with her own weakness. Iovis ignem : i.e. the lightning, which set fire to the ships. 44. illum] him however,' 'but him.' By placing this strong pronoun emphatically first Virgil marks the contrast so forcibly that he is able to join corripuit to the preceding verbs without any connecting particle such as 'but,'-'she both scattered the barks and upheaved the sea with storm, him she seized...,' cf. 184 n. transfixo pectore: pierced, that is, with a thunderbolt. 46. incedo] 'move'; the word is a stately one and indicates majesty of movement (cf. 405, 497; 5. 68, 553) such as befits a queen. When Juno walks among the gods, her very movements mark her dignity. Cf. Shak. Tempest iv. i. 101-2 'High'st queen of state Great Juno comes; I know her by her gait.' 47. soror] Both Juno and Jupiter were children of Saturn, as was also Neptune, cf. 130. 48. et quisquam...] 'and does any one worship the power of Juno after that?' et introduces an indignant question here, cf. the Greek use of xaí in such phrases as Kai Tŵs; We use 'and' similarly in English, e.g. 'And shall they scorn Tre, Pol, and Pen? And shall Trelawney die?' 49. praeterea] A rare use of the word, which usually means 'besides' here it clearly means 'after this,' i.e. after I have been thus proved to be so feeble, cf. G. 4. 502 neque... praeterea vidit 'nor saw after that.' For inponit many MSS. have inponet; Donatus read adoret...inponat. 50-64. Juno proceeds to Aeolia, the country where King Aeolus keeps the winds imprisoned in caverns, from which they can only go forth by his permission. 50. talia...] 'pondering such thoughts to herself with heart aflame.' volutans: describes 'constant turning over' in the mind, cf. 305 volvens. 51. loca...] a land teeming with raving (south-)winds.' Austri is used loosely to describe any 'violent winds,' just as Zephyri is often = 'gentle breezes.' 52. Aeoliam] Aeolus in Homer (Od. 10, ad in.) dwells in a floating island: Virgil (8. 416 Aeoliam...Liparen) identifies Aeolia with Lipara, one of the volcanic islands off the N. coast of Sicily. 53. Observe the accommodation of sound to sense; the line composed of four massy spondaic words expresses the strength and power of the struggling winds and echoing tempests.' So too 55 is wholly spondaic and the effect is heightened by the alliteration in illi indignantes, magno murmure montis, and circum claustra. 56. celsa...] Aeolus sits in a lofty citadel wielding the sceptre. Conington rightly observes that the citadel is the natural dwelling-place of a despotic governor,' and that so here Aeolia is supposed to have an are in which the despot Aeolus dwells holding sway over his unruly subjects. Where the arx was situated in relation to the prison of the winds does not matter: in such passages as this a poet's aim is to seem definite and precise, though of course he cannot really be so. 58. ni faciat...] 'save that he does so, surely they would ravage and carry off with them.' ni faciat...ferant would in prose be ni faceret...ferrent, but the pres. subj. is more vivid and represents the event as still possible. For quippe cf. 39 n. the natural order would be quippe, ni faciat, ‘for surely, otherwise' but quippe is transposed to give it emphasis, cf. 4. 217 nos munera templis | quippe tuis ferimus; Cic. pro Mil. 12 movet me quippe lumen curiae. 59. rapidi] This word is usually explained (=qui rapitur) 'that is hurried' or 'hurries along,' swift,' but the active force (=qui rapit) is much more suitable to describe the action of the winds here, especially in connection with ferre which is regularly used of plunderers (raptores) carrying off their spoils. See Kennedy's Excursus on Ecl. 1. 85, and cf. 117 rapidus vortex devouring eddy.' 61. molem et montes] 'massy mountains.' A good instance of Hendiadys, cf. 3. 