I had no stitch nor pains in my body." | cillors he showed a prepossession in favour "As to my clan," he added, "I wish with all my heart that the villains and rascals of them were seized and severely chastised and punished; but I believe they are marched south, in the regiment of that unhappy youth, to screen themselves from justice; and I would be very glad that the fifth man of them were hanged. But, my dear lord, as to the honest gentlemen and tenants that have stayed at home for love of me, and for love of peace and quietness, it would be the hardest case in the world that those honest people should be molested." It is not probable that Forbes was in the slightest degree blinded by these protestations; but aware of the comparatively helpless state in which the English government had left their friends in the north, he preferred for a time holding him back partially by persuasions and warnings to driving him into the rebellion. Lord Loudon, who showed himself one of the most loyal chiefs in the north, had kept a regiment together, and was daily increasing the number of his men; so that he and the lord president Forbes, with some of their friends, held the jacobite or wavering clans in their neighbourhood in check, and retained some of them in their obedience. Nor did Forbes himself escape without personal danger, for at this very time a treacherous attempt was made to surprise him in Culloden-house by a party of Lovat's clan under Fraser of Foyers. But Forbes was too much on the alert, and his house too well fortified and defended, to be taken by surprise. Having attacked the place in vain, the highlanders carried off his sheep and cattle, and robbed his gardener and weaver. It was accidentally discovered that the assailants were Frasers, and Forbes complained of it to Lovat, without imputing any share of the blame to him. The chief of the Frasers professed great indignation that so detestable an affront should have been put upon him by any of his name; and solemnly swore, "that if any villain or rascal of my country durst presume to hurt or disturb any of your lordship's tenants, I would go personally, though carried in a litter, and see them seized and hanged."

The prince himself appeared, with the old infatuation of his family, to have been bent only upon showing by his personal actions, the emptiness of his professions of toleration and liberality. He had now formed a regular privy council, but in the choice of his coun

of the extreme jacobites, those who held the doctrines of divine right, and the absolute power of princes; and it was observed by those who served on the council, that he not only never took its advice, but that he showed an open and permanent dislike to any member of it who differed in opinion from himself. This council consisted of the duke of Perth and lord George Murray, O'Sullivan (the Irish quartermaster-general), the prince's secretary Murray, sir Thomas Sheridan, the lords Elcho, Ogilvie, Nairn, Pitsligo, and Lewis Gordon, with Lochiel and the greater highland chiefs. As yet, however, he had done nothing towards establishing any regular form of government, and while he was passing his time in the capital in giving dinners and balls, the forces of his enemies were increasing much more rapidly than his own. The whig clans were begin. ning to show more activity in the north, and this alone hindered many of the jacobite clans from declaring themselves and leaving their homes thus exposed to plunder and outrage. In the south the young pretender's proclamations and promises produced no effect, and the disinclination to his cause was so great, that in one or two places it was displayed in imprudent demonstrations. A remarkable instance of this feeling occurred at Perth, where on the 30th of October, which was the birthday of king George, about one hundred maltmen and other tradesmen's servants, possessed them. selves about mid-day of the church and steeple, and rang the bells. Perth had been left by prince Charles in the guard of about a dozen men, mostly workmen in the town, who were hired for that purpose, under Mr. Oliphant of Gask, who was appointed deputy-governor by the prince Charles. Oliphant required those who rung the bells to desist, but his message was treated with contempt, and they continued ringing. In the afternoon, Mr. Oliphant, with his small guard, and three or four gentlemen, posted themselves in the council-house, in order to secure about four hundred small arms, ammunition, &c., belonging to the highland army, which were lodged there and in the tollbooth adjoining. At night seven northcountry gentlemen of the jacobite party, with their servants, came to town, and immediately joined their friends in the council-house. Meanwhile the mob made a bonfire or two on the streets, and some loyal people having illuminated their win

