in whom it is small experiences a feeble influence, even from Westminster Abbey and the monuments of departed genius there preserved. This sentiment is one ingredient in the tendency to antiquarianism, and the love of old coins.

1

Veneration, like other powers, is liable to abuse. When not subjected to the guidance of Reflection and Conscientiousness, it produces a bigoted respect for old customs and absurd institutions, if only sanctified by time; and a blind tendency to admire the wisdom of our ancestors, beyond its real worth. It gives reverence for great names and authorities in religion and philosophy, and thus often presents a strong obstacle to the progress of truth. In case any subsequent disciple of Phrenology should hereafter misdirect his Veneration to the early converts to the science, and suppose us possessed of superior wisdom and information, because we lived in the age of Dr. Gall and held friendly converse with Dr. Spurzheim, it may not be improper to observe that such notions will be extremely unfounded-we perceive that knowledge has only dawned on us, and that the duty will remain to our successors to improve Phrenology through many generations. This kind of Veneration maintains every unenlightened devotee in a state of bigoted subjection to his priests: an emotion of profound and sanctified respect springs up in his mind on contemplating the doctrines which they have instilled into him in his youth, and every suggestion of the understanding, in opposition to this feeling, is expelled as profane. In short, Veneration, when vigorous and blind, produces complete prostration of the will and the intellect to the object to whom it is directed, and, even in our own country, it frequently holds back the march of improvement. The Holy Allies were bent upon cultivating this sentiment to the highest, possible degree in their subjects, and prostrating reason; they encouraged monks, processions, and superstitious observances, while they banished philosophers and excluded works of science. If it had been possible to succeed, these Sovereigns would have rendered their people blind worshippers of their own power, and trained them to bow in humble subserviency to their will. The Spaniards are a noble people, but, while their intellects have been

shackled for many centuries, Veneration has been cultivated to an extravagant height, and misdirected, in consequence of which they have fallen into a benighted and superstitious condition.

This faculty, when unenlightened, produces every kind of superstition, as worshipping beasts, and stocks and stones. The Negroes, Indians, and even the Hindoos, have a poor intellectual developement, compared with Europeans, and their superstitions are more gross. Socrates did not participate in the absurd superstitions of Greece, and in the ancient busts of him, he is represented with a splendid forehead.*

Defect of Veneration does not produce profanity, but only indifference to religious sentiments, and little reverence for power and ancestry. I have found Veneration large in the head of the genuine Tory, in him who really delights in contemplating kings and nobles, and regards them as invested with a degree of sanctity by a long line of descent, and the possession of hereditary authority. In the genuine Whig or republican, who sees in kings and nobles only men liable to all the frailties of human nature, and requiring checks to prevent them from abusing power, Veneration is generally smaller, in proportion to their intellectual endowment. When Veneration, Self-Esteem, Conscientiousness, and Intellect, are all well developed, the individuals are moderate whigs or moderate tories, and readily approximate in their sentiments. They ought to exercise mutual forbearance; their different feelings being the result of different natural constitutions. These observations are limited to genuine tories and genuine whigs, for a man may profess toryism through love of place, and whiggery through mere factiousness, and in such cases other organs will predominate.

As nature has implanted the organ of Veneration in the brain, and the corresponding sentiment in the mind, it is a groundless terror to apprehend that religion can ever be extinguished, or even endangered, by the arguments or ridicule of the profane. Forms of worship may change, and particular religious tenets may now be fashionable, and subsequently fall into decay; but while the human heart continues to beat, awe and veneration for the Divine Being 營 A copy of his bust will be found in the Phrenological Hall.

will ever animate the soul; the worshipper will cease to kneel, and the hymn of adoration to rise, only when the race of man becomes extinct.

The natural language of this faculty carries the head upwards in the direction of the organ. The voice is soft, subdued, reposing, and adoring. The greatest difference is perceptible in the tones and manner of prayer of clergymen in whom the organ is large, compared with those in whom it is small; there is a soft breathing fervor of devotion in the former, and a cold reasoning formality in the latter. I have found the organ uniformly large in clergymen who selected the Church from natural liking, and not merely as a means of subsistence.

The organ is generally larger in the female head than in the male; and women are more prone to devotion.

Dr. Gall treats of this sentiment as producing religious feeling alone; and to Dr. Spurzheim is due the merit of analyzing it, and treating it as the source of the emotion of reverence and respect in general.

