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STATICS.

BOOK I.

1. DEFINITIONS.

The term mechanics denotes the science which treats of the motion and equilibrium of bodies; its object is to instruct us how to move any given weight with a given power, by the assistance of machines, or otherwise.

2. MATTER denotes the substance of which bodies are formed.

3. BODY signifies a quantity of matter collected into one

mass.

4. SPACE may be considered as extension without bounds; it is immoveable, but penetrable by matter: this is absolute space. Relative space may be considered as the distance between two bodies, or as the portion of absolute space which a body fills.

5. PLACE signifies that part of absolute space which a body possesses: this is absolute place. Relative place is the space which a body occupies when considered with relation to surrounding objects.

B

6. When a body continues in the same part of absolute space it is said to be at REST.

7. When a body is passing successively from one part of space to another, it is said to be in MOTION.

8. When a body passes over equal spaces in equal successive portions of time, its motion is called UNIFORM.

9. If the successive portions of space described by a body in equal successive portions of time continually increase, the motion of the body is said to be ACCELERATED; and to be RETARDED when those spaces continually decrease.

10. The VELOCITY, or CELERITY of a body, or its rate of motion, signifies the space which it uniformly passes over in a given portion of time.

The given time is usually one second, and the space the body describes in that time, is commonly measured by feet.

When the motion of the body is accelerated, or retarded, the velocity with which it moves at any point of the line it is then describing, is not measured by the space actually described in a given time, but by the space which would have been described in the given time, if the motion of the body at that point had continued uniform.

11. TIME, of itself, and from its own nature, glides equally along without any regard to external objects:* this is absolute time. Relative time is the measure of any portion of absolute time, by means of the motion of some body; thus a complete revolution of the earth about its axis, which marks out a natural day, is made the standard unit of time to which other portions are generally referred. This is divided into 24 portions called hours, and each of these again into 60 others called minutes, and so on.

*Time is, with respect to us, the impression which leaves in the memory a continuation of events, the existence of which we are certain has been successive. Francœur, preface to " Traité élémentaire de Méranique."