dows, the mob ordered all the inhabitants and their examples held back many of the to follow their example, broke the windows other clans. On the other hand, Charles of those who did not illuminate, and pro- was gradually wasting his resources in Edinceeded to other outrages. About nine burgh; the means of supplying himself with o'clock at night, a small party from the money were rapidly failing him. On his council-house, marching up the street to dis- first arrival at Edinburgh, he had extorted perse the mob, fired upon and wounded three five thousand five hundred pounds from the of them; upon which the mob rushed in city of Glasgow, and he had raised as much upon the party, and disarmed and wounded as he could in the shape of taxes and conmost of them. The mob now placed guards tributions from Edinburgh and the country at all the gates of the town, took possession around. He had written flaming accounts of the main guard, and rang the fire-bell of his successes to his friends abroad, with repeatedly, in order to raise the people, by pressing applications for assistance, and as which they drew together about two hun- the darker weather approached, a few French dred, but none of any note. They next ships contrived to elude the English cruisers ran up and down the streets, and entered and bring him some supplies. By one, which some houses, insulting those whom they reached Montrose, he received about five thought to be jacobites. Before they rang thousand pounds in money. Others sucthe fire-bell the second time, they sent a cessfully put in to the same coast, bringing a message in writing, signed by initials, to small sum of money, five thousand stand Mr. Oliphant, requiring him to withdraw of arms, and six field-pieces, with several instantly, and yield up the arms, ammuni- French and Irish officers. With them tion, &c., to them. This was refused; and came M. de Boyer, who brought a letter thereupon hostilities were begun about two of congratulation from the king of France, o'clock in the morning, and continued till and who was paraded among the highland about five. The mob firing at the council- chiefs with great ostentation under the grahouse from close-heads, from behind stairs, tuitous title of a French ambassador. He and from windows, so that they in the thus raised their courage with the belief council-house could not show themselves that Louis was preparing to send a powerful without danger. An Irish captain in the army to his assistance. Still, with an army French service was killed in the council- of nearly six thousand highlanders, besides house, and three or four wounded. Of the other demands, the money thus obtained mob four were wounded, of whom one, a was very insufficient for his necessities, and weaver, died in two or three days. About he was reduced to such expedients as that five o'clock in the morning the mob dis- of seizing the goods of smugglers which had persed, and next day about sixty of lord been deposited in the custom-house at Leith, Nairn's men were brought into the town, and selling them back for low prices to the and they were followed soon after by about smugglers from whom they had been taken. a hundred and thirty highlanders.

Immediately after this occurrence (on the 1st of November), the highland army, which had broken up its camp at Duddingston in the middle of October, began its march from Edinburgh. The young pretender had persisted from the first in declaring his resolution of marching into England, and various circumstances now decided him in carrying this design into effect. The highlanders who went to the mountains after the battle of Preston-pans had now returned to his standard, and with those who had joined him in the meantime, his force amounted to about six thousand men, of whom about five hundred were cavalry. There appeared no further hopes of immediate reinforcements, for lord Lovat had informed him of the refusal of the Macdonalds and Macleods of Skye to join him,

When the prince's design of marching into England was laid before the council, it met with earnest opposition. Some urged that it would be folly to leave their present quarters before the arrival of the French army, of the sending of which they had Charles's positive assurance; and others were unwilling to leave their country until at least they had received from France a supply of money. There were some who were of opinion that the pretender ought to rest satisfied for the present with securing himself in his ancient kingdom, and that he should not attempt to obtain that of England. But Charles would listen to no reasons of this kind; he told them that he had letters from England assuring him of a general rising of the English jacobites the moment he reached the border, and told them he was confident of an invasion by

the French; and he thus persuaded a ma- | Bailie John Wilson, merchant, was taken as jority of the highland chiefs to decide a hostage for the performance of this proagainst their own convictions on marching mise; but, after staying one night with the south. This resolution being taken, all the out-parties were called in at the end of October, and the army was then found to amount to not quite six thousand men, including about five hundred cavalry, with thirteen pieces of artillery of different sizes. The clan regiments, or real highlanders, amounted to about four thousand, all dressed in their own costume. Of the horse, two troops were guards, commanded by lords Elcho and Balmerino; another, light horse, or hussars, for scouring the country, commanded by lord Kilmarnock; and the rest, irregulars.

army at Dalkeith, he was permitted to return next day (November 2nd), upon some citizens signing a paper to the same purpose as the promise made by the gentlemen above mentioned. On the 4th, some parties came out of the castle and searched for arms; and entering the infirmary, where they found a few arms, they treated some of the highlanders rather roughly, and took some trifling articles from them. On receiving information of this proceeding, the gentlemen who had given this promise ordered a note to be made of the loss sustained by the highlanders, in order to At six o'clock in the evening of the 30th their being reimbursed, and requested genof October, Charles left the palace of Holy-eral Guest to give strict orders that no rood to join his army, and he slept at Pinkie-injury should be done them for the future, house that night. On the 1st of Novem- a request with which he readily complied. ber, the last of the highlanders departed General Blakeney having received intellifrom Edinburgh; and the same day the gence that the rear of the men who conprince began his march, having given the command in Scotland during his absence to lord Strathallan, who was to remain at Perth with some jacobite gentlemen and a few French and Irish officers and their men, to look after the reinforcements expected from France, and to form an army of reserve with the other highlanders who might come in. Charles was joined at the last moment by Macpherson of Clunie and Menzies of Sheen, with about nine hundred more highlanders, Nor was this the only indication of the but the master of Lovat had not yet brought little favourable feeling the young pretender in the Frasers. To deceive their enemies as left behind him; for the opposite party began to their intentions, the rebel army began their everywhere to raise their heads again. Glenmarch in three different parties, one pro-gyle, of the clan M'Gregor, who was apceeding by Hawick and Moss-paul, another by Peebles and Moffat, and the third, which Charles himself accompanied, marching direct to Kelso, from whence he might have turned either to Carlisle or to Newcastle. This last body formed the rear; it marched from Dalkeith on the 3rd of November, the prince on foot, with his target over his snoulders.