223 n. 62. qui foedere...] 'who by sure covenant might be skilled to tighten, and when bidden to let loose their reins.' The foedus represents 'the covenant' made by Jove with Aeolus in accordance with which he was to exercise his dominion over the winds; the phrase is from Lucr. 1. 586 foedera naturai; cf. G. 1. 60. qui sciret: the subj. expresses the purpose for which Aeolus had been appointed king; for this use of qui in a final sense with the subjunctive, cf. 20, 236, 287. 63. premere] Cf. 11. 600 pressis habenis. 65-75.0 Aeolus, since thou hast power over the winds, scatter and destroy the hated Trojans; as thy reward thou shalt receive the fairest of my attendant nymphs to be thy bride.' 65. Aeole, namque...] The clause introduced by namque explains why she appeals to Aeolus-'Aeolus, (on thee I call) for to thee...': cf. 731 Iuppiter,...nam. divom... cf. Il. 1. 544 πατnρ ȧvôрŵv тe leŵv тe; Ennius 6. 25 tum cum corde suo divom pater atque hominum rex | haec fatur. Virgil uses the monosyllabic ending to give archaic dignity, cf. 3. 12 n.; 3. 375. 66. et mulcere dedit...] 'hath granted with the wind both to calm and to arouse the waves': vento is emphatic and goes with both infinitives, the ancients continually speaking of the winds calming as well as rousing the sea, cf. 5. 763 placidi straverunt aequora venti. For the infinitive after do equivalent to a verbal noun, cf. 5. 247 n. 69. incute... ] 'hurl rage into the winds': a curious variation of the use of incutere in the common phrase incutere timorem alicui 'to strike terror into any one'; Ennius has Romanis incutit iram. submersas obrue puppes: perhaps 'o'erwhelm the sunken barks'='so that they sink,' cf. next line; Conington however prefers sink and o'erwhelm.' 70. age diversos] 'drive scattered,' i.e. so that they become scattered.' For this proleptic use, in which the adjective expresses by 'anticipation (poλnis) that which is the effect of the verb, cf. 259; 659 furentem incendat 'kindle to frenzy '; 3. 141 steriles exurere 'parch barren'; 3. 236, 462 ingentem fer ad sidera. 72. Deiopea] What should be the acc. after iungam is placed in the relative clause and attracted to the case of the relative. 73. conubio] For the quantity of the u cf. 4. 213 n. propriam dicabo: 'I will consecrate her thine for ever.' Proprius expresses abiding possession (cf. 3. 85 n.), and dico being a religious word recalls the fact that Juno specially presided over marriage under the title of Iuno Pronuba (cf. 4. 166). 75. et pulchra... ] ‘and make thee sire of goodly children.' The abl. pulchra prole is most simply explained as instrumental, make thee a father by (bearing) goodly children.' That it can be a descriptive abl., as many take it, seems impossible: pulchra prole parens by itself is surely not Latin, and such passages as 5. 77, Ecl. 3. 39 are not in point. 76-80. Aeolus replies: "Tis thine to command, mine to obey, for to thee I owe my kingdom.' 76. tuus...] Thy task it is to search out thy desire (i.e. determine exactly its nature); mine the duty to....' Note the emphatic position of tuus and mihi making clear the antithesis; cf. 184 n. The completeness of the obedience he owes her is also emphasised by the threefold repetition of tu in the following lines. 78. quodcumque hoc regni] lit. 'whatever of empire this is' 'all my empire here': hoc is deictic. It is usual to describe the phrase as depreciatory=' this realm such as it is,' 'this poor realm,' and to compare Lucr. 2. 16 hoc aevi quodcumque est which is commonly rendered 'our brief life,' though Munro rightly explains omne hoc aevum. Aeolus is not depreciating the extent of his empire, but emphasising the fact that he owes it all to Juno. 79. concilias] This verb which is=(1) 'make favourable' or 'friendly' and (2) win' or 'secure for,' goes strictly with Iovem and more loosely with quodcumque hoc regni and sceptra 'Thou dost win for me all this my realm, my sceptre too and the favour of Jove.' 80. nimborum... potentem] 'powerful over the clouds.' 