postern, and there was a popular idea that the name had reference to the number of cripples begging in the vicinity. This derivation has been abandoned.

"

A more probable explanation, however, is that it was derived from the Anglo-Saxon word crepel, a den or passage underground, a term applied to the gate because of the two low walls of earth or masonry between which the road passed. A similar name, Crypelgeat, in Wiltshire, is mentioned in the Domesday Book. This place is described as a hollow or combe surrounded by hills.

Ludgate was one of the four ancient gates. It was situated between the church of St. Martin Ludgate and the London Tavern. As early as 1215 Ludgate was either repaired or rebuilt. In the time of Richard II it was used as a prison, and in 1454 the place was enlarged. Ludgate was rebuilt in 1586, damaged in the Great Fire of 1666, and finally demolished in 1761-1762. The E. side of the gate was adorned by statues of King Lud and his two sons in Roman costume, whilst on the W. side was a statue of Queen Elizabeth, which is now preserved in a niche on the church of St. Dunstan in the West, the only relic of the city gates in existence.

Moorgate was a postern in the City Wall made in or about 1415 by Thomas Falconer, mercer, and Mayor. It was restored in 1472, rebuilt in 1672, and demolished in 1760.

Newgate. This gate was so called, according to the chronicler Stow, on account of its having been "latelier built than the rest." One of the most important of modern discoveries at this point is that made by Dr. Philip Norman by which the existence of a Roman gate at this point of the Roman Wall of London has been established ("Archæologia," vol. lix). It was rebuilt either in the reign of Henry I or Stephen; repaired in 1422 at

the expense of the executors of Sir Richard Whittington; and repaired again in 1630-1631 and in 1672. It was enriched on the E., or city side, by three stone statues representing Justice, Mercy, and Truth, and on the western side by figures of Liberty, Peace, Plenty, and Concord. Certain of these figures were afterwards employed to decorate the S. front of Newgate Prison (now demolished). It appears from Stow's "Survey" that there had been a prison for felons and trespassers near the spot as early as the reign of King John.

Temple Bar was intended to mark the extent of the City Liberties. It was not one of the gates belonging to the wall, but merely indicated the boundaries of the City Liberties without the wall. Originally these indications consisted merely of posts, rails, and chains, like those formerly at Holborn Bars, Smithfield, and Whitechapel, but in course of time a wooden house-like structure was built at Temple Bar. This was demolished after the Great Fire, and a handsome gateway of Portland stone was erected by Sir Christopher Wren in the year 1670. Statues of Queen Elizabeth and King James I adorned the E. side, and statues of Charles I and Charles II the W. side, all being the work of John Bushnell. This gate was found to be a serious hindrance to the street traffic, and was consequently taken down and rebuilt in Theobalds Park near Waltham Cross.

In trade Plantagenet London showed the first budding of that high enterprise which flowered in the next period. No longer was she content calmly to suffer the monopoly of the Hanseatic League. Her merchant princes competed on the high seas for the commerce of the then narrow world. Whittington, thrice Lord Mayor of London, is a figure typical of men who steered the municipal destinies to greatness. This was an age of great mayors :

Walworth, who slew Wat Tyler; Philipot, who fitted out a ship to track down a notorious pirate; and, of ourse, the great Whittington, merchant prince and philanthropist.

The period ended, as did the Norman, in the City of London holding the balance between two rival claimants to the throne.

Plantagenet London was a vigorous, boisterous age in which new ideas were gaining ground, new social classes emerging. The moated castle of the baron had given way to the palace of the great lord. London was now a city of magnificent churches, friaries, palaces, and stone houses. The Trade Guilds flourished.

Tudor London (1485-1603).-The last age closed to the inspiring sound of Caxton's press printing books in the Almonry at Westminster. This sound was the herald of a new London; a new England. Tudor London stood upon the threshold of great events. She was to be given a breathing space from the turmoil of wars and from that abortive dream of a Continental empire which had dazzled the minds of English kings for 500 years. Such was the prelude to the new age.

In London men were no longer building castles: they were building comfortable houses. The invention of gunpowder had in the succeeding period blown the knight and the castle out of history. Mediaevalism was

dead.

Three great events are the key to the vigour of the Tudor age: the Renaissance, the Reformation, the discovery of America. In Italy the pagan glories of Greece and Rome had risen from the grave to dazzle men's minds with ancient beauties and with truths so old that they seemed new. At the court of Henry VIII, Torrigiano and the Florentine colony in London linked the city with