ducted the arms, &c., from Montrose, were to pass the Forth at Alloa on the 30th of October, dispatched captain Abercromby from Stirling, with some soldiers and countrymen, to attack them; which was done successfully. They wounded some of the men and took several prisoners, and captured some cows, horses, baggage, arms, money, and letters; all which were carried into Stirling castle that night.

pointed governor of Innersnaid, Down, &c., by prince Charles, having gone with a party into Argyleshire, in order to raise men, was attacked by three companies of Loudon's regiment from Inverary, under the command of their lieutenant-colonel, John Campbell, and obliged to retreat, with the loss of two men killed and eighteen taken prisoners. Colonel Campbell had one man killed.

The city of Edinburgh had been so effectually disarmed by the highlanders, that On the 5th of November the following when on their departure the city trained proclamation was posted up in Edinburgh: bands took possession of the main guard," GEORGE WADE, Esq., Field-marshal of their only weapons were cudgels. The his Majesty's forces, one of his Majesty's highlanders had left about two dozen of most Honourable Privy Council, Lieutenanttheir wounded in the infirmary at Edin-general of the Ordnance, and Colonel of burgh; and they made one or two gentle- one of his Majesty's regiments of horse, men of known attachment to the Hanoverian &c.-Whereas it has been represented government promise to use their interest to to his majesty, that several of his subjects protect them from any harsh treatment. inhabiting the highlands of Scotland, and

others, have been seduced by menaces and threatenings of their chiefs and superiors, to take arms, and enter into a most unnatural rebellion, his majesty has authorised me to assure all such who shall return to their habitations on or before the 12th day of November next, and become faithful to his majesty and his government, that they shall be objects of his majesty's clemency: but if, after this his most gracious intention being signified, they continue in their rebellion, they will be proceeded against with rigour suitable to the nature of their crime. Given at the camp at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, this 30th day of October, 1745.-GEORGE WADE."

of foot, and Hamilton's and Ligonier's (late Gardiner's) regiments of dragoons. All the foot and Ligonier's dragoons were quartered within the city, and Hamilton's dragoons in the Canongate. As there were at that time no magistrates, the constables were in a doubt how they could lawfully billet the troops upon the inhabitants, and therefore obtained a warrant for that purpose from the lord justice-clerk, the lords Minto, Elchies, and Drummore, as justices of the peace.

A meeting of the subscribers to the fund for raising the Edinburgh regiment was called on the 20th, and a new subscription was opened for completing the number of one thousand men, to be under the direction Public worship was resumed in several of of the commander-in-chief of the forces in the churches of Edinburgh on the 3rd of Scotland; and an advertisement was pubNovember, in all of them on the 10th, and lished, inviting the men formerly enlisted to continued regularly ever after. The synod re-enter, and promising a reasonable graof Lothian and Tweeddale, and the presby- tuity to such of them as had shown an tery of Edinburgh, voted compliments to alacrity to march out and fight the highthe commanders in the castle for their vigi-landers. All able-bodied men, whose loyalty lance in the late time of danger. Addresses were likewise sent to the king by several ecclesiastical courts, and a letter was published from the presbytery of Dornoch to the earl of Sutherland, thanking his lordship for his early appearance in favour of the Hanoverian government.

