In the south the improvement of the tions given him from the exchequer, to country was advancing with great rapi- remove from their estates the chief tenants dity. The establishment of banks and com- who had been actively engaged in the rebelmercial companies showed that money was lion. In the month of May, as Campbell beginning to flow into Scotland, and it was passing on horseback through a wood was already widely employed in the im- in Argyleshire, in company with Mungo provement of agriculture, while the exten- Campbell (a writer in Edinburgh) and sive establishment of turnpike-roads faci- Donald Kennedy, a sheriffs' officer, and atlitated the conveyance of the produce of tended by one servant, he was killed by a the land to distant markets. The sudden treacherous shot from behind a tree. There increase in the foreign commerce of Scot- appears to have been little doubt on people's land is proved by the significant fact that, minds that this murder was perpetrated by in 1744 (the year before the rebellion), the one Allan Breck Stuart, who had fought in tonnage of ships belonging to Leith amounted Charles's army at the battle of Culloden, to only two thousand two hundred and and had twice entered the service of France, eighty-five tons, and that in 1752 it had but who was now on a visit to his native increased to the comparatively large amount land; and report gave him for his accomof five thousand seven hundred and three plice James Stuart of Aucharn, a natural tons. Several new branches of manufac- brother of Charles Stuart of Ardshiel, who ture were now introduced into Scotland had been removed from his farm. The first with great success; and the amount of the of these individuals had made his escape to sale of linen, which still continued to be a France, but Stuart of Aucharn was taken staple manufacture, had increased during and thrown into prison a few days after the period just mentioned by more than the perpetration of the offence. He was half a million sterling. Whatever temporary tried before the court at Inverary, and, upon injury the city of Edinburgh may have suf- mere circumstantial evidence, and that not fered in the rebellion, it had been abundantly of the most convincing kind, he was found repaid in the flourishing state at which it guilty, and sentenced to be hung in chains. had now arrived, and it was in this year Stuart protested his innocence to the last, of 1752 that those improvements began and many gave credit to his protestations; in which have made it one of the handsomest consequence of which, the whole affair, made cities in the world. Committees were formed the worst of by the secret opponents of for drawing up plans for these improvements, the government, caused a great sensation at and procuring an act of parliament for car- the time. Many looked upon the sufferer rying them out. Glasgow at the same time as a mere victim to the ancient feud bewas just entering upon that course of ad- tween the Campbells and the Stuarts, and vancement in manufactures and trade which some colouring was given to this allegation has since raised it to such a high pitch of by the circumstance that eleven of the jury commercial importance. It must not be who found him guilty were Campbells, and forgotten that at this very moment, this that the chief judge of the court which city had become the centre of improvement pronounced his sentence was the duke of in printing and type-founding, and that Argyle, the head of the Campbells. Anthe Foulises of Glasgow were perhaps the other of the stanch jacobites, Lochiel's best printers in Europe. brother, Dr. Cameron, made his way back secretly to Scotland, for the purpose, as he pretended, to try and rescue some portion of the estates of his family; but he was arrested, and carried to London, where he was arraigned upon the act of attainder. and, in spite of great intercession for his life, he was brought to the scaffold. This act of severity brought some temporary obloquy on the government, who were unwilling, for political considerations which were important at that moment, to make public the real cause of Dr. Cameron's death, which was the accurate knowledge they had that he had come to Scotland to

Meanwhile the attempt to civilise the north was not received very contentedly by the population of the mountains, who looked upon it as a cruel and oppressive stretch of authority to make such crimes as sheep-stealing and cattle-lifting offences punishable by the law, and they were inclined to offer any kind of resistance they could to the measures of the commissioners for the management of the forfeited estates. In the course of the year 1752, Colin Campbell of Glenmore, having been appointed factor on the forfeited estates of Ardshiel, Mamore and Callart, proceeded, according to the direc

take advantage of the discontent caused by the attempt to civilise the highlanders, to excite them to a new rebellion, and that he carried with him an offer from the king of Prussia to furnish them with arms.

Dundas brought

completion of the grand canal between the Forth and the Clyde.

less experienced years. forward his measure of restitution in 1784, and it was supported by the whigs as well as the tories, and passed the house of commons without any difference of opinion. It But soon after this the restless energies passed the house of lords by a large maof the highlanders began to be called off in jority, although strongly opposed by the a new direction, for the extensive foreign lord chancellor Thurlow, who urged that wars in which England soon afterwards be- the tendency of this measure was to lessen came engaged, furnished abundant employ- the weight of the penalty of treason. The ment for the military spirit with which the estates were restored, subject to the debts young highland chiefs were still so deeply due when they were forfeited, and the imbued. Enlisting was carried on very ex- money which thus went to the government tensively in Scotland, but at first the out- was again chiefly expended in improvements rages committed by the press-gangs caused in Scotland. Fifteen thousand pounds were much popular dissatisfaction, and in some applied to the building of a public recordcases led to serious riots. Gradually, how-office, and fifty thousand were given for the ever, these irregularities gave way to a better system, and William Pitt (afterwards earl of Chatham) put the healing hand to the whole. He saw how admirably adapted the highlanders were for the warfare which was then going on in America against the French and their Indian allies, and soon after he took office two highland regiments were ordered to be raised, and with great wisdom he chose for their officers almost solely men who had served in the rebel army. One of the two regiments was composed almost entirely of Frasers, and the command of it was given to Simon Fraser, the eldest son of the lord Lovat who had been executed. Archibald Montgomery, brother of the earl of Eglintoun, was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the other; and both these officers subsequently rose to high distinction in the British army.

