ha muito ruido, havia pouco tempo, ha dez annos que morreo, EXAMPLES. houve um momento de silencio, haverá uma multidão de gente, there is much noise. there was little time. it is ten years since he died, or he has been dead these ten years. there was a moment's silence. there will be a crowd of people. The foregoing examples will show such students as are acquainted with French, Italian, or Spanish, that the Portuguese impersonal haver has its counterpart in those languages, and that the il y a, il y avait of the French, the vi è, c'era of the Italians, and the hay, habia of the Spaniards correspond with the ha, havia of the Portu guese. Haver-se, to behare or carry one's self. This verb is also used impersonally, and is then followed by the particle de. In this state it has the sense of must, or be necessary, and corresponds with the French verb falloir and the Italian bisognare, as will appear from the following examples :— Carpir is used only in those tenses and persons where the p of the root is followed by the vowel i; as carpimos, we mourn; carpis, you mourn; carpia, I mourned, &c. From prouve are formed prouvera, prouvesse and prouver, as Prouvera a Deos, Would to God, &c. Soer has only the following persons— EXERCISE TWELFTH.-ON REFLECTIVE, RECIPROCAL, AND UNIPERSONAL VERBS. He praises himself because others do not praise him. louvar-se 0. It grows dark; we must retire. It was very cold last anoitecer a noite night. Yes; and this morning it is colder. There will passada. Lesta be (a great deal of) snow this year. It happens so muita este assim about every two years. Is she going to the concert this cada esta evening? I do not know; there will be a crowd of tarde? saber people. Let him do what he is accustomed to do. There gente. fazer is a great noise in the street. It soer often happens frequentemente when I am here. It snowed and hailed when we were found myself in a new country. There was not a house in which to shelter one's self. It is now twenty years since na qual agora he came to this city. After some time he walked about, vir esta algum passeiar sat down, got up again, and recommenced walking. santar-se erguer-se de novo tornar a passeiar I flatter myself that the picture I have painted will unfortunately that there are five pictures on the same desafortunadamente subject. On the contrary, it is com lucky, as there will afortunado, porque be room for comparison and the best picture will obtain motivo obter the prize. This must be done without delay; there has sem been already a great loss of time. They were accustomed jú soer to walk in the public gardens every evening. Please passeiar cada God, his troubles will cease soon. as suas cessar It rained all night, but the day broke fine. They loved one another dearly and their fondness increased with their years. If such an event happened, there would be great rejoicing. caso regozijo. She mourns the death of her daughter as if it happened a sua yesterday. There will be profound sorrow in the family hontem. pezar when the news arrives. It seems to me impossible that I impossivel chegar. can have been thirty years in this country. It sometimes n' este happens that time appears to pass quickly. A' vezes CHAPTER XIII. ON PRONOUNS. Personal, Possessive, Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogatire, Indefinite, and Distributive Pronouns. WHEN, in Chapter VIII., I commenced an explanation of the verbs, I mentioned that I reserved for sub sequent lessons a description of the pronouns. By thus, altering the order in which these parts of speech are generally placed by grammarians, I was moved by the reflection that verbs are required at the very commencement of the study of a language, and that they are so intricate and undergo such changes, that a dictionary is of no service in deciphering them until some explanations have been given in the grammar. Some of the pronouns, on the other hand, are in Portuguese (as in Spanish and Italian) so united to the verbs, that explanation could be of little use till the verbs themselves were tolerably familiar. That end being now, I trust, attained, the pronouns will in this place be more clearly understood and more easily borne in mind. |