81-101. Then he smote the side of the mountain with his spear, and straightway all the winds swept down upon the sea, threatening the Trojans with instant destruction. Aeneas terrorstricken raised his hands to heaven and cried aloud, lamenting that he had not been allowed to die in battle on the plains of Troy like so many of his happier comrades. 81. cavum conversa cuspide] Notice the alliteration, which, together with the double in and double dactyl inpulit| in latus followed by a pause in the next line, marks the ring of the blow on the hollow mountain side. conversa: i.e. the butt end of it with which he opens the doors, cf. Lucr. 7. 574 verbere conversae cessantes excitat hastae; Ov. Met. 14. 299. ac: 82. latus] The gates or barriers (claustra 56) of the prison (carcer) are supposed to be in the side of the mountain. and forthwith'; cf. 227 n. 84. incubuere] The perfect of instantaneous action; 'straightway they settle on the sea,' cf. 90 intonuere, and 5. 140 n. 85. una...] Cf. Od. 5. 295 σὺν δ' Ευρός τε Νότος τ ̓ ἔπεσε Ζέφυρός τε δυσαής, The language of poetry continually describes a storm under the image of all the winds being abroad at once, the fury of the storm being caused by their fierce shocks and encounters, cf. 2. 416, Daniel vii. 2, Hor. Od. 1. 9. 10; Scott, The FireKing, When the winds from the four points of heaven were abroad'; Milton, Par. Reg. 4. 413. creber procellis: 'with thickgathered tempests'; Africus is represented as leading them on. 88. eripiunt... ] Cf. Hom. Od. 5. 293 σὺν δὲ νεφέεσσι κάλυψε γαῖαν ὁμοῦ καὶ πόντον· ὀρώρει δ ̓ οὐρανόθεν νύξ. 90. intonuere... ] 'sudden the poles thunder, and the sky lightens with quick-following flashes.' The use of the plural poli is clearly intentional: the thunder seems to be heard not only over their head but under their feet; it echoes from pole to pole. For the two poles cf. G. 1. 242. Milton's imitation (Par. Reg. 4. 409) 'either tropic now 'gan thunder' is hardly successful. aether, the fine fiery (cf. alow) element which surrounds the universe, is naturally spoken of as the home of the lightning; cf. 5. 517 n. 92. extemplo... ] 'straightway the limbs of Aeneas are relaxed with chilling terror.' Virgil here again closely copies his model, cf. Hom. Od. 5. 297 καὶ τότ' Οδυσσῆος λύτο γούνατα Kal pilov тop, and so too in the speech which follows. Introduction p. x. See 93. duplices...palmas] Not his 'folded hands,' but 'both his upturned hands.' Duplices is often both' of a pair of things, e.g. duplices oculi, Lucr. 6. 1145. The ancient attitude of prayer was standing with hands uplifted and upturned, cf. 3. 177 n. 94. o terque...] Hom. Od. 5. 306 τρισμάκαρες Δαναοὶ καὶ τέτρακις, οἳ τότ ̓ ὄλοντο Τροίῃ ἐν εὐρείῃ. 95. quis] quibus: 'whose happy chance it was to meet their doom....' Contingo usually describes a fortunate chance, accido an unfortunate one, an accident.' 97. mene... non potuisse ?] 'could not I have fallen?' 'to think that it was not in my power to fall!': for construction cf. 37 n. Diomede (Tydides) wounded, and would have slain, Aeneas but for the interposition of Venus, Hom. Il. 5. 297-317. occumbere: just as oppetere (96), obire are often used absolutely 'to meet (death),' to die,' so occumbere is often used to fall (before the attack of death).' The force of ob in these words is to indicate 'opposition': death is the barrier to which we must all come, or the assailant before whom we must all fall. For the full phrase cf. 2. 62 certae occumbere morti. 99. saevus ubi...] 'where fierce Hector lies prostrate beneath (lit. 'by') the spear....' Iacet is certainly not 'lies |