1. Judgment of Paris - From an ancient bas-relief. Baum. Frontispiece PAGE facing 25 30 facing 33 facing 106 facing 257 3. Neptune (of Melos) — From a statue in the National Museum at Athens. Photo.. 4. A Triton-From a Roman lamp. Harper 5. Roman clad in the Toga. G. and K. N12 N13 N 20 6. Diana of Versailles - From a statue in the Louvre. Photo. 7. Venus (Kaufmann). Furtw.-U. . 8. An Amazon - From a statue in the Vatican. Photo. 9. Necklaces from Troy. Schlie. I. 10. Diadem from Mycenae. Baum. 13. Head of Bull adorned with Vittae From a bas-relief. Rich. From a statue in the Naples Museum. 16. The Greeks descending from the Wooden Horse — From an ancient gem. Baum. . N 60 17. Achilles dragging Hector's Body about the Walls of Troy - From FIG. 19. Cardines, etc. Harper 20. Menelaus pursues Helen From a vase painting. R.. 21. Gorgon (Medusa Rondanini). Baum. 22. Aeneas fleeing with Anchises and Ascanius - From an ancient N 71 N 75 PAGE N76 23. Present View of the Heights upon which Troy was built. Schuch. 24. Ancient Vessel under Sail and Oars - From an ancient wall N 83 25. Offerings at a Tomb - From a vase painting. Baum. N 87 26. Apollo Citharoedus - From a statue in the Vatican. Photo. 27. Harpies - From a vase painting. Roscher N 89 28. Sacrificial Scene, showing use of the Patera - From an ancient bas-relief. Rich. 29. Cortina and Tripod. R. 30. Scylla From an ancient terracotta. Baum. 31. Chain Mail. Ваит. 32. The Fountain of Arethusa in Modern Times. Photo. 33. Cupid bending his Bow - From a statue in the Capitoline Museum. 35. Phrygian or Trojan Youth - From a vase painting. R. 36. Mercury 37. The Rising of Helios - From a vase painting. Baum. Photo. 38. Carchesium. Harper 39. Painting from a Pompeian Lares Chapel. Photo.. 40. The Suovetaurilia- - From an ancient relief. 41. Rostrum. Schneider 42. Plan of an Ancient Roman Circus. Middleton 43. The 'Maeander' Pattern — From a vase painting. Baum. 44. Ganymede carried up to Heaven 45. The Caestus 46. An Ancient Bowman 49. Ulysses and the Sirens - From an ancient gem. 50. Map of the Vicinity of Cumae 52. Hecate - From an ancient bas-relief. Baum. FIG. 53. Charon receiving a Soul to ferry over the River Styx- From a Roman lamp Baum. 54. Struggle of the Giants From an ancient bas-relief. 59. Pluto and Proserpina — From a vase painting. Baum. 61. Janus-From a coin. Roscher 62. Lituus. G. and K. Photo. 63. Temple of Janus - From a coin. Roscher 64. Glans Plumbi 65. Warrior with Spicula Bina· From a vase painting. R. 66. Map of Prehistoric Rome PAGE N 177 74. Jupiter and the Olympian Gods - From an ancient bas-relief. 67. Vulcan at his Forge - From a gem. R. 68. Bronze Wolf— In the Capitoline Museum. Photo. 69. Sistrum. 70. Anubis 71. Personification of the Nile In the Vatican. Photo. 72. Juno (of Naples). Photo. 73. The Muse Calliope - From a statue in the Vatican. 76. Cybele and the Corybantes - From an ancient bas-relief. Baum. N 236 77. Tropaeum-From a coin. Baum. 78. Phrygian Amazon in Battle - From a vase painting. R. 79. Cuirass wrought in the Form of Scales. Rich. 81. Victory - From a relief on the column of Trajan. Brunn (XII ED.) ABBREVIATIONS Annali, Annali dell' Istituto di Correspondenza Archeologica, 18291885. Bartoli, Sepolchri Antichi, Rome, 1768. Baum., Baumeister, Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums, 1885. B. M. C., British Museum Catalogue of Coins. Brunn, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmäler griechischer und römischer Sculptur. Duruy, Duruy, History of Rome. U., Furtwängler - Urlichs, Denkmäler griechischer und römischer Sculptur, 1898. G. and K., Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, 1876. Harper, Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities, 1898. Mau, Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, Its Life and Art, 1899. Middleton, Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, 1892. Photo., Reproduced directly from a photograph. R., Retained from the old edition. Mythologie, 1884-. Schlie. I., Schliemann, Ilios, 1880. Schlie. M., Schliemann, Mycenae, 1878. Schneider, Schneider, Das Alte Rom, 1896. Schreiber, Schreiber, Atlas of Classi- I. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF VIRGIL PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO was born at Andes, a village near Mantua, in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus, B.C. 70. gil's father possessed a farm at Andes sufficiently valuable to place his family in easy circumstances, and to afford him the means of educating his son under the most eminent teachers then living in Italy. The education of the future poet appears to have been commenced at Cremona, from whence, on assuming the toga virilis, in his sixteenth year, he was transferred to the charge of new teachers at Mediolanum (Milan). After pursuing his studies, probably for several years, at Mediolanum, he placed himself under the instruction of the Greek poet and grammarian, Parthenius, who was then flourishing at Naples. At the age of twenty-three he left Naples for Rome, where he finished his education under Syro the Epicurean, an accomplished teacher of philosophy, mathematics, and physics. Virgil's love of literary pursuits, as well as the delicacy of his physical constitution, led him to choose a life of retirement rather than that public career which was more generally deemed proper for a Roman citizen. Hence, at the age when aspiring young Romans usually entered upon the stirring scenes of political and military life, he withdrew from Rome to his native Andes, with the intention of devoting himself to agriculture, science, and letters. The Sicilian Greek, Theocritus, was at this time his favorite author, and it was from him that the general plan, though not the individual character, of the Eclogues was derived, the first authentic work produced by the poet. The Eclogues were begun about B.C. 42, at the request of C. Asinius Pollio, who was then acting as the lieutenant of Antony |