, Il. 14. 246 ?

caeloque invectus aperto: 'driving beneath the cloudless sky'; lit. 'the sky being cloudless.' Invectus does not govern caelo but is merely borne upon (a chariot),' 'driving' he was driving not 'in' or 'through' the sky, but along the top of the waves.

:

156. flectit equos...] The exact opposite of G. 1. 514 fertur equis auriga, neque audit currus habenas. There the driver is borne along by his steeds, and the chariot does not hear (or obey') the reins': here Neptune guides his steeds, and gives the reins to his obedient car. Currus is not the

chariot alone, but the chariot and horses together, or perhaps the horses alone, cf. 7. 163, G. 3. 92 where it is certainly='team.' Secundus, from sequor, is used of anything which goes with you and not against you (cf. vento secundo, secundo amne) and is here almost qui obsequitur. Henry 1. 432-437.

157-179. Aeneas with seven ships finds a natural harbour protected on either side by rocks and in front by an island, while at the back are woods and a cave with a spring of fresh water.