could be attested, were likewise received, and were bound to serve only three months. Letters were sent to ministers and wellaffected gentlemen to assist in persuading proper persons to enlist. On the 27th the freeholders of the county met at Edinburgh, and they ordered letters to be sent to the The officers of state, who had retired to several ministers, requesting them to assist Berwick, now returned to Edinburgh, and the heritors in preparing lists of able-bodied resumed the functions of their several posts. men within their parishes, to be forthwith The lord justice-clerk, and some others of levied, armed, and to march to the defence the lords of justiciary, entered the city on of the city if occasion required. The same the 12th of November, attended by the earl spirit reigned in other places of the kingdom, of Home and lord Belhaven, high-sheriffs of especially in the west. Stirling raised four the counties of Berwick and East Lothian, hundred men, and put them under the comMr. Alexander Lind, sheriff-depute of Edin- mand of General Blakeney. The militia of burghshire, and a great number of the gentle- Glasgow and neighbourhood, amounting to men and others of these counties. At the three thousand men, having received arms cross they were met by the gentlemen lately from Edinburgh, were reviewed by the earl in the administration, and other inhabitants of Home. About three hundred seceders of distinction. They alighted in the parlia- appeared likewise in arms. Major-general ment-close, and were saluted by a round of Campbell came to Inverary, with money, the great guns from the castle, the music- arms, ammunition, &c., from England, in bells playing the whole time of their proces- order to raise the people of Argyleshire. sion, and the people making loud demon- After the return of the officers of state to strations of joy. Next day, lieutenant- Edinburgh, the banks resumed their busigeneral Handasyd arrived in town from Ber-ness, and the castle-flag was no longer diswick, with Price's and Ligonier's regiments played.

561

CHAPTER IX.

THE MARCH INTO ENGLAND.

At

THE prince, with his division of the army, from the castle they withdrew. In the arrived at Kelso on the night of the 4th of afternoon, the mayor received a message November, and next day he sent a messen- requiring him to provide for the reception ger to Wooler, in Northumberland, to order of the highland army in the city, to which quarters to be provided for four thousand he refused to listen, and the same night the foot and a thousand horse, in order to de- whole of the prince's forces approached the ceive his opponents as to his design and place. Next day a strong party approached numbers. Many highlanders deserted at the walls, first bending towards the Irish Kelso, and the army had sustained some gate, but afterwards marched round to the loss from this cause and from the seizure of English gate, apparently with the design of stragglers by the country-people, during the reconnoitring the place, and they were whole of its march from Edinburgh. After fired at both from town and castle. reposing a day at Kelso, Charles left that three o'clock in the afternoon, the mayor town on the 6th, and turning off on the received the following message in writing, road to Hawick, arrived at Halyhaugh on dated November 10th, two in the afterthe 7th. Next day he continued his march noon:-" Charles, Prince of Wales, Regent to the river Esk, which he crossed into of the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, Cumberland on the 9th, and passed that France, and Ireland, and the dominions night at a place called Reddings, on the thereunto belonging.-Being come to recover road to Carlisle. When the highlanders the king our father's just rights, for which first set their feet on English ground, they we are arrived with all his authority, we are drew their claymores, and flourishing them sorry to find that you should prepare to in the air, set up a great shout. Their ex- obstruct our passage. We, therefore, to ultation, however, was suddenly damped by avoid the effusion of English blood, hereby a very trifling incident, for Lochiel happen- require you to open your gates, and let us ing in drawing his sword to cut his hand, enter, as we desire, in a peaceable manner; his superstitious followers turned pale at the in which if you do, we shall take care to sight of his blood, which they looked upon preserve you from any insult, and set an as an omen of disaster. In the course of example to all England of the exactness this and the following day, the other divi- with which we intend to fulfil the king our sions of the army joined the prince, and the father's declarations and our own. But if united body moved towards Carlisle. you shall refuse us entrance, we are fully reGeneral Wade had assembled a strong solved to force it by such means as Providence body of troops at Newcastle, with which he has put into our hands; and then it will was preparing to move to Berwick, when he not perhaps be in our power to prevent the received information of the march of the dreadful consequences which usually attend rebels towards the border. Completely de- a town's being taken by assault. Consider ceived by Charles's first demonstration, he seriously of this, and let me have your anexpected him at Newcastle, and entirely swer within the space of two hours; for we overlooked the danger which threatened Car-shall take any farther delay as a peremptory lisle, where the whole garrison consisted of refusal, and take our measures accordingly. a company of invalids commanded by colonel By his highness's command-Jo. MURRAY." Durand. The main body of the militia of Cumberland and Westmoreland were, however, in the city, commanded by colonel Durand and the mayor, Mr. Pattison, who resolved to defend the place, the fortifications of which were in a very decayed condition. Early in the day, on the 9th of November, a party of highlanders, well mounted, showed themselves on Stanwix bank, close to the city, but after a few shots

No answer was returned to this message, for the mayor and colonel Durant, supposing that they should be relieved immediately by general Wade from Newcastle, had resolved to defend the city. It was expected that an attack would be made in the night, as the firing continued till midnight.

News, however, had been received by the prince that general Wade was approaching rapidly by way of Hexham, in consequence of