Rome are reverberated from Constantinople; and the schism, the process of ages, is complete. All attempts to heal it have proved nugatory, and it remains to this day one of the most serious obstacles to the reunion of Christendom-that consummation so devoutly wished.

The Growth of the Papal Supremacy

and Feudalism.

LECTURE IV.

THE REV. ROBERT RITCHIE,

Rector of the Church of St. James the Less, Philadelphia, Pa.

THE GROWTH OF THE PAPAL SUPREMACY AND FEUDALISM.

IT is a common remark that in a state which has a representative government practical results are accomplished by the conflict of parties, generally only two. The same dualism seems to pervade all human affairs, and is most clearly manifest when they are considered historically. When the two great dominant forces are blended and confused in the thoughts of men, the consequence is apt to be anarchy rather than government, war rather than peace. But over all, throughout the whole series of blind struggles and enthusiastic attempts, which never reach the goals their partisans looked for, the gracious Providence of God actively reigns, working in His mysterious way the preservation of His Church, the salvation of His elect.