During the years which followed, some of the forfeited estates having been sold to adventurers who speculated upon mining operations, had to be resold, and were eventually purchased on advantageous terms by the heirs of the original proprietors. This, however, was but a small step in the progress of restoration; and it was reserved for the ministry of the younger Pitt, when Dundas had the management of Scottish affairs, to heal finally the sore of jacobite rebellion. The men who now represented in blood the old jacobites, had long served their country well and loyally, and it was contended that the time was come when they ought no longer to suffer for the errors of their fathers or of their own younger and

After the suppression of the rebellion of 1745 and 1746, Scotland ceased to have a political history of her own, and became integrally a portion of the British empire, sharing in its prosperity, and having no separate interest in any reverses which might fall upon it. From the commencement of the present century, there are in fact no events of a merely political nature for the historian of Scotland to relate. One of her chief remaining abuses, the corrup tions of the municipal governments, was finally corrected by the bill for the reform of the Scottish boroughs in 1833. But still Scotland has retained one element of separate and independent existence in her church, the divisions of which have assumed of late years an unusual importance. It has not been our design to write the ecclesiastical history of the kingdom, and we have only given it a prominent place when at times the church has become either the paramount political power, or when at least it has been the pivot on which the whole political history of Scotland turned; but, although it has now long ceased to possess the political position it formerly held, the history of Scotland could hardly be concluded appropriately without a sketch of the vicissitudes of the kirk since the time of the rebellion, especially as they have led recently to events which have brought the church of Scotland more prominently than usual before the public, and which have been certainly of great national importance.

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CHAPTER XIIL

THE SCOTTISH CHURCH, FROM THE TIME OF THE REBELLION.

porations, was agitated, and the following clause in the oath of some of the burghs was warmly debated:-" I profess and allow with my heart the true religion presently professed within this realm, and authorised by the laws thereof; I shall abide at and defend the same to my life's end, renouncing the Roman religion called papistry." Moncrieff and the original and more violent seceders, held that the terms of this oath included all the modern corruptions in their church, and that those who took it bound themselves to support the party of the general assembly, which they the seceders now disowned, and to oppose the secession. Others held that the words in question implied simply the pure presbyterian church of Scotland, and that they contained nothing objectionable. As the two parties were nearly equal in number, the dispute was carried on with great bitterness, and they were soon known by the distinguishing titles of burghers, or those who defended the clause in the oath, and anti-burghers, or those who condemned it. The burghers, who seem to have shown a greater spirit of moderation than their opponents, made several attempts at reconciliation, but their opponents would listen to no other terms than a simple confession of their error and a humble expression of repentance; and at last the anti-burghers withdrew from their brethren, and held a separate synod, so that two hostile standards were already raised within their little camp.

THE presbyterians had been deeply inter- among themselves. While the general asested in the fate of the rebellion of 1745, sembly met as usual, the seceders now beid and it had produced a partial cessation of an opposition assembly, or high court or the disputes which had agitated the as-synod; for their numbers had increased consembly. Two distinct parties had sprung siderably. At this meeting, the question of up in the church since the revolution of oaths not imposed by government, and es1688, and had become more and more pecially of those taken in the municipal corwidely separated; these were the rigid presbyterians of the old Calvinistic school, and those who were now called the moderates, who had originated partly, if not chiefly, in the episcopalian clergy who were allowed to retain their benefices, and who, for their alleged spirit of subserviency to the civil government and power, were accused of leading the church into Erastianism. The grand point of dispute between them was the law of patronage, which had been introduced in rather an imperfect form in the latter part of the reign of queen Anne. The civil courts now always protected the rights of patrons with regard to presentation to the revenues of parish, while the power of confirmation and of authorising to preach was still left to the assembly. The consequence was, that in any particular case the general assembly might place in a parish a minister contrary to the wish of the patron, but the patron might deprive him of the fruits of the benefice, and retain them to be applied in other ways to pious purposes within the parish. When, however, the moderate party was in a majority in the general assembly, that body almost always accepted and confirmed the presentation of the patron; but some of the presbyteries, where the moderate party was in the minority, resisted the judgment of the general assembly, and made settlements, as they termed it, in parishes contrary to the will of the patron. Such cases gave rise to disputes which, joined with a natural jealousy of the strict presbyterians to the leaning of the moderate party to Arminianism, led to the secession already described. This ecession was an indiscreet measure, because it not only divided the evangelical party, but it left the general assembly, or, in other words, the executive government of the church more than ever in the hands of the moderates.

The alarm which the secession had at first created among the moderates themselves, and the wish of many of these to yield so far as to leave a door open for the return of their dissenting brethren, restored for a few years what was called the "evangelical influence" in the general assembly; but moderation was gaining strength behind the curtain; and soon after the suppression In the year 1747, the seceders quarrelled of the rebellion, its influence became firmly