Nothing is more common in the hospitals for the insane, says Pinel, than cases of alienation, produced by devotional feelings excessively exalted; by conscientious scruples carried to prejudicial excess, or by religious terror. As this kind of insanity, says Dr. Gall, is often present without derangement of the other faculties, physicians ought to have inferred that it is connected with disease of a particular part of the brain. He and Dr. Spurzheim saw, in the hospital of Amsterdam, a patient who was tormented with the idea that he was compelled to sin, and that he could not possibly be saved. In him the organ of Veneration was very largely developed. In a priest, who despaired of salvation, and in another patient, who had the confirmed idea that he was condemned to eternal punishment, the organ was also very large. A woman named Elizabeth Lindemann, was brought to Dr. Gall. At the first glance he perceived that she possessed this organ in an extraordinary degree; she continued standing before him, lifting her eyes from time to time to Heaven, and indicating, by all her gestures, sadness and anguish. From her youth, she had been

excessively addicted to prayer. For some time previous to the interview with Dr. Gall, she "had been subject to convulsions, and maintained that she was possessed; the devil, she said, entered into her heart by her mouth, and made efforts to carry her to hell." Dr. Gall mentions also, that he had seen, in the collection of M. Esquirol, casts of the heads of three persons subject to religious insanity. In all the three the organ of Veneration was largely developed. If, says Gall, M. Esquirol continues for some time to mould the heads of the insane and to preserve their skulls, he will not fail to become one of the most zealous and enlightened disciples of Organology. Esquirol very justly remarks on this subject, that although a particular sermon has often been blamed for producing this species of insanity, yet it would not have had that effect, unless there had been a predisposition to the disease, probably a pre-existence of it, in the individual. In Dublin, I saw patients insane from Veneration.

The organ is established.

15.-FIRMNESS.

THIS organ is situated at the posterior part of the coronal region of the head, close upon the middle line.

Dr. Gall observed, that persons of a firm and constant character have this part of the brain much developed; and Lavater had previously distinguished the same configuration, in concomitance with that kind of disposition. It is difficult to determine, by analysis, the ultimate principle of this faculty. Dr. Gall remarks, that, properly speaking, Firmness is neither an inclination nor a faculty; "c'est une manière d'être qui donne à l'homme une empreinte particulière que lo'n appelle le caractère; he who is deficient in it," says he, "is the sport of external circumstances, and of communicated impressions." Its effects, says Dr. Spurzheim, are mistaken for Will; because those in whom it is large, are prone to use the phrase "I will," with great emphasis, which is the natural language of determination; but this feeling is different from proper volition. It gives fortitude, constancy, perseverance, determina

tion, and, when too energetic, produces obstinacy, stubbornness, and infatuation. It will be found very large in stubborn and untractable children.

The organs of Self-Esteem, Concentrativeness, and Firmness, form a group which has no relation to external objects; their influence terminates on the mind itself; and they add only a quality to the manifestations of the other powers: thus Firmness, acting along with Combativeness, produces determined bravery; with Veneration, sustained devotion; and with Conscientiousness, inflexible integrity. It gives perseverance, however, in acting only on the other faculties which are possessed in an available degree. An individual having much Firmness and considerable Tune, may persevere in making music;-if Tune were greatly deficient, he would not be disposed to persevere in that attempt; but if he possessed much Causality, he might persevere in abstract study. At the same time Dr. Gall justly remarks, that Firmness of character ought not to be confounded with perseverance in gratification of the predominating dispositions of the mind. Thus an individual, in whom Acquisitiveness is the strongest propensity, may, although Firmness be deficient, exhibit unceasing efforts to become rich, but he will be vacillating and unsteady in the means which he will employ; he will to-day be captivated by one project; to-morrow by another; and the next day by a third; whereas, with Firmness large, he would adopt the plan which appeared to him most promising, and steadily pursue it to the end.

When this organ predominates, it gives a peculiar hardness to the manner, a stiffness and uprightness to the gait, with a forcible and emphatic tone to the voice.

A due degree of it is essential to the attainment of eminence in any difficult pursuit. Dr. Gall observes, that, when it is large, the motto of the individual will be, "Tu ne cede malis, sed contra audacior ito." It produces the "tenax propositi vir." The organ is larger in the British than in the French, and the latter are astonished at the determined perseverance of the former, in the prosecution of their designs, whether these relate to the arts, sciences, or war. Napoleon knew well the weakness of the French